Time flies, two weeks have passed in a blink of an eye, Chen Er's mind is now full of the Korean War, today is the 24th of June, tomorrow the Korean War is about to start, this is another difficult and long war, Chen Er couldn't help but recall the background of the Korean War and the unforgettable battles.

On January 1o, 1945, Kim Il-sung led 66 North Korean officers trained in Khabarovsk, Soviet Union, ashore at the port of Wonsan on the Soviet freighter "Pugachev", and was soon selected by the Soviet military government as the leader of North Korea. The reason why the Soviets wanted to replace the nationalist leader Cho Wan-sik with Kim Il Sung was actually related to the change in Moscow's policy toward the Korean Peninsula.

In the early post-war period, the Soviet Union and the United States had both contradictions and the need for cooperation in the Far East, both to divide spheres of influence and to avoid direct conflict, as reflected in the determination of the 38th parallel on the Korean Peninsula. The goal of the Soviet Union in Korea after the war was initially to try to establish a unified Korean government in Korea in Korea with the United States in cooperation with the United States, either through guò trusteeship or other means. After the contradictions with the United States intensified, the goal of the Soviet Union was to strengthen the political and economic power of the northern part of Korea and, on this basis, to promote the reunification of the Korean nation, so as to ensure that the unified government established by universal suffrage in all of Korea would implement a policy of friendship with the Soviet Union. After the two sides of Korea held elections and established their respective governments, the Soviet Union proposed that the United States and the Soviet Union withdraw their troops from the Korean Peninsula at the same time, and first carried out a unilateral withdrawal, the purpose of which was nothing more than to express the Soviet Union's desire for peace in the Far East and urge the United States to withdraw its troops. Moscow is content with controlling North Korea and believes that Kim Il Sung is capable of confronting the South and can therefore realize his vision of containing the United States on the Korean Peninsula without direct conflict.

However, since the demarcation of the 38th parallel, the two Koreas have been in a state of tense confrontation. Kim Il Sung always believed that the only way to liberate the whole of Korea and achieve reunification was through the means of the Guò Revolutionary War, while Syngman Rhee also advocated strengthening armaments and actively advancing northward. In particular, after the two sides of Korea set up their own political institutions and the Soviet occupation forces withdrew from the Korean Peninsula, the shape of the Korean Peninsula deteriorated even more, and frictions and exchanges of fire continued to occur near the 38th parallel. From the beginning of 1949, the Soviet Embassy in Korea sent urgent telegrams to Moscow about a possible attack by South Korea.

Kim Il Sung, fully aware that in order to achieve his goals, he had to get the help of Moscow, so he demanded a secret alliance with the Soviet Union. After Moscow politely refused, Kim Il Sung offered to meet Stalin directly in order to find out the intentions and attitude of the Soviet Union. However, at this time, Stalin's strategic focus was still in Europe, and on the one hand, he formed a **intelligence bureau and rectified Yugoslavia**, and formed a socialist camp centered on Moscow, with the intention of stabilizing the position of confrontation with the West.

On the other hand, in the face of the tough position of the United States and Western countries, Stalin adopted a position of tolerance and retreat in the process of resolving the Berlin crisis, and the realization of the overall strength of both sides forced the Soviet Union to abandon the practice of open conflict with the United States. Under these circumstances, Stalin naturally would not agree to lead to a war on the Korean Peninsula that might lead to US intervention. During his talks with Kim Il Sung in early March, Stalin simply asked about the comparison of military forces between the North and the South and the outcome of the skirmish near the 38th parallel, and expressed satisfaction with Kim Il Sung's confident answer. As for the military assistance requested by Kim Il Sung, Moscow only agreed to help equip the two North Korean garrison brigades stationed at the 38th parallel, and decided to keep the Soviet naval detachment in the port of Chongjin to assist the DPRK in its defense.

By the summer of 1949, tensions between the North and the South had further intensified, especially before and after the U.S. withdrawal, and the South Korean regime of Syngman Rhee was constantly clamouring for war, and repeatedly carrying out military provocations and border violations against the North. According to the briefings of Soviet ambassadors Shtkov and Kim Il Sung, "an operational plan for attacking the north has been drawn up" and an offensive will be launched in July. But Stalin did not take any further action, except that at the constant demands of Kim Il Sung, he agreed to increase the assistance of weapons and equipment to Pyongyang in order to guarantee the inviolability of North Korea. Moscow even approved Shtkov's proposal to remove the Soviet naval base in the port of Chongjin and the construction of military airfields in Pyongyang and other places after the withdrawal of US troops, so as to prevent these facilities from being used by the Korean People's Army, thus putting the Soviet Union in a passive position in the international situation. At this time, the Soviet Union's idea was to establish a democratic front for the unification of the motherland in North Korea and to achieve peaceful reunification by holding universal suffrage throughout Korea.

Kim Il Sung was not willing to let his grand plans be blocked by Moscow, so he turned around and tested his attitude. In May 1949, Kim Il Sung sent Kim Yi, director of the People's Army's Political Affairs Department, to visit Beiping secretly to discuss with the leaders of the People's Liberation Army the issue of transferring the Chinese People's Liberation Army into a Central Korean Division and transferring it to the People's Army, and expressed his intention to prepare for military action. ** He has always advocated that "power comes out of the barrel of a gun", so he will naturally support Kim Il Sung's idea. However, with China's revolutionary war not yet over and the country unified, it is difficult to approve of North Korea's plan. It was promised that if needed, two Korean divisions in the army could be transferred to North Korea, and that in the event of war on the Korean Peninsula, "we would provide all the assistance we could, especially the supplies and weapons of the above-mentioned divisions." However, ** "advise the Korean comrades" not to attack South Korea, but to wait for a more favorable form even in the event that the United States withdraws its troops and the Japanese do not return.

Despite this, Kim Il Sung did not give up. In the face of the threat from the south, Kim Il Sung advocated changing from passive to proactive, and he was full of ambition to see this as a favorable opportunity to achieve Korean reunification by military means. To this end, while actively mobilizing troops for defensive deployment, Kim Il Sung ordered all units in the 38th parallel area to enter a state of combat readiness in early July and "decided to transfer the Korean divisions of the Chinese People's Liberation Army back to North Korea: the Shenyang division in Sinuiju and the Changchun division in Ronan." After making preparations, on September 3, Kim Il Sung's private secretary, Moon Il, informed the Soviet embassy that South Korea had recently attempted to seize part of the area north of the 38th parallel on the Ongjin Peninsula and shelled a cement plant in Haizhou City. Therefore, Kim Il Sung requested permission to take military action against the south to seize the Ongjin Peninsula and part of South Korea east to Kaesong in order to shorten the defensive line. If the international situation permits, it is also prepared to continue its advance to the south. Kim Il Sung is confident that they will be able to occupy South Korea in two weeks, at most two months.

The Chargé d'Affaires of the Soviet Embassy in Korea, after verifying the situation at Vyshinsky's request, reported to Moscow on 14 September the details of the military forces of North and South Korea, Kim Il Sung's considerations, and his own views on the issue. The report said that "Kim Il Sung believes that the combat effectiveness of the South Korean army is not strong" and that the North Army is "superior to the South Army in terms of technical equipment, discipline, training of officers and soldiers, and morale." If the attack goes smoothly, "it is possible to continue to advance to the south." Kim Il Sung and Foreign Minister Park Hyun-yong also believe that the United States will not directly intervene in the event of a civil war in North Korea. However, Dunkin himself believed that a local war planned by Kim Il Sung would inevitably lead to a civil war in Korea, and that the northern army was not strong enough to win a decisive battle, and that "a protracted civil war would be detrimental to the north, both militarily and politically."

Ambassador Shtkov, however, agreed with Kim Il Sung's plan. He believes that "the political position of the South Korean government is not solid" and that the shape of the Korean Peninsula is beneficial to the North. Although he did not rule out the possibility that "the Americans will intervene in this conflict and provide active assistance to South Korea," and that the number of KPA and the material power it possesses do not yet guarantee the complete crushing of the South Army and the occupation of South Korea, he still believes that "it is possible and appropriate to carry out the guerrilla movement in South Korea and give all kinds of support and leadership" and that under a favorable situation, it is possible to "occupy the Ongjin Peninsula and the Kaesong area" under the pretext of "the provocation of the South Koreans on the 38th parallel".

After careful study and discussion, Moscow also vetoed Kim Il Sung's plan. On September 24, the Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China issued a resolution instructing Shtkov to declare to Kim Il Sung and Park Heon-yong in strict accordance with the text of the resolution: "Since North Korea does not have an indispensable advantage in its armed forces over South Korea at present, it cannot but admit that the attack on the South is completely unprepared at this time, so it is not allowed from a military point of view." Since the guerrilla movement and mass struggle in the south were not actively carried out, and the work of establishing liberated areas and organizing a people's uprising was carried out very little, "from the political point of view, you were not prepared for the offensive in the south." In addition, the attack on the Ongjin Peninsula and the capture of the Kaesong area of the local campaign meant "the beginning of the Korean Civil War," and the protracted nature of the war "may provide a pretext for the Americans to interfere in Korean affairs in various ways." Therefore, "the present task of striving for the reunification of Korea requires the concentration of the greatest forces: first, to carry out guerrilla movements, to establish liberated areas, to prepare a popular uprising in Korea in order to overthrow the reactionary regime and successfully solve the task of the reunification of Korea as a whole; Second, we will make every effort to strengthen the KPA". Apparently, Stalin believed that the conditions were not yet ripe for war in Korea.

Kim Il Sung was frustrated by Stalin's decision, but he, although he reluctantly accepted Moscow's advice, continued to actively prepare for war. On January 14, fierce fighting broke out again near the 38th parallel. The 3rd North Korean Garrison Brigade attacked the South Korean forces that had invaded the heights of Mount Fayin, 1.5 km north of the 38th parallel, and occupied both heights. Moscow was furious that the Soviet ambassador and military advisers had participated in the discussion and acquiesced in the military action beforehand, and had not reported it to Stalin afterwards, and Gromyko harshly accused Shtkov of not "strictly and firmly" implementing the instructions "prohibiting the construction of positive actions against South Korea against the North Korean government without the permission of the Central Committee" and the "instructions of the Central Committee on preventing the complication of the 38th line", and warned him.

However, just two months later, Stalin gave Kim Il Sung a pass to war.

On January 19, 195o, Moscow received a report from Shtkov: After a small banquet, Kim Il Sung excitedly told the Soviet embassy staff that after the liberation of China had been completed, the question now was how to liberate the people of the southern part of the Motherland. "The people of South Korea trust me and count on our armed forces. The partisans could not solve the problem. The people of the South know that we have a good army. Recently, I have been unable to sleep at night, thinking about how to solve the problem of reunifying the whole country. If the liberation of the people of southern Korea and the reunification of the motherland drag on, then I will lose the trust of the Korean people. Kim Il Sung hoped to "meet with Stalin to discuss the formation of the south and the question of launching an offensive against Syngman Rhee's army." If he can't meet with Stalin, then he wants to go to **. Kim Il Sung also accused the Soviet Union of not allowing him to attack the Ongjin Peninsula, otherwise the KPA would have succeeded in three days, and "if there is a full-scale attack, it will be able to enter Seoul in a few days."

Unlike the evasive attitude adopted by the Soviet embassy personnel, this time Stalin unexpectedly changed his mind. After some consideration, on January 3o Stalin personally replied: I understand Comrade Kim Il Sung's dissatisfaction, but he should understand that he needs to be fully prepared if he wants to take such a serious step against South Korea. This thing has to be organized so that it doesn't take too much risk. If he wants to talk to me about it, then I stand ready to meet him and talk to him. Please tell Kim Il Sung about this and tell him, I am ready to help him in this matter.

In order to strengthen North Korea's military and the organizational and command capabilities of the KPA, Moscow agreed to Kim Il Sung to form three more infantry divisions and to use the loan to be provided by the Soviet government in 1951 for 195o to purchase Soviet equipment for the newly formed units. Stalin also appointed Lieutenant General Vasilyev as the military chief adviser to the Korean People's Army, replacing Soviet Ambassador Shtkov, who had held this post since the withdrawal of Soviet troops from Korea. After that, the Soviet Union began to supply weapons and equipment to the DPRK on a large scale. On 9 March, the DPRK sent a note to the Soviet Union stating that "in order to replenish the KPA with equipment, ammunition and technical equipment and to strengthen the KPA, the Government of the USSR is requested to provide the DPRK with military technical equipment of 120 million to 130 million rubles in accordance with the application previously submitted to the Government of the USSR" and that the DPRK accordingly pledged to provide the USSR with gold, silver and molybdenum concentrates worth 133 million rubles. Subsequently, Kim Il Sung provided a detailed list of the required weapons and equipment. Moscow immediately replied, agreeing that the DPRK would use the 1951 loan in advance to purchase weapons and equipment. Stalin also personally telegraphed Kim Il-sung that the Soviet Government had decided to "fully comply with your request" regarding "the equipment, ammunition and technical equipment required by the Korean People's Army." In parallel with the material preparations, on March 2o, Kim Il Sung requested a secret visit to Moscow in early April, and proposed to discuss with Stalin the "ways and methods of the reunification of the country with the north and the south" and "the vision of economic development". In a list of "problems that Kim Il Sung asked Comrade Stalin to help solve," it was clearly written: "With regard to the ways and methods of unifying the country, it is proposed to unify the country by armed means." ”

It was under this premise that the Korean War began at four o'clock in the morning on June 25, 195o, and Chen Er stayed awake all night, his eyes were always looking at the north, and the battle was raging thousands of kilometers away, and it was the firing of this shot that heralded the imminent arrival of the War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea.

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