No one thought, this John? Mr. Huntelaar will give a lecture on infectious diseases!

Yes, a big topic, not about a certain infectious disease such as cholera or plague, but about such a big concept in epidemiology! Because when John said the subject on the stage and made a list of what he was going to talk about for the next two hours, everyone opened their mouths wide and looked at him on the stage with a monster-like look!

Infection and immunization, epidemic process and influencing factors of infectious diseases, diagnosis of infectious diseases, prevention of infectious diseases......

Who does this guy think he is?

For Europeans in the 19th century, as in China for decades to come, the greatest threat to life was infectious diseases. Poor sanitation and relatively poor income in the future make it impossible for most people to survive the invasion of coronary heart disease, diabetes and other wealthy diseases. It can be said that in the 19th century, the average life expectancy of Europeans gradually increased, and in addition to the factor of economic development, the biggest contributors were medical scientists. For example, Roentgenium, an Englishman who invented the modern method of smallpox prevention, has extended the average life expectancy of people in Sweden and other European countries from less than 30 years to nearly 40 years old! By the end of the 19th century, smallpox had become less dangerous, but infectious diseases such as cholera and tuberculosis had become more dangerous as industrialization progressed and cities expanded.

So imagine the importance of infectious diseases to people in this era.

Therefore, in this era of rampant infectious diseases, Pasteur and Koch can become the leaders of the medical community in their respective countries, and Liszt, who has made great contributions to the field of surgical sterilization, will become the new president of the Royal Society in three years! So after hearing what John was going to say next, almost everyone except Liszt and a few others were dumbfounded: no one believed that a surgeon would give them such a big topic as infectious diseases!

How dare he?!

Of course, John also understands the thoughts of these people in the audience. But at this time, he didn't care, and said loudly to himself: "Gentlemen, I know that you will be skeptical, and even lash out at my theory, but I hope to ...... in the next hour. Perhaps in an hour and a half, please show the proper demeanor of an English gentleman. Either listen to my speech quietly, or please go out quietly, and I don't accept questions in between, thank you! ”

"Buzz ......"

After hearing these words, the audience once again stirred.

It's just that this time no one got up and shouted, everyone had already understood the momentum of this young man, and at the same time, with the support of Professor Liszt, no one wanted to make themselves unhappy. Therefore, many people have secretly made up their minds in their hearts that they must listen to this guy's report well. Then when it's over, you'll have a good argument with the other person!

So......

Let's just hear what he has to say.

Facing the skeptical and expectant gazes of most of the audience, John finally nodded with satisfaction and continued: "Gentlemen, at the very beginning, allow me to explain my understanding of infectious diseases! Everyone knows the little things that Pasteur and Koch found, and they also understand that it is these small things that cause many kinds of diseases in people, they are contagious, and a person who has cholera is likely to spread it to other people around him, and this is what I call infectious diseases. But I'm talking about infectious diseases here. It refers to everything that is caused by pathogens -- that is, things that cause disease, and they can be bacteria. It could be something else - believe me, gentlemen, it's definitely not just bacteria that can cause these infections, there must be other things, such as smaller organisms, that we haven't discovered yet......"

“…… In my opinion. Infection is a process in which pathogens interact with the human body and fight against each other, and if the pathogen causing infection comes from outside the body, then it is infection, and there must be three elements to constitute infection and infection: the pathogen, the individual, and the environment in which they live......"

"According to my theory and that of Mr. Ehrlich, after the pathogen enters the human body. Our immune system will start to fight, so we tend to find that when different people are in the same environment, some people are prone to get sick and some people are not, and that's because they have different immunity......"

In just ten minutes, John briefly described the concept of infectious diseases.

Of course, while saying something, John interspersed some "private goods" in between, such as pathogens that are smaller than bacteria, and then the basic concepts of immunology, which is very beneficial for him and Ehrlich's theoretical generalization. It's just that for doctors and medical students in the 21st century, these are very easy to accept, even ordinary people are bombarded with all kinds of health care product advertisements and popular science programs every day, and they also have a relatively shallow understanding of human immunity. But it was not easy for people in the 19th century, even the best doctors in London, to get them to accept the concept of immunology, which was not yet in its infancy.

But......

Picking up the quilt on the table and taking a sip of water, moistening his smoky throat, John nodded with satisfaction in his heart. Just look at the puzzled expressions of these doctors in the audience, they must have doubts about what they just said, but only when they have doubts will they be interested, which is also the purpose of John's words!

And, what's next!

After moistening his throat a little, John immediately went on to speak: "Gentlemen, let us now tell you what I know about the epidemic of infectious diseases! In my opinion, the outbreak of infectious diseases requires three conditions: the source of infection, the route of transmission and the susceptible population, the source of infection is well understood, but with current medical knowledge, we have not yet found the source of infection for most diseases, but in my opinion, it is nothing more than two: people infected with pathogens and animals ......"

"The transmission route is a little more troublesome, and I believe everyone will have a headache about it, but after reviewing a lot of literature and experimental research, I have summarized several ways of transmission of infectious diseases: diseases transmitted through the respiratory tract, such as tuberculosis; diseases that spread through the digestive tract, such as cholera; Diseases transmitted through contact, such as syphilis; Diseases transmitted by insects, such as malaria......"

Of course, the audience was in chaos again.

Physicians in Europe recognized bacteria, that is, these years. The main reason why Koch has such a great reputation is because he discovered bacteria such as Vibrio cholerae and Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and with the advancement of technology and the promotion of ideas, especially in recent years, European doctors have begun to discover these small things one after another, such as diphtheria bacillus, tetanus bacillus and pneumococcus, etc., but what these bacteria spread is a very headache. Bacteria have just been recognized, infectious diseases are just beginning, and doctors who seriously lack a theoretical basis can only guess and experience to hit the big luck!

So John's words have a great impact on people!

How can it not be surprising that while others are still struggling to find ways to transmit these diseases, and even to find these pathogens, someone has begun to summarize the so-called transmission routes, and also named several of them, and gave examples? Especially the tuberculosis, cholera and malaria that John just mentioned, which are diseases that have been causing great headaches for the major European powers!

Needless to say, the dark cloud of the white plague has been hanging over the whole of Europe and has never dispersed; Cholera began with a major outbreak decades ago, and countless Europeans die from the disease every year; Malaria may be fine for other countries, but it has always been a pain in the heart of the British Empire - malaria has always been one of the deadliest diseases in the colonies of the Empire!

"Bang! Bang! ”

John, who had expected it for a long time, picked up the mallet on the table and struck it twice hard, and then said loudly: "Gentlemen, please be quiet! Be sure to listen to what I say below, because I believe they are very important......" (To be continued.) )