Stimulated by the general demand for a change in the environment, the 11th-century Sect of the Clonian reforms. Enthusiasm for teaching also increased, and people were generally filled with a strong sense of cultivating in the next life, believing that this life was unfortunate and seeking heavenly bliss. As a result, monasticism and asceticism prevailed, and the emphasis on the worship of holy relics and pilgrimages also led to the practice of pilgrimage to Jerusalem. Therefore, when the Church declared that the soldiers who participated in the Crusades could receive condemnation for their sins, do not have to suffer in purgatory after death, and could ascend to heaven, people regarded the Crusades as a way to save souls, and did not hesitate to join the Crusaders in the "holy war". On the other hand, since Jerusalem was occupied by the Muslims, the reconquest of the Holy Land has also become a kind of sect for the church. Teach the desire. This desire, instigated by the Church, soon became a sect. Religious fanaticism, therefore, "recovering the Holy Land" and "aiding the brothers of the East" also became another spiritual pillar of the Crusades. All of these factors were the ancestors of the Crusades among the broad masses of churchgoers. Teach the basics.

For its part, the Roman Church itself was both responsible for the Crusades launched by Urban II in 1095

The transfer of the unstable factors in Western European society to the East and the plundering of the wealth of the East in order to relieve the crisis in Western European society are also the practical actions and effective measures taken by the Clunians for a long time to pursue and realize the supremacy of the church over the imperial power and the supremacy of the papacy and to try to unify the Eastern and Western churches one day. Therefore, when the Seljuk Turks, who believed in Islam, attacked the Byzantine Empire, and the empire was unable to resist, Emperor Alexei I appealed to the Pope for help and expressed his intention to reunite the Orthodox Church under the rule of the Pope, which was an excuse for the Pope's crusade. At this time, the weakness of the Byzantine Empire was also the expansion of the power of the Roman Pope. A great time to take control of the Eastern Church. Thus, all the conditions for the Crusades were met. It became imperative to wage a crusade.

In March 1095, Urban II convened a meeting in Piacenza in northern Italy. Church Council, decided to aid Constantinople. In the months that followed, he lobbied in northern Italy and southern France to incite the Sect. Teach fanaticism. In November in Clément, France, the Zong was held. The teaching conference, this is a mobilization meeting and a pledge meeting. More than 600 French high priests, thousands of knights and clergy gathered outside the venue, as well as feudal lords, merchants, serfs and commoners from all over the world. At the meeting, Pope Urban II delivered a highly incendiary speech. He begins with a description of the glorious deeds of the French and a list of atrocities committed by the Muslims, and then calls for "fighting against the barbarians," "aiding the brothers of the East," "Jerusalem is the center of the world, and the land is as fertile as heaven, waiting for you to save," and "bring with you the mighty force of God." Without hesitation, "embark on the journey to the Holy Sepulchre" so that not only sins will be forgiven, but also "the eternal glory of the kingdom of heaven." Urban II also said indemgetically. Here is poverty, hunger and sorrow, while the East is full of joy and abundance", under God's guidance. "Let those who toiled for a pittance be rewarded for eternity on the journey to the East." The people present were emotional. Chanting "This is God's will!" "So, in Zong. Teach under the banner of jihad. In the fantasy of soul salvation and economic prosperity, the Crusades, a war of aggression, which lasted nearly 200 years, began.

Roman day. At the same time as organizing the Crusades against the infidels and Orthodox Christians, the Episcopal Church also began a large-scale anti-heresy campaign in Western Europe to inquisition and brutal persecution of heretics. On the one hand, the crusade war to suppress and crusade against heresy was carried out, and on the other hand, a sect was established to try heresy. The Inquisition or Inquisition opened the Roman Heavens. A tragic page in the history of bishops. In the 11th and 12th centuries Zong. In the Reformation movement, some reformers included the Roman Church in the orbit of the monastery, while the other part insisted on marching and preaching, opposing the accumulation of wealth and corruption of the life of the monks and clergy, and then repudiated the canonical laws and even doctrines formulated by the Roman Church, and did not recognize the authority of the Church, so they were condemned as heretics by the Roman Church and were brutally suppressed.

In the first half of the 12th century, heretical movements were on the rise, and Arnolds, Qataris, and Waldensians appeared. They not only opposed the corruption of the Roman Church, but also became anti-authoritarian in Western Europe, especially in France and Italy. The forces of the struggle were suppressed, and the clerical and secular sides united to suppress the heretical movement. The most famous of these was the brutal repression of the Qatari faction.

"Qatar" means "pure" in Greek. This sect condemns the worldly and claims to be pure, so it is also called the purity. It was originally formed by a part of the Paulicians in the Balkans absorbing Manichaean ideas, and was later introduced to Western Europe by the peasants and merchants who participated in the crusade, and operated in northern Italy and southern France, among which the city of Albi in Toulouse in southern France was the most active, so it was also called "Albiges". Influenced by Eastern thought, the sect believes that there are two kinds of forces in the universe, good and evil, and that everything on earth belongs to the devil and needs to save people from the evil world, believes in the theory of hell and purgatory, denies baptism and mass, and does not recognize that the church can save people, and even denounces the pope as a demon, advocating only following the teachings of the Holy See and living a pure ascetic life. By the end of the 12th century, the Albigensians had surpassed the Roman Church in southern France and were considered the most dangerous enemy by the Roman Church.

In 1179 Pope Alexander III convened the Third Lateran. The Synod of the Church, which announced the excommunication of Albig's heresy, mobilized the countries of Western Europe to intensify violent repression. In 1209, Pope Innocent III, taking advantage of the desire of the nobles and knights of northern France to covet the wealth of the southeast, organized a crusade against the Albigensians, declaring that all those who participated in the crusade against the heresy would not be bound by the laws of the country, and that all past and future sins would be forgiven by the Church, and all debts owed would be exempt from interest. The crusaders against heresy invaded the region of Toulouse as legitimate bandits, and since they could not distinguish the heretics from among the many inhabitants, the papal envoy who accompanied them ordered "to kill them all, and let God know who his people are." As a result, the Crusaders slaughtered and plundered, and continued a four-year crusade against the Albigens. In 1218 the people of Toulouse revolted again. Killed the leader of the crusaders who occupied the Touloz region, thus. The Crusader War, which lasted for more than 20 years, devastated the economy of southern France. Both the Albigites and the southern aristocratic forces were also destroyed.

In order to deal with and suppress heresy, the Roman Church not only sent crusaders to carry out large-scale crusades, but also set up a special inquisition or sect. Ecclesiastical courts, severe trials and cruel punishments for heretics. In 1215 Pope Innocent III convened the Fourth Lateranism. The Synod, which issued the Papal Edict, reaffirmed the doctrinal creed, and stipulated that heretics who had been sentenced should be handed over to the secular government for severe punishment and confiscation of their property; depose or excommunicate bishops and lords who do not comply with the requirements of the Church and severely suppress heresy; Participate in the day of the suppression of heresy. Bishops enjoy the same privileges and condemnations as Crusader knights who go to the Holy Land; If the alleged heretics cannot prove their innocence. or if he confesses his sin and then sins, the bishop shall punish him according to the canon law, and so on. The papal edict was sent to the Church. Establishment of the Ecstasy Tribunal.

In 1220, Pope Honorius III, in view of the ineffectiveness of the local bishops in suppressing heresy, issued a decree to establish a "sect" directly under the pope. Church Tribunal" or" Sect. Teaching the Inquisition". After Pope Gregory IX ascended the throne in 1227, he quickly promoted the Sect. In 1233 an encyclical was issued stipulating that the local bishops should fully assist the pope in judging heretical sects. Teach the Inquisition. Subsequently, the establishment of the Church of Rome was generally established in all the territories. Teach the Inquisition. These courts were placed under the jurisdiction of the Dominican Orders and the Francis Order, and were generally located in monasteries, with prisons. Inquisitors are appointed directly by the Pope. Mainly selected from the Dominican Order, the interrogation was conducted in secret.

The Inquisition has strict trial rules: two people testify and the accusation is established; The names of the accuser and witnesses are not disclosed to the defendant; If a witness withdraws his testimony, he or she shall be treated as an accomplice to heresy; If the defendant pleads not guilty. to be tortured; not only to confess their own guilt, but also to report accomplices and suspicious elements; Those who defend heresy are to be excommunicated; After pleading guilty, the case is overturned. burn at the stake; Those convicted of heretics shall have all their property confiscated; The accused may be tried without trial. and put to death those who repented. punishable by flogging, imprisonment, etc.

Sect. The Inquisition's punishment of heretics has been so brutal that it has been going on for 500 years. Take the most brutal Spanish sect. For example, more than 380,000 people were convicted of heresy and more than 100,000 were burned at the stake. In essence, Zong. The Inquisition was also the repressive machine of the entire feudal system. By the middle of the 14th century, the Albigensians had been completely eliminated and the Waldensians had been greatly weakened. Beginning in the 16th century, Zong. The Inquisition declined as the power of the Pope declined.

Roman day. The Bishops' Church not only suppressed heresy with fire and sword, but also organized Dominican and Francis congregations that supported passionate preaching and a consecrated ascetic life, in order to overcome the rotten tendencies that were growing in the Church and to disintegrate and defeat heresy spiritually and intellectually. Because it adopted the monastic system of begging, it was called the "Dervishes".

The founder of the Dominican Order was the Spanish priest Dominica (1170-1221), who came from a noble family and entered the Osma Monastery in 1196. In 1203, Dominique and the Bishop of Osmat, Diegot, discovered in the south of France that the Albigensians and Waldensians were popular, while the Roman missionaries were despised. In 1204 Bishop Dijego in Montpellier. At the synod, a plan for reforming the methods of the mission was proposed, arguing that only by self-restraint, apostolic poverty, and zealous preaching like the Albigensians could the missionaries return their followers to the bosom of the Roman Church. In 1206 he joined the Crusaders in their crusade against the Albigites and founded a convent near Toulouse, before returning to the diocese of Osma and dying shortly thereafter. Dominica inherited his missionary policy and in 1216 founded the Dominican Congregation with a men's and women's convent under the auspices of Honnolius III. In 1220, the First Plenum was convened, and it was decided to adopt a system of begging monasticism, and soon after that, the Charter of the Missionary Order was compiled. The congregation focused on preaching, preaching the faith, opposing heresy, and actively promoting the participation of the congregation in social activities, also known as the "Brotherhood of Evangelism". Not only that, but he is also enthusiastic about academic research activities and university lecture activities. Aquinas, Eckhart, Tollal, Savonarola, etc., were prominent representatives of the Society, and Dominican monks preached at many universities. The intellectual and social influence of the Dominicans led the Pope to appoint them as presiding priests. The Inquisition played an important role in the persecution of heretical sects and progressive ideas. Objectively speaking, however, the ideal of the congregation itself consists primarily in establishing a spirit of humble self-sacrifice.

The Dominican Order grew rapidly with the support of the Pope and feudal lords. By the time of Dominique's death in 1221, the Order had more than 60 monasteries. Spread over 8 provinces and regions, it became a great force in the Church in Western Europe. Furthermore. The Congregation also has a "second order" - the Sisters and a "third order" for lay believers. The friars were not allowed to come into contact with society, were not allowed to go out to preach, and could only live a kind of introspective practice in isolation in the seminary. Teach life. The Franciscans were founded by Francis (1182-1226) in Italy. In 1208, following the teachings of the church, he founded a monastic community, formulated simple and primitive rules, observed poverty and abstinence, wore coarse cloth clothes, and lived by begging. In 1210, Innocent III, who was launching a crusade against the Albigens, approved the establishment of the Francisto Bowl Order, and sent it to the south of France to cooperate with the crusaders in missionary work. The society calls itself the "Little Brotherhood". He often went out to preach, took care of lepers, gave relief to the poor, and fought with the Albigensians for the masses. At the same time, the Congregation also went on missionary missions in other areas. Later, under the leadership of Cardinal Uglino (who later became Pope Gregory IX), a whole system of monasticism was formed. In 1221, the first regulations were formulated. In 1223, with the support of Pope Honorius III, a second statute was formulated. Later, with the support of the Pope, the Francis Society gained a large number of developments, obtained many privileges, and became the Pope to suppress heresy. A reliable force in the struggle for power with secular monarchs.

The Friars Francis, like the Dominican Order, also have a "Second Order", the Sisters and a "Third Order" for lay people. After the death of Francis, there was an internal split in the order. The faction led by Leo adheres to the "primitive spirit" and adheres to poverty. Living a monastic life of begging and labor, he is called a "rule-abiding school" or "strict school". The other faction, led by Ilya of Cotona, adhered to the traditional monastic system of the Roman Church. They considered it unrealistic for the religious order to live by begging, and were called "hospitalists" or "laissez-faire". The hospitalists were supported by the Pope. In 1230 Gregory IX proclaimed. Francis's impoverished will was not binding on the entire congregation, which was tantamount to rejecting the claims of the Orderly. Proclaimed by Pope Innocent IV in 1245. All the property of the Francis Order was vested in the Holy See, and the Order had the right to use it, which was strongly opposed by the Orderists. In 1257, the famous scholastic philosopher Bonaventura was elected president of the order, and he advocated that the order should have its own seminary in order to engage in theological research, and that the pursuit of theological truth was far more important than begging and labor, and that preaching and confession were the main purpose of the order, thus completely overthrowing the "primitive spirit" advocated by Francis and bringing about a fundamental change in the nature of the order. Bonaventura is therefore known as the "second founder". However, the Rulekeepers, despite their constant repression by the Pope and the Hospitalists, persisted in their unyielding struggle. In 1517, Pope Leo X finally formally divided the Church of Francis into two factions, each with a president and governing body.

In addition, there are the Ordines and the Carmelites. The Austenians were originally the general name for the monasteries that adopted the Augustinian rules, and at first did not form a unified order. Through the efforts of Pope Innocent IV and Alexander IV, in 1256 the Unified Assemblies of Europe were formally established. Directly under the papal leadership, the Society was active in evangelistic and theological studies, with a special emphasis on the study of the Bible and Augustine's writings, and was among the universities of Europe. The Carmelite Order was led by the Italian Burmelite in 1156 on the occasion of the Crusades, leading several hermits to the Carmelite Hill in Palestine to retreat, and invited the Jerusalem sect. The bishop accepted the disciples and founded a congregation. The Society observes "obedience", "chastity", "poverty", "silence", and "fasting". The Dominican Order, the Francis Order, the Austinian Order, and the Carmelite Order are collectively known as the "Four Great Dervishes".

Roman day. The prosperity of the episcopal church was manifested not only in the triumph of the church over the king, in the mighty crusades, and in the suppression and dismantling of heresy, but also in the heavens. The development of bishopric theology has led to great theoretical successes. Sky. The theological theories of the bishops and the practical activities of the Roman Church together constituted the prosperity of the Western Holy See.

With the successive victories in practice, the western Roman days. The episcopal church is also gradually reaching its peak state in theory.

The Holy See has always attached great importance to theoretical construction. As early as the introduction of the Holy See to Western Europe, it encountered a people with a long philosophical tradition. In order to take root in this land, the Holy See accepted and transformed some of the theories, propositions and concepts of ancient Greco-Roman philosophy. The doctrine used to establish, refine and justify itself was formed in the centuries of the Common Era. That is, patristic philosophy, its most famous representative is St. Augustine, Bishop of Hippous in the 4th ~ 5th century. However. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the Church was too busy dealing with the new chaos to deal with the construction of theories, leaving Augustine with no successors. In the centuries that followed, the philosophical tradition remained intermittent, although there were many heated debates on theological issues between the Eastern and Western churches. During the Carolingian period, although there was a time when education was emphasized, schools were actively established, the Seven Arts were promoted, and outstanding theologians such as Eleugena were produced. But after all, it is difficult to support a building alone. For about 500 years, the Holy See has not made any major achievements in theological philosophy. After entering the 10th century, the western days. The growing growth of the bishop church and the need to deal with heresy put the establishment of a unified theological philosophy on the agenda. The movement to revive culture initiated by the Carolingian dynasty provided the cultural basis for this. With the increase of schools and the deepening of the revival cultural movement, logic gradually acquired a special status. In the 11th century, the French theologian Berengari pioneered the use of dialectics, that is, logic, to study and discuss theological issues, which was gradually accepted by other theologians.

This combination of logic and theology not only strengthens and deepens the content of theology, but also enables people to re-understand the philosophical issues, propositions and concepts involved in the canon of the patrists, thus forming a new philosophical style and thought, and giving rise to the second historical form of papal theophilia. For this new theological philosophy was formed in the scholasticism of the Church. Later generations also called it scholasticism. Scholasticism reached its peak in the 13th century thanks to the promotion of the Friedians and the Dominicans, as well as the introduction to Western Europe of ancient philosophical ideas and texts preserved by the Arabs and Byzantines during the Crusades. This close combination of theology and philosophy formed the Heavens. The characteristics of the episcopal church in this period.

The basic content of scholasticism is the use of rational reasoning, proof, and other logical means to justify theological doctrines. For example, the question of God, the question of the Trinity, the question of the content and meaning of the sacraments, the question of the relationship between clerical authority and imperial power, and so on. In discussing these issues, a number of philosophical questions inevitably arise, the most important of which is the debate about "co-phases" (i.e., "general entities"). This controversy accompanied almost the entire development of scholasticism. Within scholasticism, two opposing basic schools of thought were formed, namely nominalism and realism. Nominalism thinks. Co-phase is just a name and cannot exist independently of concrete things. What really exists is only all kinds of concrete things, while realism, on the contrary, holds that the co-existence is real, the basis for the existence of concrete things, and that concrete things are derived from the co-existence. From these two opposing basic points of view, the scholastic philosophers also derives different theological conclusions that constitute the days of this period. The basic content of the theology of the Episcopal Church.

Berengari, who was the first to apply dialectics to theological studies, was himself a nominalist. He believed that an entity could only be something that was perceived by the external senses, and that there was nothing real other than the entity. From this point of view, Berengari rejected the theory of "physical transformation" advocated by orthodox theology at the time, arguing that the bread and wine in the Eucharist could not be transformed into the flesh and blood of the church through consecration, and that the body and blood of the church received by believers through communion was only a spiritual symbolism. Berengari's theological views were condemned by the Roman Church, but his rationalist theology and nominalism had a great influence on later generations.

Roserin of Compiègne (c. 1050~1123) is an important representative of early nominalism. Rotherling denied the reality of co-existence, arguing that only individual things have an objective reality, and that co-existence is only a name, a sign, or even just a flow of sound. Applying this extreme nominalist view to theological issues requires conclusions that are incompatible with orthodox theology. For example, the Triune God is only a name, and only the individual beings of the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit are real; Original sin is also only a false name, and only the sins of individual people and individual actions are real; Wait a minute. Rotherling was similarly condemned by the Roman Church for these views.

The most important representative of early nominalism was Abelard of Brittany, France (1079~1142). Abelard was a student of Rotherling and one of the scholars who applied dialectics to theological studies most thoroughly. He boldly raised doubts about the authoritative ideas of the church, arguing that "due to doubt. We are validated, because of validation. We will gain the truth", advocating "understanding followed faith". In his famous work "Yes or No", written according to dialectics. He lists the many contradictory propositions of the ancient church fathers and ecclesiastical authorities, and allows them to be cross-examined by each other, leaving the resolution of the contradictions to the reader himself. Abelard's approach became a model for scholastic theology.

Abelard inherited Rotherling's nominalist view, insisting that only concrete things are real and denying the objective reality of coexistence. But he disagrees with Rossellin's view of co-existence as merely a flow of sounds, arguing that co-existence, while not an entity in itself, is referential, referring to "intangible things," i.e., a certain similarity between concrete things. This similarity itself cannot exist independently of the concrete. Therefore, co-existence is actually a concept in people's minds, and people can abstract the concept and think alone, but the concept itself cannot exist independently. Abelard's view is called "conceptualism", and because he overcame Rotherling's extremes, his view is also called "moderate nominalism." From this nominalistic view, Abelard also derives a series of theological conclusions. He criticized Rotherling's "tritheism", arguing that there is only one God, and that the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit are just different manifestations and names of God in different situations; He objected to the doctrine of original sin. Believing that the subject of morality is a concrete individual rather than an abstract human being, Adam inherited not sin but punishment; Good or evil does not lie in the outcome of people's actions, but in the intentions and motivations of individuals; Wait a minute. Abelard's ideas were similarly condemned by the Roman Church.

After the papacy was moved back to Rome from Avignon in 1377. Since the Cardinal Conference was in the French majority, it was not free from the control of the French king. After the death of Pope Gregory XI in 1378, the French Cardinal Conference wanted to move back to Avignon. But under pressure from the Roman nobility and populace, the Italian was elected pope. Called Urban VI (reigned 137-138.9). Urban VI's policy of being determined to purge French influence caused displeasure in the French Cardinals. Four months later, the French College of Cardinals elected Cremence VII of Geneva (r. 1378-1394) as pope. The last election was declared null and void. Clement VII and his cardinals moved to Avignon, while Urban VI refused to abdicate and focused on organizing the Holy See in Rome. From then on in the west of the day. In the history of bishops, the Great Schism of the two emperors began.

The Holy See and the Averignon attacked each other, excommunicated each other, and at the same time imposed taxes on the countries of Western Europe. The Holy Sees on both sides worked hard to win the support of the countries, and the feudal rulers of Western Europe also supported a particular pope according to their own political needs and economic interests. At that time, northern and central Italy, most of Germany, Bohemia, Denmark, Sweden, England, Poland and other places supported the Holy See, and the French king, Spain, Scotland, Naples and Sicily in Italy supported the Holy See of Avignon. In this way, the countries of Western Europe were divided into two hostile camps, and all branches and personalities of culture also created public opinion to attack each other and support the pope that they supported. Actually, the days of the countries at that time. Both the Episcopal Church were controlled by the monarchs of each country, and both the Holy See and the Avernon were dependent on each other to compete with each other.

Sky. The great schism of the Episcopal Church and its various evils, such as chaos, corruption, and plundering of people's wealth, greatly reduced the prestige of the Church in the eyes of Europeans, and the power and prestige of the pope also plummeted, and was gradually disgusted and ridiculed by society. As a result, countries began to withdraw their support for the pope and demanded an end to the schism. At the forefront were the teachers of the time, especially those of the University of Paris. After Marchio proposed the supremacy of the Council of the Whole Church, Conrad of Ghishausen, a doctor of canon law in Paris, wrote an article urging King Charles V (r. 1364-1380) to convene a Council with other monarchs. This was followed by a 1381 article by Heinrich of Langenstein, a scholar at the University of Paris. The convening of a public meeting to resolve the split situation was supported by many people. After all these efforts, in 1409 under the influence of the French, the Pisa Dzong was held. The synod deposed two popes and elected Alexander V (r. 1409-1410) as the unifying pope. However, due to his haste and urgency, the original pope refused to abdicate, and the result was a situation in which the three emperors stood together. The Episcopal Church was even more divided and chaotic. In 1414 the Holy Roman Emperor Sigismão ended the day. The split of the bishops forced Alexander V's successor, Pope John XXIII of Pisa, to convene the Constituency of Constance on 1 November. Teach the conference. It was the largest in the history of the Middle Ages, with the participation of cardinals and bishops, doctors of theology and representatives of monarchs. The meeting was announced. The power of the Council comes directly from the Church, where the Council resolves. Everyone should obey. The monarchs at the conference agreed to depose the three popes and elect Martin V (r. 1417-1437) as the new pope. The Council of Constance ended in 1418 and at the same time ended the day. The Great Schism in the Episcopal Church, but since then, the power of the Pope has collapsed. In addition, another objective of the Constance Conference was moral and administrative reform, which was ultimately unsuccessful due to conflicting interests.

From 1431 to 1449 there was a 19-year "marathon" of Basel. Teach the conference. Reiterate Konstanzon. The Synod made a series of provisions on the independence and authority of the Ecumenical Synod, the supremacy of the Council over the Pope, and the continuation of the discussion of the unsuccessful Ecclesiastical and Moral Reform at the Council of Constance. However, due to various factors, the Conference did not achieve any substantive results and the Basel Conference failed. However, most of the reforms that the Basel Council tried to implement became law in France, ensuring that France was free from papal interference and its heavy taxes. The conditions were created for the further strengthening of France. This was not achieved in a divided and weakened Germany.

14th-15th century, day. The decline and corruption of the Episcopal Church has plunged itself into crisis and has been challenged from all sides. Peasant and plebeian uprisings in the form of heresy. The king, the nobility, and the new burgher class also rose up against the church. In the day. There was also a new heretical movement within the Episcopal Church calling for the reform of the Church, a powerful trend that led to the 16th century. Prelude to the Reformation movement. One of the most famous representatives is the British John Brown. Wycliffe (1324-1384), Czech Johann. Hus (1373-1415), Geloramo of Italy. Savonarola (1452-1498), Decidilius of the Netherlands. Erasmus (1467-1536).

John. Wycliffe was a professor of theology at the University of Oxford, with a realist view. In 1374 the King appointed him Governor of Rutworth and Advisor to the Crown of Theology. He was instructed to send envoys to negotiate an armistice with France, and to negotiate with the papal representatives on issues such as the right to ornate the British priesthood. After returning home, he began to attack the pope. In 1375 and 1376 he published "On the Dominion of God" and "On the Dominion of the World", arguing that God is the sovereign Lord. All power and wealth in the world are given by God, and God only gives the right to use. The secular property of incompetent clergy should be confiscated by secular rulers. Wycliffe's ideas were opposed by the upper echelons of the clergy, the religious congregations that owned the religious estate, and the Holy See. In 1377, he was summoned by an English court, but he refused to appear in court. In the same year, Pope Gregory XI issued five encyclicals to arrest Wycliffe. With the support of the court, the professors, and the populace, Wycliffe was saved from arrest. In the face of the schism and corruption of the Western Church, he launched an increasingly fierce attack. He believed that the Bible was the supreme authority of every churchman and the sole law of the church. The Pope, obsessed with power, is not God's chosen people, but an "enemy church." Only the church is the true head of the church. He advocated that the Church of England should be separated from the Holy See, that a state church under the rule of the king should be established, that the clergy should not own property, that tithes should be changed to voluntary contributions, etc. These radical ideas were opposed by the upper echelons of the church, but they influenced the leaders of the peasant revolt in England in 1381. However, when the revolt threatened the fundamental interests of the feudal rulers, the King of England and the Church united to suppress the peasant revolt and persecute Wycliffe. In 1382 the Archbishop of Canterbury convened the Oxford Sect. The Church Council, accusing Wycliffe of heresy, forbade him to act in public, and was forced to live in seclusion. During this period, he translated the Bible from Latin into English and completed his theological work, Dialogues of Three. He died in 1384.

In 1414 the Council of Constance condemned him a heretic, and his writings were burned by burning his corpse. But his idea that the Bible is the authority of faith had a positive impact on the later sects. The Reformation had a tremendous impact, and the English translation of the Bible laid the foundation for standard English.

John. Hus was born into a peasant family in the Czech Republic. In 1402 he was appointed Rector of the University of Prague. He was deeply influenced by Wycliffe, and preached passionately, criticized the corruption of the church, demanded the closure of monasteries, confiscated church property, carried out church reform, and advocated the subordination of the clergy to the state and national independence, which aroused the hatred of the upper echelons of the church. In 1409 the Archbishop of Prague Binnike in Pisa. At the synod, Pope Alexander VI accused Hus of heresy, and Huss was excommunicated. But he continued to insist on his views and activities under the protection of the king and the masses. In 1412, Pope John XXIII sent an envoy to the Czech Republic to sell indulgences in order to raise funds for the war against Naples. Huss lashed out at the crowd for this act, arguing that only God has the right to condemn guilt. In June 1412, the people of Prague staged an anti-papal demonstration, which was suppressed by a coalition of church and reactionary rulers, and Hus was forced to leave Prague and continue his activities in the southern Czech Republic, where his influence spread throughout many parts of Western Europe. In 1414 Kaiser Sigismund convened the Constance of Konstanz. The Church Council, on the condition of personal safety, ordered Huss to attend the meeting. Immediately after his arrival, Hus was arrested by Pope John XXIII and thrown into the monastery dungeons. After the trial of Wycliffe at the council in May 1415, Hus was convicted of heresy and burned at the stake. Huss held fast to his beliefs and would rather die than give in. On July 6, Huss spoke and sang poems to the crowd on the execution ground, and generously offered righteousness.

Hus's death provoked a great uprising of the Czech people of all classes against the Roman Church from 1415 to 1419, known as the "Huss War". The insurgents stormed churches, burned monasteries, beat the clergy, and captured cities, creating one of the largest peasant wars in Czech history. In 1420 he defeated the "crusade against the Bohemian heresy" organized by Kaiser Sigismund, and in 1427 and 1431 he crushed the fourth and fifth attacks of the Crusaders. However, the split between the radicals (Taborites) and the moderates (Grails) within the rebels over the ultimate purpose of the uprising allowed the Holy See to divide the rebels. The radicals were eventually wiped out in 1434 in the Liban campaign by the Grailists and the Crusaders, and the remnants were wiped out in 1452. After that, Savonarola led the Florentine people's uprising in 1494, trying to achieve the ideal of the sect. He taught monasticism to transform secular society and was burned at the stake in 1498. The humanist Erasmus advocated the purity and revival of the Church, emphasized the inner faith of the believer, and published the famous "Ode to the Fool", which ridiculed the pope and bishops, criticized indulgences, opposed the pope's political interference, and hoped that the Roman Church would realize the top-down sect. Teach the policy and oppose the spontaneous sect of the masses. Religious Reformation, these ideas had a positive impact on later Lutheranism. The religious reform had an impact.

In Western Europe in the 14th and 15th centuries, capitalist production relations were gradually formed, and the new burgher class was increasingly awakened, and they rose up to break free from the feudal system and the shackles of the Holy See, and under the banner of reviving ancient Greek and Roman culture, a bourgeois new cultural movement with humanism as the core was set off, and the whole of Western Europe began a comprehensive revival in economy, politics and culture. The religious reform movement provided the cultural context.

If the situation in the memory of Wu Ling's last life develops, with the development of the times, people's living materials have improved again. The influence of the church is no longer comparable to what it used to be.

And in this plane, because of the emergence of the ability, the entire church was reborn again, and even because the powerful force swept the entire world in a short period of time, forming the largest ability organization on the earth now. (To be continued......)