Chapter 282: Altitude Sickness
Angel wasn't worried about the bandits at all, maybe their idea was to tie them up here for ten days and half a month, and wait until they ran out of ammunition and food, so that they could be easily captured.
But there are no such simple things in the world, Angel is the biggest outlier in the world, can turn all impossible things into possibilities, in this case, those bandits can only wait for them to come back, and they are ruthlessly cleaned up.
Saha came with a man and searched for a whole month, not even a single figure was touched, and he almost died in the strange woods.
Angel ordered people to cover their ears when walking, and borrow the earliest compass in history, that is, the water floating needle, to judge whether there are special minerals in the ground, and to distinguish whether food can be taken.
After passing through a barren desert, he finally came to the border of Tatar, at this time, the eldest grandson Yuanhong and others had already joined the large army, but did not stay with the large army, but accompanied the army, just as an ordinary royal child, at this time his name was called Changsun Aofeng.
After entering the Tatar border, many people in the team began to have different reactions, Yan Ya's reaction was the strongest, he was groggy all day long, and sometimes he had a high fever, which made Changsun Yuanhong extremely headache.
The plateau is characterized by thin air, low atmospheric pressure, and low partial pressure of oxygen. When the local temperature at sea level is 0 °C, the atmospheric pressure is 101.2kPa, the partial pressure of atmospheric oxygen is 21.2kPa, the partial pressure of alveolar oxygen in normal people is 14kPa, and the partial pressure of arterial blood oxygen (PaO2) is 13.3kPa, and when the altitude increases to 3000m, the atmospheric pressure drops to 77.3kPa, the partial pressure of atmospheric oxygen is 14.7kPa, and the partial pressure of alveolar oxygen is 8.26kPa (62mmHg), PaO2 and arterial oxygen saturation are significantly reduced, and the human body produces hypoxia.
When people enter the plateau from the plains, they need to make some adaptive changes to maintain the necessary pressure gradient between the capillaries and the tissues in order to adapt to the bottom oxygen environment. However, there is a certain limit to each person's ability to adapt to altitude hypoxia, and people who are overly hypoxic and slow to respond to hypoxia can develop maladaptation, that is, altitude sickness. The speed and degree of altitude adaptation determine the severity and clinical manifestations of altitude sickness.
The cerebral cortex has the lowest tolerance to hypoxia, which is due to the brain's vigorous metabolism and high oxygen consumption. In acute hypoxia, cerebral vasodilation, increased blood flow, and increased intracranial pressure initially occur, and cerebral cortex excitability may be increased, with headache, excessive speech, insomnia, and unsteady gait. Later, breathing is quicker, deeper, the heart beats faster, and cardiac output increases.
The latter is a compensatory response to hypoxia. When hypoxia persists or worsens, anaerobic metabolism of brain cells is enhanced, ATP production is reduced, and the sodium pump of brain cell membrane is impaired. Cellular sodium and water retention, cerebral edema occurs, drowsiness, coma, convulsions, and even paralysis of the respiratory center.
The decrease in the arterial partial pressure of oxygen after inhalation of hypoxic air stimulates the chemoreceptors of the carotid and aortic bodies, resulting in a deepening and acceleration of reflex respiration, thereby increasing ventilation and the partial pressure of oxygen in alveolar and arterial blood.
Hyperventilation exhales too much CO2, leading to respiratory alkalosis. Good adaptation can correct the tendency to alkalosis by excreting HCO3 more by the kidneys. Acute hypoxia can cause spasm of pulmonary arterioles and thickening of the medial smooth muscle of muscular arteries. As a result, the pulmonary circulation resistance increased, the venous pressure of the pulmonary capillary network increased significantly, the capillary permeability increased, and the plasma exuded pulmonary edema resulted.
In addition, alveolar wall and pulmonary capillary damage, surfactant insufficiency, and vasoactive release can all contribute to the development of pulmonary edema.
The increased heart rate is one of the earliest changes at altitude and is due to stimulation of the carotid body and chemoreceptors of the aorta. An increased heart rate increases cardiac output. In acute hypoxia, blood in the body is redistributed, blood vessels in the heart and brain dilate, and blood flow increases; The skin, abdominal organs, and especially the kidneys have vasoconstriction, and blood flow is reduced. This redistribution of blood is conducive to ensuring the blood supply to vital organs and has compensatory significance.
There is a limit to the compensatory effect of coronary artery dilation in the presence of hypoxia, and severe and persistent hypoxia can cause myocardial damage. In long-term immigrants to high altitude, pulmonary artery resistance continues to increase, resulting in pulmonary hypertension. Pulmonary hypertension would have improved blood perfusion in the lungs under hypoxic conditions, but continued elevation can overburden the right heart and cause cor pulmonale.
Erythrocytosis and hemoglobin increase after entering the plateau are adaptive responses to hypoxia, acute hypoxia, mainly stimulate peripheral chemoreceptors, reflexively cause sympathetic nerve excitation, release red blood cells from blood storage organs, enhance anaerobic digestion of sugar during hypoxia, increase lactate, decrease blood pH, shift right of oxygen dissociation curve, increase reduced hemoglobin, promote the increase of glycerides 2,3-bisphosphate (2,3-DPG) synthesis, reduce the affinity of Hb and oxygen, and make oxygen easy to release to tissues. Hypoxemia increases erythropoietin (ESF), ESF promotes the proliferation of the erythrocyte system in the bone marrow, and increases the number of red blood cells and the amount of hemoglobin in each red blood cell, which will improve the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood, but excessive red blood cell hyperplasia, such as when the hematocrit is greater than 60%, the blood viscosity increases and the blood flow slows, which can cause circulatory disorders.
The eldest grandson slammed the table magnificently, Yan Ya didn't see it well for a long time, and insisted on following the team, which would drag them down and not keep up with the process.
Angel reluctantly poured a glass of water and put it in front of the eldest grandson Yuanhong, Yan Ya's body is not good, a typical disease of wealth, some hypoglycemia, after entering the plateau, this reaction is more serious than that of ordinary people, several doctors are helpless, for a long time, I am afraid that it will threaten life.
"Why don't you send Yan Ya back?"
The eldest grandson Yuanhong smiled coldly, and when he saw that there was no one around, he said to Angel, "I also have this intention, I didn't expect the Yan family to threaten me, saying that if she left him alone, she would tell everyone about the marriage between the two." ”
The killing intent in his eyes is undisguised, since ancient times, the emperor's rule is above everything else, and if someone dares to threaten the emperor, that person is naturally not far from death.
Angel shook her head, at this time, to deal with Yan Ya, I am afraid that there will be extraneous branches, in front of the Tatars, if the Tatars see them, the people of the Yu Kingdom, wantonly killing people here, I am afraid that when the time comes, they will cause too much trouble, and they will reveal their whereabouts, and the gains outweigh the losses.
"It's better to let the concubine go to her to talk, at this time, more things are better than less, maybe you can change her attention."