The Ministry of Science and Technology is an extremely special unit in the army's logistics department, and although its rank is half a level lower than that of the General Logistics Department, the minister is concurrently the director of the logistics department, and at the same time, the deputy minister enjoys the treatment of a deputy minister. Pen ~ fun ~ pavilion www.biquge.info

In addition to the slightly unusual level, the jurisdiction is even more unusual. As long as it is a military laboratory, the Ministry of Science and Technology has the right to intervene. Even some large national laboratories cannot bypass the Ministry of Science and Technology.

From personnel to finance, it is necessary to connect with the Ministry of Science and Technology. Unless it is the most top-notch and top-secret mission, any experiment needs to be conducted and applied for by the Ministry of Science and Technology before it can be completed.

The scope of jurisdiction is large, and there is not much difference compared with the logistics department. Even, in the eyes of many people, the Ministry of Science and Technology is the logistics department of the logistics department, which is more important than the logistics department to a certain extent.

The sudden change of command of such a special department would have been a big deal, not to mention that this time it was Wang Ning who became the first vice minister of the Ministry of Science and Technology.

In the Ministry of Science and Technology, there are ministers and three deputy ministers, and in addition to the head of the department, who is also the head of the logistics department, three deputy ministers are responsible for the management of the entire department.

The First Deputy Minister, in particular, is equivalent to the de facto head of the entire department. Unless the minister wants to intervene, he is the head of the entire department.

Generally speaking, the concurrent leader is rarely directly involved in the management of the department.

What is the situation of concurrently serving as a leader, usually a senior leader concurrently serving in a more important department, for example, the deputy mayor concurrently serving as the director of the public security bureau, in this case, the deputy mayor's power is naturally higher than that of the director of the public security bureau, and the position between the two is different.

The public security can only manage one piece, and the deputy mayor is in charge of the affairs of the whole city, unless his jurisdiction is only the public security department, otherwise, the deputy mayor's main energy will be on the whole city, and will not be limited to the public security department.

The same is true of the Ministry of Science and Technology, where the official minister has his own affairs and general logistics to deal with, so it is naturally impossible to devote all his energy to taking charge of the Ministry of Science and Technology. At most, he will follow the movements of the Ministry of Science and Technology and learn about some large-scale projects, but he will not actively participate in the management.

This is also normal, after all, people's energy is limited, and the more energy he uses in the Ministry of Science and Technology, the energy he puts on other fields will inevitably decrease. And the cake is so big, a little less authority for him means a little more authority for others.

Coupled with the professionalism of the Ministry of Science and Technology, the managers must be experts who are familiar with the field of scientific research.

Huaguo is one of the regions in the world where ancient human civilization developed earlier. The development of human civilization, in ancient times, the embryonic state of science and technology was mainly reflected in the production and development of production tools. And the manufacture and development of production tools also constituted different stages of the development of early human society: the Stone Age, the Bronze Age, and the Iron Age. The ancestors of Huaguo, around the time of the Common Era, roughly completed the transition of the above three eras in turn.

The Paleolithic ancestors used the method of striking to make various stone tools without any further processing. So far, hundreds of Paleolithic sites have been discovered in Huaguo, and evidence of the use of fire has been found in these sites, such as the accumulation of ashes from the Jingcheng Man site as thick as 6 meters. In addition, the Paleolithic ancestors also began to make and use bone tools and ropes.

Our ancestors developed from the Paleolithic to the Neolithic about 10,000 years ago. The difference between the Neolithic and Paleolithic is that there are polished stone tools that are more suitable for use and have sharp edges. The ability to drill holes in stone tools led to the creation of better tied stone tools with handles (axes, harrows, hoes, etc.), as well as the invention of pottery (another technique of fire application, which made cooked food and various utensils more diverse). In addition, bows and arrows were widely used, primitive agriculture and animal husbandry appeared, and by the late Neolithic period, winemaking had even begun.

In the late Neolithic period, bronze tools began to appear in Huaguo. After the middle of the Shang Dynasty, the bronze technology of Huaguo gradually matured. The use of bronze tools and large-scale slave labor further enabled the social division of labor to be realized, promoting the development of agricultural and handicraft production. The emergence and development of oracle bone inscriptions and golden inscriptions have enabled China to enter a historical era with documentary evidence. The advent of writing greatly accelerated the development of civilization.

The Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period were a very important era for the history of Chinese civilization. While society is undergoing rapid changes, social politics, economy, science, technology, culture, and ideology are developing rapidly. In terms of social ideology, there has been a situation in which the sons of the people are swarming and a hundred schools of thought are contending. The main point of contention between the various theories is how to change the social order and how to regulate morality, ethics, values, and so on. For example, the Confucianists and Taoists, who had a long-term influence on later generations, did not attach much importance to science and technology. On the contrary, we can say that most of them despise and even oppose science and technology.

First of all, Confucianism talks about the "six arts", Taoism talks about "man law earth, earth law heaven, heaven law Tao, Tao law nature", etc., although they all talk about the "relationship between heaven and man", but most of them want people to obey the will of heaven, and rarely require people to conduct scientific research on the essence of heaven, earth, and nature. In fact, it can also be said that the pre-Qin princes lacked research and concern for natural science. Although in "Mencius" you can see the words "seek the reason, although the day of a thousand years old, you can sit and finish", but the center of the thought of "Mencius" is not to advocate that people should use the spirit of "seeking the reason" to carry out research and exploration in the natural sciences, the center of the thought of "Mencius" is still to pay attention to the ethical doctrine of "goodness" and "evil", as well as the political ideas of "kingship", "hegemony", "the people are precious", and so on, to explore how people should cultivate themselves, work together with the family, govern the country, and level the world.

Secondly, among the hundreds of schools of thought, especially Confucianism and Taoism, not only lack research on natural science and technology, but it can be said that they are all quite opposed to it. Confucianism regards them as "strange skills and obscenity", and believes that the reason why he lost the world is because he "makes strange skills and obscene skills to please women", and also says that "as ****, strange clothes, strange skills, strange weapons, kill", and believes that "those who perform skills in things, wishes, history, shooting, royal, medicine, divination and hundreds of work." Those who are skilled in things will not do two things, will not move officials, and will not go out of the countryside without having a tooth." It can be seen that the status of scientific and technological workers is very low, and there is a danger of being killed from time to time. The Taoists believe: "People have many sharp weapons, and the country is dim; There are many people and skills, and strange things arise"; "He keeps the people in ignorance and without desire"; "The people are difficult to govern, and they have many wisdoms", "Those who are good in the past are not enlightened by the people, but will be foolish".

Thirdly, Confucianism believes that "playthings lose their minds" and "gentlemen do not use instruments", and encourage gentlemen to pursue "the way of the university", and there are sayings such as "the metaphysical is the way, and the metaphysical is the instrument". Taoists also say: "The Tao often does nothing but does nothing", "all things do not respect the 'Tao' and value the 'virtue'" and so on. Most of the "Tao" they pursue belong to the spiritual realm and the category of ethics and morality.

Fourth, in the Chinese society after the Warring States period, Confucianism has always been in the position of the ruler. The ruler also understands in his heart that in governing the country, it is not enough to blindly pursue ideology, ethics and morality, and it is also necessary to solve the problems of the national economy and people's livelihood. This is also the idea of "applying it to the world" in traditional Confucian thought. The advocacy of the idea of "applying it to the world" is to maintain the "long-term peace and stability" of the rulers. This idea does not form a powerful impetus for the development of science and technology. Despite this, it is still good for the development of science and technology. However, it is still far from enough to rely solely on the idea of "applying science and technology to the world."

Of course, during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, all schools of thought swarmed, hundreds of schools of thought contended, and the debate of famous scholars was very developed. This kind of contention is beneficial to the development of scholarship, including science and technology. The same is true in the subsequent course of China's history.

Among the hundred schools of thought of the pre-Qin dynasty, the Mohists attached more importance to science and technology, and at the same time, the Mohists also made contributions to the development of logic in ancient times. However, the purpose of these achievements of the Mohists is not to explore the mysteries of nature and to study various technologies in depth. They are designed to serve the five groups and ten propositions ("Ten Things") of the Mohist political propositions, such as "Shangxian", "Shangtong", "Temperance", "Temperance", "Funeral", "Non-happiness", "Non-life", "Tianzhi", "Ming Ghost", "Concurrent Love", and "Non-attack". Moreover, Mohism did not continue to develop like Confucianism and Taoism, and after the Qin and Han dynasties, it almost became a "peerless school" and had little influence in society. Of course, this does not preclude the fact that some of its ideas and some of its methods of argumentation have been absorbed by Confucianism and Taoism.

In short, the above-mentioned ideas formed during the Warring States period had a long-term impact on the subsequent Chinese society, and the Chinese civilization was more concerned with social ethics and order than with the theoretical exploration of natural phenomena.

During the Han and Han dynasties, from the social and economic forms, the state system, to the bureaucratic system, and even its ideological policy of overthrowing the hundred schools of thought and respecting Confucianism, all became models and models that were emulated by the feudal empires of all dynasties that lasted for about 2,000 years. The same is true when it comes to science and technology. Many disciplines of science and technology, most of which were established during the Han and Han dynasties, set the pattern that had a long-lasting influence and various works that actually set a model for later generations.

The "Taichu Calendar" compiled during the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was recorded and handed down in the "Hanshu Legal Calendar" through the "Santong Calendar" compiled by Liu Xin at the end of the Western Han Dynasty. The Hanshu and the Three Calendars recorded therein became the model and model for the subsequent Chronicles of the Laws and the various calendars of the past dynasties. The pattern of the luni-solar calendar includes a complete system with Chinese characteristics, such as qi, Shuo, leap, eclipse, five stars, and sundial leakage. The basic pattern and framework of this calendar have been followed, and even in the Ming and Qing dynasties ("Datong Calendar", "Shixian Calendar"), when the modern Western calendar has been introduced, it has not changed. In mathematics, a system with arithmetic as the main calculation tool, practical application problems as the main purpose, and "Nine Chapters of Arithmetic" as the model has emerged. In terms of medicine, the classic medical theories represented by Neijing and Treatise on Typhoid Fever have been formed, and the traditional pharmacological system represented by Shennong's Materia Medica. In terms of geography, a system of territorial geography represented by the Hanshu Geographical Chronicles was formed, which became the model followed by the Geographical Chronicles in the official histories of later dynasties. In addition, mapping, architecture, porcelain and papermaking, these inventions for the benefit of all mankind also formed their basic models in the Han Dynasty.

Most of the systems of various disciplines that had a long-term impact on the later generations of China were formed in the Han Dynasty, and although it cannot be said that there is any direct connection with the emergence of the political unification situation in the Han Dynasty, the great unification as the trend of the times and the trend of the times cannot but exert a social influence on the formation of the various discipline systems. People began to summarize the knowledge and experience accumulated in various disciplines since the pre-Qin period, and formed a system of self-development of many disciplines by carrying forward the past and forging ahead into the future. As Gu Yanwu, a thinker at the end of the Ming Dynasty, said: "Since the Han Dynasty, there have been many people who have inherited the Qin law. ”

Since the Qin and Han dynasties, due to the establishment of a unified centralized state, management bodies and officials at all levels have been set up in science and technology: astronomy, agriculture, medicine, construction, water conservancy, iron smelting, and various handicrafts. The development of science and technology has been almost completely controlled by these institutions and officials, forming a situation of government and government runs.

The establishment of these management bodies and management officials has played a good role in the rapid spread of new technologies, which can enable the rapid spread of technologies such as farming, iron and steel, civil engineering and construction, and lacquerware manufacturing in all parts of the country. Since the financial, material, and human resources are "abundant", relatively large projects and projects can be set up at this time. Joseph Needham, a well-known British historian of science, once said: "In terms of technical creativity, the old Chinese bureaucratic society was certainly inferior to Renaissance Europe, but it was far superior to European feudal society or Greek slave society." The mathematicians Zhang Cang and Geng Shouchang in the early Han Dynasty, the famous scientist Zhang Heng, and Cai Lun, who made major improvements in papermaking, were all such officials. Others, such as the manufacture of astronomical instruments, the construction of water conservancy projects, the construction of cities in the east and west capitals, the construction of palaces and royal gardens, the maintenance of the Great Wall of the Han Dynasty, and the opening of the North-South Grand Canal in the Sui and Tang dynasties, all relied on the advantages of the government.

However, the shortcomings of the government-run government camp are also very obvious. Its most obvious disadvantage is that regardless of the cost, it forms a waste of materials, resources, and manpower, and even falsely reports the output, or blindly pursues quantity without regard for quality. In addition, there are government-run and official camps, which are often the hotbeds for corrupt officials and corrupt officials. In the middle and late Western Han Dynasty, in the process of smelting iron and official camps, there were many shortcomings: "The county officials' drum casting iron tools are mostly large tools,...... It is not given to civilian use, civilian bluntness, and it does not hurt to mow the grass. And there will be a situation where "iron is bitter, expensive, or forced to buy and sell it." (To be continued.) )