Hearing this offer, Qin Shiou was immediately disappointed and said, "Only one million dollars? I thought I could fetch 10 million or 20 million. ”

Billy and Little Black stared at each other and asked him almost in unison, "What do you think the dollar is?" Yen, South Korean Won or Thai Baht?! ”

Qin Shiou said: "Don't look at me with such damn eyes, you know Yuan Qinghua, right?" Isn't that a thing that can fetch five or six million dollars? There are also some official kilns in the Ming and Qing dynasties, and the prices are also very high. ”

Little Blake shook his head and said: "You don't understand the rules of the porcelain antique collecting world, I know that the porcelain you mentioned, of course, Yuan Qinghua is expensive, it is the emperor of porcelain antiques." And those official kilns are also the nobles of porcelain antiques, and Alla-porcelana cannot be compared with them, because this kind of porcelain is only an imitation of Chinese porcelain. ”

Billy patted Qin Shiou on the shoulder, squeezed his eyebrows and said, "Your national pride can rise." ”

Little Blake continued, this time he tried to be as concise as possible, explaining Alla-porcelana and other modern European porcelain, as for the history of ceramic antiques in the Americas? I'm sorry, but the native Indians of the Americas would have fired pottery, but this thing has been eliminated in Chinese art appreciation for a thousand years, and in Europe for centuries, so there is no place for the Americas in this historical introduction.

First of all, from the time of the Roman Empire, the lead glazed pottery technology from Egypt was introduced to Italy, and the production continued until the tin glazed pottery technology was introduced. The production technology of tin-glazed pottery was transmitted to Italy from the Middle East through Mallorca in southern Spain, compared with lead-glazed pottery technology. The tin glaze pottery technique is a perfect improvement, and since then. Fine pottery began to make its way into the European upper classes.

By the Renaissance, the technology of making tin-glazed pottery quickly spread from Italy. It first reached France, then spread to Germany, the Netherlands, England and the Nordic countries. The main feature of Italian tin glazed pottery is that the painted decoration was multi-color painting at first, and then when the glossy color was introduced from Spain, the glossy color was mostly used, so that the product presented bright colors, such as golden yellow, bright red, dark blue, etc.

At this point, Little Black pointed to the pottery inside, which was obviously the color of the pottery

Continuing to develop, pottery in the Middle Ages in Europe began to reach its peak, and it was Venice in the sixteenth century that did this. The maritime nation was the first to take advantage of the convenient maritime transportation to connect with China and obtain more advanced technology for the production of tin-glazed pottery.

The porcelain produced in Venice is not only made in China, but also good at imitating the painted patterns of Chinese Ming Dynasty porcelain, forming a new style with oriental colors, which is the origin of Alla-porcelana, where here 'Alla-porcelana' also has a name, called traditional Alla-porcelana.

As Little Black explained earlier, Alla-porcelana can be translated as an analogue of tin-glazed pottery, and the focus of the word lies in two places. One is 'simulation', and the other is 'tin-glazed pottery'. In addition to Venice at that time, European countries have been studying and learning Chinese pottery production technology, and many kinds of imitation tin glazed pottery have appeared.

For example, Germany in the 60s of the 17th century. The Hanlo factory in Frankfurt and nearby began producing tin-glazed pottery, using techniques imported from the Middle East, but with Chinese decorative motifs. It is one of the simulated tin-glazed pottery.

Earlier, in the twenties of the 16th century, some Italian potters moved to the Netherlands. Started the production of tin-glazed pottery in the Netherlands, and imitated Chinese Yixing pottery. This is also a kind of simulated tin glazed pottery.

Later, the Dutch East India Company imported a large number of Chinese porcelain, and the decoration of its own pottery completely turned to imitate the blue and white of China, abandoning the Italian decorative style, and it was completely a simulation of tin-glazed pottery.

In addition, there is the production of pottery in England, and in the 50s of the 16th century, the manufacturing technology of pewter glazed pottery was introduced from the Netherlands to England, and then the production of lead-glazed pottery was eliminated. In terms of the decoration of pottery, English porcelain was influenced by the blue and white porcelain of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty of China, which was almost outright imitation.

There is no doubt that the porcelain produced in that era can be called Alla-porcelana, but in order to distinguish it, porcelain produced in different countries and regions has different names. For example, the pottery production in the Netherlands is concentrated in Defu, and its products are called Defot pottery; The German pottery production is best in the Nuremberg area, which is called Nuremberg pottery, and the name Alla-porcelana is gradually no longer mentioned in these countries and regions, after all, the imitation of the knock-off, the name is not good after all.

Only Venice has always regarded this as an honor, and they have combined the simplicity and elegance of oriental porcelain with the splendor and nobility of the European porcelain tradition, and deliberately exported it to France, and before the 16th century, France also widely used the technology of lead-glazed pottery, and Alla-porcelana was introduced to France, which was immediately popular with the upper class.

The real culmination of Alla-porcelana production was at the beginning of the 18th century, when King Louis XIV of France ordered the melting down of the palace silverware in order to pay for the War of the Spanish Succession. After that, the French elite turned to the use of ceramics, and Alla-porcelana became popular in Europe, but the quantity increased, but the value decreased.

Fortunately, porcelain is thin and fragile, and it is difficult to preserve, and in modern times, most of the Alla-porcelana porcelain was destroyed in the war.

After entering the industrial age, Europe's scientific and technological strength became stronger and stronger, and the ceramic technology was also improved, and more better, more beautiful and more practical porcelain appeared, such as when the beige pottery of the British ceramicist Wychwood came out, it was immediately appreciated by the bureaucrats and aristocrats of Britain and other countries, and since then the tin glazed pottery has been gradually abandoned, and Alla-porcelana has not been used by many people, and the manufacturing process has gradually been lost, and its value has gradually increased.

After listening to Little Blake's introduction, Qin Shiou asked, "Then these porcelains, which country is Alla-porcelana?" ”

Little Blake smiled: "Now when we talk about Alla-porcelana, we are referring to traditional analog porcelain, at that time the porcelain of other countries had other names, these porcelains do not know whether they came from Venice or France, if you want to clearly determine their identity, you need to remove all the whale oil on them and look carefully." (To be continued.) )