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6. Sea bandits, lake bandits, mountain bandits1, sea bandits, sea bandits, as the name suggests, refer to bandits who rob at sea. These bandits, who are generally based on coastal islands, have fleets and weapons, and occasionally go out to sea to plunder passing merchant ships, and occasionally climb ashore to plunder households. In modern China, coastal areas, from north to south, were almost plagued by sea bandits. In some Western movies and adventures, pirates are often portrayed as righteous and legendary rebels, living a Robin Hood-like heroic life, even if the sword is swords, the smoke of gunpowder is filled, and the ship is sunk to the bottom of the sea, it does not seem so terrifying. However, this is not the case. Around the time of the Republic of China, in terms of scale, China's coastal pirates were almost the same as Western pirates. They have robbed passenger ships, fishing boats, plundered money and goods, and brought terror and disasters to China's maritime transportation, fishery, and salt industries, and they have become gangsters, murderers, and robbers in the true sense of the word. In the late Qing Dynasty and the early years of the Republic of China, the coastal provinces all set up Jinghai Shui Yong to deal with the harassment of pirates. In the Bohai region, the common people call the pirates "San'er", and sometimes they dare not call them directly, so they call them "black-faced", "horse-framed", or gesticulating, called "three plus one". Many of the pirates here embarked on the road of bandits out of desperation. For example, Guo Shangui, a fisherman from Nanpu in Tangshan area, was kidnapped by the subordinates of the bandit Xu Sanzi, and later because of the strong wind blowing at sea, most of the bandits were seasick, Guo Shangui took the opportunity to collude with several partners, eliminated the bandits in one fell swoop, and escaped. Guo Shangui has the intention to continue to control fishing as a business, but considering the situation in front of him where there are many bandits, he will inevitably be bullied by bandits in the future. So, together with a few shipmates, he became a pirate, and a few years later, he became a pirate leader with hundreds of people. In addition to this situation, some of the pirates went on the road of revenge; There are those who have broken the law, committed iniquity, and hid from their crimes; There are idle, unprofessional, and degenerate into bandits; There are those who run away because of family discord; There is also no shortage of people who take advantage of the world to cause chaos and rob while the fire is fired. In the mid-3o years, the bandits and pirates along the coast of Jilu formed "four major regiments", each with 1,800 people, each eating a piece of the beach and sea area, and the bandits colluded, the officials and bandits were connected as one, and the entire sea area was smoky. They are mostly not positioned, and follow the political climate, the law of the tides and their own strength, sometimes going to sea by boat, sometimes boarding 6 to do evil. You can eat wherever you have to eat, but there are main and secondary, and the time is long and short. In the second half of 1937, the Japanese invading army successively occupied Dagukou, Tanggu, Yantai, Longkou and other places, and the Kuomintang Navy Shen Honglie stationed in the Bohai Sea and coastal areas abandoned the sea and fled. The Kuomintang government and customs administration at sea and coastal ports closed their doors, civil and military officials fled one after another, and the coastal areas of Hebei and Shandong were in an extremely chaotic situation. In addition to those old bandits, all kinds of miscellaneous armed forces have emerged in the sea, shore, and grass depressions. They set up their own banners and proclaimed themselves commanders, which can really be said: "The rabbit king runs all over the ground, and the commander of the turtle is like a cow's hair." Among them, the five veteran bandits Fu Rui in Shandong are the most famous. Fu Ruiwu, also known as Fu Laoqi, a native of Fujijiazhuang, Zhanhua County, Shandong Province, has been poor since childhood, his parents died early, and he has no life and wanders everywhere. In order to fill his belly, he joined the gang as a teenager. Because he was clever and had many ideas, he was quite valued by the bosses, and he quickly rose to prominence. His wife, the daughter of a local landlord, was met by Fu Ruiwu during a robbery. At that time, there was a little bandit who wanted to insult her, and Fu saw her beautiful appearance, and he was in love with her at the moment, so he took her back to his room. The landlord's daughter saw that Fu Ruiwu was young and handsome, and she was trapped in a thief's den, so she allowed herself to be with him. After a long time, "the one who is close to Zhu is red, and the one who is close to ink is black", this woman also practiced good marksmanship and could make two guns. With her help, Fu Ruiwu soon became a big pirate with more than 1,000 guns and a fleet of ships occupying the coastal and sea areas of Lubei, Zhanhua and Wudi. One day in August 1931, Fu Ruiwu and his wife infiltrated the port of Tianjin, secretly boarded a British ship called the "Shuntian Wheel", and hid it in the cargo hold. When the steamer sailed out of the mouth of Dagu, Fu and his wife suddenly appeared, each with two guns, hijacked the merchant ship to the mouth of the Taoer River, and plundered all the property on board. Since then, Fu Ruiwu's name has shocked the Bohai Sea. Other sporadic bandits have defected to join the gang. When the British Embassy in China learned that the Shuntian wheel had been robbed, it could not help but be furious and lodged a stern protest with the Kuomintang government, demanding that China punish the criminals and compensate for the losses. The Kuomintang central government issued a series of orders demanding that the Zhanhua County Government quickly arrest Fu Ruiwu and bring him to justice. After receiving the order of his boss, Zhao Zaifang, secretary of the party department of Zhanhua County, did not dare to slack off, and led the staff to go to the countryside to collect rent, and passed on the compensation to the people. When Fu heard about it, he hated the government, so he led people to attack the Kuomintang Zhanhua County, killing Zhao Zaifang, the secretary of the Kuomintang department, and more than 1o of his staff. Since then, he has formed an indissoluble grudge with the government. After the outbreak of the Anti-Japanese War, he became more active, annexed other small bandits, and became the largest overlord on the west coast of the Bohai Sea. In order to unite the forces that can be united and deal with the enemy of the whole nation, the party committee of the Hebei-Shandong Border Region has successively sent Fu Jiechen, secretary of the Wudi County Party Committee, Zhang Rongting and Geng Tonglin, leaders of the Zhanhua County Party Committee, Jia Qianrui, a military cadre, and a large number of underground workers to work in the Fu Department. Under the persuasion and education of our party, Fu Ruiwu once reached a non-aggression agreement with our army. At the same time, the Japanese puppet army also wooed him one after another. Unable to withstand the co-optation and temptation of the Japanese puppets, Fu colluded with the puppet army and cooperated with the enemy's encroachment policy to attack our anti-Japanese base areas. Our army dealt a severe blow to Fu Bu and eliminated one of them, and Fu Ruiwu himself was also captured. After eight months of education in our army, his thinking has changed greatly, and he expressed his determination to actively participate in the anti-Japanese struggle under the leadership of the first party. Our army released him, and he cleaned up his old department and formed the "Third Brigade of the Shandong Anti-Japanese Self-Defense Force", which was later reorganized into the "** Regiment of the Fourth Division of the Bohai Naval Region of the Eighth Route Army". After the War of Liberation, it marched into Hunan, Hubei and Yunnan, and became a strong force in the liberation and construction of the southwest. (Wang Xinhua: "Bohai Sea Bandits and Pirates") Fujian and Zhejiang bandits' activities have their own characteristics. They robbed passing merchants, blew up and sank ships, and mutilated lives. The Kuomintang had no choice but to incorporate Mao Zhixi and Wang Xianjin, two bandits on the sea from Wenzhou to Taizhou, to form the "Zhejiang Offshore Escort Corps." In the past, merchants not only had to pay the so-called escort fee to the escort team, but also had to pay the "film" fee to the pirates. Because it is said that the escort fee is given to the official, and the income of the "film" is the "source of food and clothing" for the pirates themselves. In addition, for the guards who escort ships, it is necessary to give "tailwind money". As a result of this exploitation, the merchant made little profit for each load of goods. The chief captain of the escort team, the pirate Mao Zhixi, used his power to appoint cronyism, and the candidates for the captain of the escort team were all sponsored by him; At the same time, he also made friends with the government and evil forces, such as Shen Honglie, chairman of Zhejiang Province, Du Wei, commissioner of Taizhou, and Zhang Baochen, commissioner of Wenzhou, and Zhang Le, Wang Xianjin, Guo Xiaoyu, and other small bandits in Taizhou, who also colluded with him and engaged in smuggling activities in order to grab more wealth. At that time, they only needed to hold a business card with the word "Mao" in their hands, or hang a big flag with the word "Mao" on the ship, and they could go unimpeded. The convoy knew all the mysteries, and everyone kept one eye open and one closed, leaving nothing to stop. In order to monopolize the benefits of smuggling, Mao Zhixi also single-handedly planned the hijacking of the Jiangdong steamer and cracked down on Dai Fuquan, the deputy chief of the smuggling of the Jiangdong steamer. At that time, there were also Ukrainian troops harassing the Zhejiang-Fujian ocean from Fujian to Dongtou. The Ukrainian army is based on Taiwanese Cai Guangwei, who was in exile in Fujian in the early days of the Anti-Japanese War, did not do his job, smoked opium, and was destitute. He can speak fluent Japanese, so he took advantage of Japan's invasion of China to use this specialty to pretend to be a Japanese ronin, entangle local villains, organize hooligan groups, swagger and deceive, and do all kinds of evil. Its power soared with the progress of Japan's invasion of China, and later spread to the sea, contacting small groups of pirates, entrenched in Taishan, Nanji, Beiji and other islands, with Cai Guang as his commander. They specialize in robbing and sailing merchant ships in the waters of Zhejiang and Fujian, and from time to time they go ashore to plunder, and collude with profiteers to carry out smuggling business. In 1944, Cai Guang colluded with Chen Rongbo to give Chen guns and ammunition, so that he could expand the Ukrainian army. Chen immediately entangled local hooligans such as Zheng Liang and Jiang Sheng to form a brigade of the Ukrainian army, with Chen Rongbo as the captain. By this time, the Ukrainian army had reached its peak, with as many as five or six hundred people. They went out to the sea to plunder merchant ships, and after grabbing the goods, they shared them equally with the Japanese army, aiding and abetting the abuse, which was very hateful. A year later, Japan surrendered, the Ukrainian army was absorbed by the Kuomintang Wenzhou Commissioner Zhang Baochen, the captain Chen Rongbo was killed by the local people, and Cai Guang was executed by the people's government when it was liberated. (Chen Yubin, Su Zaiheng: "Remembering Zhejiang and Fujian Sea Bandits") 2, Green Shell In Zhejiang, people have another name for pirates, called "Green Shell". The word "green shell" originates from the first year of Xianfeng (1851), when Guangdong pirates invaded Haimen by boat, and the Qing army and naval divisions in Dinghai, Huangyan and Wenzhou could not resist it, causing Guangdong pirates to occupy Haimen for ten days and burn for several days, until they reached Huanglinyang. Because of the grasshopper-like shape and green hull of the pirate ship, coastal fishermen demeaningly called the ship "green shell", which later evolved into a synonym for a qiē pirate. At the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, the "Taizhou Green Shell" had a great influence. In the first year of Xianfeng (1851), the local tyrants and inferior gentry in Taizhou counties held a large group training in order to suppress the Taiping Army. A group of ruffians and hooligans joined the militia one after another, rampaging through the township, preying on the common people, and acting as executioners for the massacre of the Taiping army. In the first year of Tongzhi (1862), the Taiping army withdrew from Taizhou, and the militia was even more unscrupulous. Therefore, some people say that the militia is a bandit. Later, the Qing soldiers rounded up the militia as bandits, and these people became "green shells", which caused great harm. In the early days of the Republic of China, the political situation was turbulent, the social order was chaotic, and the "green shell" activities were more arrogant and complex. Some of them make a living by robbing and ransom, doing all kinds of evil, and strictly endangering the social order. The other part of the purpose is to rob the rich and help the poor, in response to the Xinhai Revolution. For example, Chen Zanqing, a member of Zhejiang's recovery, recruited Tiantai Zhou Yongguang, Xianju Zheng Wanzhi and other "green shells" to rise up in Taizhou, and soon they participated in the battle against Nanjing, and made great achievements, Zhou Yongguang served as the commander-in-chief of Zhejiang's Yuan Yuan, and later both Zhou and Zheng died heroically. In the later period of the Republic of China, with the vigorous development of the revolutionary struggle and the sudden change in the situation of the War of Resistance Against Japan, the nature of the "green shell" became more complex. Under the united leadership of China, some of the "green shells" either participated in the armed insurrection against the Kuomintang reactionaries, or threw themselves into the flames of resistance against Japan. The other part of the green shell has become a habitual bandit that causes great harm. The famous "green shell" Chen Jifu, also known as the king of hemp skin, has been rampant along the coast of Wenhuang County for more than 10 years, bringing profound disasters to the people. There is also a part of the "green shell" formed by the fall of the Kuomintang soldiers. The commander of the 6th Company of the 3rd Regiment of the Zhejiang Provincial Anti-Defense Regiment stationed in Pengpu, who believed that he had made meritorious contributions to the anti-Japanese resistance, held a grudge against his boss because he could not be promoted, and occupied the Luqiao District Office, the Township Office, and the Telephone Bureau on the night of June 2o, 194o, and arranged machine guns at the traffic intersection, and then wantonly robbed the store and the local bank for more than 2O yuan, kidnapped the town mayor and more than 3o people, and roared away at dawn. After liberation, most of the "green shells" changed their ways, but a small number of people, under the threat of deception and deception by habitual bandits, followed the bandits to subvert the nascent people's power. They rioted, looted and harassed, killed cadres, burned down houses, and committed heinous crimes. From July 1949 to the end of 1951, the 62nd Division of the 21st Army of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, together with local armed forces and militias, encircled and suppressed various "green shells," mobilized the four provinces to suppress bandits many times, annihilated the "green shells" in Huangyan, and punished a number of bandits and habitual bandits during land reform. Later, with the liberation of all the coastal islands, the pirates lost their nests, and the century-old "green shell" bandits in Taizhou were finally eliminated. Piracy along the coast of Guangdong is also rampant, the most famous of which is the Nanao pirates with the sign of "Sanhe Company". Wu Pinsan, Chen Shun, and Zeng Bochong, the bandits of the Sanhe Company, were all inferior gentry in Shenao (County Office) on Nanao Island in their early years. Wu Pinsan is burly and strong, and once held a large pot of camellia weighing about 1oo kilograms in public in front of the Zhao'an County Office in Fujian. He grew two beards and was known as "Eighty Thousand". Chen Shun is short and strong, good at light work, quick in action, able to climb the mast tail, leap over the boat, support the pole over the wall, and walk like flying. He is a murderous devil, his wife lost the needle one night while mending clothes, and found it all over, Chen Shun, who was smoking opium, picked it up from the ground lightly, and his wife joked with him: "It's really a thief's eyes, just look at it." One sentence violated Chen Shun's taboo and was immediately shot by him. The mind of a bandit is so unpredictable, but as a thief, he is not called a thief. Zeng Bochong is an old man who is scheming, gloomy and silent, and is known as "black face". Wu, Chen, and Zeng practiced boxing and martial arts together in the Youth Association, and then went to Chaoyin Temple to worship the monk Youran who was strong in martial arts as a teacher, so they can be regarded as brothers in terms of relationship. In 1913, the YMCA was disbanded by the governor of South Australia, Yu Wenbing, and his Kui Youran monks, Hong Erye, and Zeng Zhaorong were also executed. Wu Pinsan, Chen Shun, Zeng Bochong and others died at sea and began their criminal pirate career. Wu Pinsan, Chen Shun, and Zeng Bochong each led a group of people to plunder on the sea, and sometimes, they jointly branded the banner of "Sanhe Company" to collect water from passing ships, and each Chaoshan and Southern Fujian ship passing through the waters of Nanao was forced to pay a certain amount of money and silver every year and obtain a license plate -- a small red flag printed with "Sanhe Company" was hung on the ship as a sign, otherwise, it would be completely killed and looted. Within a few years, they became a climate, and the bandits spread to two or three hundred people, and they owned more than 1o large black thief ships. Some high-sea cargo ships are also often hijacked by horsemen (pirates hijack the ship on a ship and manipulate and control the actions of the ship as if they were riding on a horse, hence the name "riding robbery") to the coast of South Australia. One morning in the fourth lunar month of 192o, Chen Shun was in Shantou Port and mixed into a large cargo ship bound for Siam. After the ship left the port, he entered the wheelhouse without people, pointed the muzzle of the barge gun at the helmman, and shouted in a pretentious manner: "The others are exempt, I can deal with the helmsman alone!" "Ling Helm Gong sailed the boat to Qianjiangwan in South Australia. Hanggong listened to his tone, mistakenly thought that there were many thieves on the ship, and he was so frightened that he didn't dare to come out, so he was forced to change the direction of the boat and sail to Qianjiangwan, where Wu Pinsan and Zeng Bochong sent his men to drive a small boat to answer, and unloaded about 1oo loads of goods such as peanuts and sugar. "You drive the boat back to Shantou Port, saying that I Chen Shun hijacked the ship alone, whoever wants to compare the high, please invite him to Nanao!" The most shocking incident was the robbery of the Hanyang steamship born on January 13, 1928. The Hanyang is a British freighter with a deadweight of about 2ooo tons between London, Hong Kong and Xiamen. When the ship sailed to Shanghai, more than a dozen people, including the robber of Hutou Mountain in Raoping County, pretended to be passengers and infiltrated the ship. When the ship was sailing on the sea, Yang Di and his group of pirates separately dispatched to raid the guard squad, control the radio station, wheelhouse, etc., and loot the precious property such as gold, silver, and medicinal materials on board. In order to divert the target, they hijacked the Hanyang to the sea of Zhuqi belly in Qingao Bay, Nanao Island, Wu Pinsan and other party worked for three days and nights, plundered half of the ship's white silk, silk, watches and other goods, in order to quickly hide the stolen goods, Wu Pinsan actually ordered the Qingao security chief to force more than 2oo men and women in the township to pick up cloth. It was not until dawn on the fourth day that the Hanyang was released and headed for Hong Kong. After the Hanyang returned to the UK, the British government protested to the Chinese government, and the Australian and Hong Kong newspapers also tried their best to exaggerate the incident. The Chinese government was forced to compensate the British government 50,000 yuan in order to calm the situation. The three bandits were entrenched in South Australia and did many evils, which aroused the indignation of many people of insight. In 1925, Wu Guidong, a native of Shenao Township who worked as a proofreader for the Lingdong Daily in Shantou City, published an article in the newspaper under a pseudonym denouncing the "Sanhe Company" and calling on the Qing government to crack down on it. No, this action made Sankui mistakenly think that it was written by South Australian intellectuals Lin Shaoyan, Zhang Zhaohua, Cai and other yuan. They regard Lin Shaoyan and the three as thorns in the eye and flesh, and they will want to kill them as soon as possible. On March 2, 1926, Lin Shaoyan was lured to Zeng Bochong and was kidnapped. The next day, Lin Shaoyan's golden Ranch friend Zhang Zhaohua went to find out about Lin's whereabouts, and was put under house arrest by Zeng Design on the way. Two days later, Zhang was shot dead in the waters of Shen'ao. On the fifth day of being trapped, Lin Shaoyan was shot dead by bandits in Shen'ao and then broke his stomach and sank to the bottom of the sea. On the night that Lin Shaoyan was kidnapped, Cai and other yuan were also dragged to Shapo in Zhuqiao, Qing'ao, led by more than 3o bandits, and the bandits brutally cut off his head and limbs, and his body was thrown into the sea. A wicked man is his own hell. Wu Pinsan, Chen Shun, and Zeng Bochong, known as the three kuis, could not escape the fate of destruction in the end. At the end of 1926, Chen Shun led 12 bandits to disguise passengers in Xiamen and boarded a steamer, plotting against him, but this time he was not so lucky. Before the boat left, Chen urinated in the rear cabin, and when he picked up his wide trousers, a sailor showed a shell gun hidden to his calf, and after secretly throwing himself into the captain, the captain hurriedly attracted the armed police, and Chen Shun was arrested on the spot. A few days later, Chen Shun was sentenced to death in Xiamen. At the time of execution, this outlaw did not change his face and heartbeat, shouting, "See you again in eighteen years!" It's really stubborn. In 1928, Zeng Bochong fled to another country after being pursued by the official army. Hidden in Jieyang Mianhu Town. One night, when the next door caught a gamble, Zeng Bochong was a thief, thinking that he was here to arrest him, and when he escaped over the wall, he fell off the wall, broke his leg, and was shot in Jieyang. After the death of Chen Shun and Zeng Bochong, Wu Pinsan's catastrophe has also come. He fled to Fujian with a few of his henchmen. One day in the spring of 1933, he took refuge in the house of his brother-in-law Lin Guoguang in Zhao'an County. In order to get the government's red reward, Lin held a banquet at home to entertain him, but secretly reported to the officials and soldiers. The officers and soldiers were afraid that he would escape, so they used iron wire to penetrate Wu Pinsan's palms and cut the hind tendons. He was taken to Shantou and shot. "Good is rewarded with good, evil is rewarded with evil", so far, rampant in the coastal areas of Fujian and Macao for 2o, the heinous "Sanhe Company" has been completely wiped out. (Guangdong Cultural and Historical Materials, Vol. 16, p. 39) 3. Lake bandits Dongting Lake, Poyang Lake, Taihu Lake and lakes of all sizes, such as Weishan Lake, Hongze Lake, Chaohu Lake, etc., are mixed in by lake bandits. Among them, the Chaohu bandits are quite representative. Chaohu Lake has a vast water surface, complex terrain, and is a traffic artery, before liberation, it has always been a place where bandits haunt. Before the Anti-Japanese War, the lake bandits were only sporadic and small, usually in groups of three or five, and their activities were relatively hidden. Later, as the Japanese army trampled on the Jianghuai River, the counties of Binhu fell one after another, and the area around Chaohu Lake became a triangular struggle area of the Kuomintang, the Japanese puppet, and the New Fourth Army. In the areas ruled by the Kuomintang and in the enemy-occupied areas, the political situation and social order were extremely chaotic, and the three bandits of Guo Dao, Xia Zuosan, and Xia Kesan were gradually unfolded, and their arrogance was extremely arrogant. Most of the leaders of the lake bandits were converted from the officers and soldiers of the Chiang Army and the puppet army, so they also adopted the form of army formation. Guo Dao set up a "brigade department", calling himself "captain", with 8 detachments under his jurisdiction; Xia Kesan once set up a "headquarters", called himself "commander", and erected a big banner; Xia Zuosan also established a "brigade" and called himself "Captain Chaohu". The residence of the Sangu Lake bandits is uncertain, and they are scattered in the harbor during the day, and dozens of civilian boats are concentrated at night, linked together, floating on the water, and setting up posts around them. In order to facilitate their activities, they delineate their respective ranges of activities according to the natural form and specific conditions. Guo Dao occupies the area of Chaohu Lake and West Lake, Xia Zuosan occupies the area of Nanwan, and Xia Kesan occupies the area of East Lake. Within the demarcation of the boundary, there shall be no interference with each other, and a covenant shall be concluded that all merchant ships that have passed through a certain side to collect "taxes" shall be allowed to pass by each other on the basis of receipts or road strips, and shall not be hindered. Compared with the six bandits, the lake bandits have more natural advantages, they can not only use the harbors and lakes dotted on the water as a cover, block the road and rob, but also can post tickets and kidnap tickets on the six places, and in addition, they can also go to the door to plunder, compared with the bandits on the six places, they are all better. During the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression, the Chaohu bandits also seduced Japanese Mitsui, Mitsubishi, Daimaru, Yasumo, and other foreign firms and comprador businessmen in the occupied areas, and transported cloth, salt, matches, kerosene, soap, cigarettes, beer, etc., to other cities and towns through the Guò Lake bandits' entrenched areas, or to purchase local products from other places and transport them to enemy-occupied areas, from which they extracted 15-2o% of the "escort insurance premium" in order to expand financial resources. At the end of the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression, under the blows and struggles of various political forces, coupled with internal contradictions, they were united with each other, and the three bandits were fundamentally shaken and divided. At that time, because the lake bandits had the same smell and essence as Jiang Jun and the puppet army, they accepted both Jiang Fang and the puppet party's "recruitment", and finally ended up with a shameful end. After Japan's surrender, the New Fourth Army was ordered to retreat north, and the Kuomintang once again implemented dark rule, brutally oppressing the broad masses of the people, and the people in the Chaohu area were struggling to survive. At the same time, a small number of the residents of Binhu were forced to become bandits because they could not bear the oppression of the Kuomintang. In less than two years, the Chaohu bandit plague gradually spread again. Fortunately, not long after, the People's Liberation Army went south and quickly liberated the whole country, and the masses in the Chaohu area, under the leadership of the People's Government and the People's Government, carried out the anti-bandit and anti-hegemony movement, and really eliminated the Chaohu bandits. (Ling Houquan's dictation, Jiang Boju, Huang Tingxuan's collation: "Chaohu Bandits") mountain bandits, one refers to bandits based on cottages, such as bandits in the Yunnan-Guichuan area; One refers to the cottage as a base, but their activities are not completely limited to the narrow area of the cottage, such as the green forest heroes led by Song Jiang. They set up camp in the prominent Shuibo Liangshan, and at the same time went out to raid homes and rob houses. This kind of bandit is very common in China in modern times. For example, Sun Meiyao, the culprit who created the first bandit case in the Republic of China, set up her base camp on the calf where there was only a line of birdway. Liu Heiqi, the murderer of the tiger, used Mengshan Mountain in south-central Shandong Province as his lair. In addition, the giant bandit Gao Chongdao and the demon Zhang stammered in western Hubei were all mountain bandits who harmed one side. Due to space limitations, I will not repeat them here. In modern China, gangs of all sizes, large and small, have filled all provinces, counties, and even towns and villages across the country, running rampant and domineering, and committing crimes. Most of them do not work, do not engage in farming, and do not engage in legitimate business activities, but they often have delicious food, beautiful clothes, and a group of bandits even have thousands of dollars in their pockets, and live a life of luxury. Just as it was sung in a ballad that circulated during the Republic of China: "When you have a beard, don't worry, you enter the concession and live in a high-rise building; Eating big dishes, living in brothels, and spending money is like a river. ...... "Where, then, did their possessions come from?" There are many ways for bandits to amass wealth. Attacking rich households, looting towns, collecting water and making bills and other rogue methods are common for them to harm the people; Kidnapping for ransom, forced apportionment, and drug trafficking are their specialties; There are also those who commit adultery, burn, fight, and merge, and their skills can be described as "broad and profound". 1. RobberyViolent robbery is a time-honored mode of operation of bandits. In the secluded part of the main road, this is a trick often used by traditional bandits. Suddenly, a big man with thick shoulders and a round waist flashed out of the jungle, shouting: "I opened this mountain, I planted this tree, if you want to pass from here, leave the money to buy the road." "The average timid merchant has already been frightened and turned into a puddle of mud, how can he not obediently unload the goods and throw out the money. Even if you are bold, how can you not obey the preconceived voice of the bandits? Besides, people still have a lot of words! In Huaqi Town, Zhijin County, Guizhou Province, there was a lone bandit surnamed Li, called Lao Chao, who often carried a saber and blocked the road by himself to "slaughter the thread" (robbery). In the winter of 1947, Lao Chao learned that there were 8 small traders in Hunan who were about to turn the town from the mouse farm, so he ambushed Wenjiayakou on the way he had to go. The hills on both sides of the mountain are full of trees, and the old man uses thatch to connect some small trees in series, and ties a vine head to a small tree on the side of the road, and then squats next to the small tree and waits for the small traders to take the bait. At seven or eight o'clock in the morning, the fog shrouded the mountain mouth, and the group of small traders carried the basket and walked over step by step, and walked to the middle of the mountain mouth. Then he grabbed the vine that was tied to the small tree with one hand, and pulled it a few times, and pulled the small trees that were strung together with a loud noise, and shouted: "Brothers, come down quickly!" Although there were many people in this group of Hunanese, because they didn't know where they were, they thought that there were many bandits on the mountain, and they were immediately frightened and frightened. The old man was very quick with his hands and feet, hid the saber, put a small sharp knife in his mouth, and used the pre-prepared thatch and rattan to quickly tie up the vendors one by one. Then he thrust the sharp knife into his waist and searched his body, and kept shouting to the brothers to come down quickly. After searching for money and silver, he picked up a small bundle of white cloth and carried it, picked up the saber and ran away. After he ran away, these Hunan traders realized that the bandits were alone, and after untying each other, it was too late to chase them. (Zhou Daoxiang: "Memories of the Bandits in My Hometown") 1, Qiao Richeng Qiao Richeng is also a well-known robber in his hometown of Yingxian County, Shanxi. Compared with Lao Chao, his methods are direct and vicious, which fully shows the despicable tricks of the bandits to kill people and sell goods, while Lao Chao's methods are very deceptive, and even have a bit of a taste of banter. In 1926, Qiao Richeng borrowed the middle school diploma of his classmate Yu Xiaoxian, changed his surname and changed his name to be admitted to the Northern Military Academy in Yan Xishan, Taiyuan. After being expelled, he had nothing to do all day, and his money was strapped day by day, so he came up with the idea of blocking the road and robbing him. At that time, Yu Xiaoxian's brother Yu Shaoxian, who was Qiao Richeng's childhood partner and the commander of the Jin Army at the time, also mixed with him. One day, he said to Shaoxian: "Look at those foreigners who are fat and fat, dressed in leather shoes, all of them are rich and broad, lend me your pistol, and I will rob them of some money, and we will not be poor." They took their pistols and went down the street, just in time to see a pot-bellied foreigner walking towards the Taiyuan Railway Station with a suitcase, Qiao caught up with a few steps, and forced the foreigner to his residence with a pistol. In order to save the lives of their families, the foreigners had to obediently let Qiao and Yu search and rummage through the boxes, and watched them loot all their valuables, and then Qiao and Yu moved elsewhere. That night, the Shanxi Provincial Government received a complaint from the foreigner, and they felt that the matter was serious, so they telegraphed to the Beiyang Government and foreign embassies. The next day, the Jinyang Daily ran the news that a soldier had robbed a Swedish missionary at gunpoint. Under tremendous pressure, the authorities immediately ordered the Taiyuan military camp and the military police to strictly investigate the homeless soldiers, but in the end they were unable to do so. Qiao Richeng, who was only 17 years old, succeeded in the robbery for the first time, and felt the joy of being rich for the first time, and he couldn't help but be proud. He went to restaurants, brothels, casinos, and celebrities every day, and squandered all his money in just a few months. Under the persuasion of Yu Shaoxian, Qiao Richeng was admitted to Taiyuan Private Zhongshan High School. In the winter of 1927, the Feng army attacked the Jin army and occupied the Yanbei area, leaving Yanbei students studying in Taiyuan unable to receive family assistance due to postal and transportation blockages. Yan Xishan, the overseer and governor of Shanxi, ordered a subsidy of 3o silver dollars per student, which was to be collected by the school. Qiao Richeng saw that there was an opportunity, and in addition to receiving a personal copy, he also issued a list of other Yanbei students who did not go to school, and asked the school to collect it on his behalf. The accountant is not allowed and quarrels with it. Holding a grudge, Joe went to the school's finance office in military uniform and gunpoint that afternoon, beat the accountant to death, and robbed him of some money. One didn't do it, and the other didn't stop, and after Joe came out of school, he transferred to the home of Instructor Wang, the military academy where he was originally located. When he saw that Mrs. Wang was at home alone, he said that Instructor Wang asked him to collect the money, and picked up a pillar of fire from the stove and slammed it on Mrs. Wang's head, and raised a gun to threaten: "Don't shout, hurry up and take the money, I can't get it to kill you!" Mrs. Wang was so frightened that she hurriedly opened the cabinet to get the money, and took off the gold ring from her hand and gave it to Joe. Before leaving, Jo told Mrs. Wang to lie on the ground, not to get up and cry, and then he calmly fled. That night, Joe went to a hotel to change into civilian clothes and spend the night, and the next day he grabbed a new bicycle from the postman and rode to Suiyuan Province. At this time, people thought that the robbers were called Yu Xiaoxian. Later, Yu Xiaoxian was arrested and confessed to lending Qiao a diploma to be admitted to the military academy, and people learned that his real name was Qiao Richeng. Qiao Richeng robbed one after another, and it became a strange news in the province for a while. Yan Xishan ordered Qiao Richeng to be arrested, but because Suiyuan Province was the sphere of influence of the Feng army, he couldn't help him for a while. One dark night in the winter of 1929, Qiao Richeng entangled two other bandits and went to the Nanshan Jiebangou in Hunyuan County to rob Wang Meitang, who was a Chinese medicine astragalus. Wang Meitang's son was an official in Taiyuan, and when he heard that his home was robbed, he analyzed his face and accent and decided that Qiao Richeng had done it, so he reported it to the provincial government. In order to avoid being arrested, Qiao Richeng made thirty-six plans, and took it as the best policy, so he simply went to Taiyuan to join the army. At the time of the Central Plains War, Yan Xishan was expanding the army, and Qiao Richeng became the personal adjutant of Wang Pu, the commander of the Third Brigade of the 15th Army of the Yan Army, without much difficulty. In less than half a year, Yan Xishan was defeated and forced to go into the wilderness, and the Yan army was absorbed by Zhang Xueliang and reduced from the original 15 armies to 4 armies. In addition, a redundant officer training corps was set up in Taiyuan to accommodate all redundant officers, and Qiao Richeng was reluctant to join the regiment for training after being redundant, so he lived in Taiyuan. By 1931, when he was only 22 years old, he became shy again due to the cut off of financial resources, so he returned to his old business and robbed Deng Youlan's house in the Third Brigade and Third Regiment, where he had a disagreement. After Deng Youlan found out, she reported to Xu Yongchang, chairman of Shanxi Province, and Xu Yongchang strictly ordered the county government to arrest Qiao, but there was no trace of Qiao in Qiao's hometown of Ying County, so he moved to Suiyuan to assist in the arrest. At that time, Fu Zuoyi had not been in charge of Suiyuan for a long time, he was busy with official business, and there were many bandits outside his mouth, where could he take care of a Qiao Richeng? Therefore, the area outside the mouth has become Qiao Richeng's safe haven. After robbing Deng Youlan's house, he went straight from Taiyuan to the capital of Suiyuan Province (now Hohhot), and enjoyed himself again. 6. Sea bandits, lake bandits, mountain bandits1, sea bandits, sea bandits, as the name suggests, refer to bandits who rob at sea. These bandits, who are generally based on coastal islands, have fleets and weapons, and occasionally go out to sea to plunder passing merchant ships, and occasionally climb ashore to plunder households. In modern China, coastal areas, from north to south, were almost plagued by sea bandits. In some Western movies and adventures, pirates are often portrayed as righteous and legendary rebels, living a Robin Hood-like heroic life, even if the sword is swords, the smoke of gunpowder is filled, and the ship is sunk to the bottom of the sea, it does not seem so terrifying. However, this is not the case. Around the time of the Republic of China, in terms of scale, China's coastal pirates were almost the same as Western pirates. They have robbed passenger ships, fishing boats, plundered money and goods, and brought terror and disasters to China's maritime transportation, fishery, and salt industries, and they have become gangsters, murderers, and robbers in the true sense of the word. In the late Qing Dynasty and the early years of the Republic of China, the coastal provinces all set up Jinghai Shui Yong to deal with the harassment of pirates. In the Bohai region, the common people call the pirates "San'er", and sometimes they dare not call them directly, so they call them "black-faced", "horse-framed", or gesticulating, called "three plus one". Many of the pirates here embarked on the road of bandits out of desperation. For example, Guo Shangui, a fisherman from Nanpu in Tangshan area, was kidnapped by the subordinates of the bandit Xu Sanzi, and later because of the strong wind blowing at sea, most of the bandits were seasick, Guo Shangui took the opportunity to collude with several partners, eliminated the bandits in one fell swoop, and escaped. Guo Shangui has the intention to continue to control fishing as a business, but considering the situation in front of him where there are many bandits, he will inevitably be bullied by bandits in the future. So, together with a few shipmates, he became a pirate, and a few years later, he became a pirate leader with hundreds of people. In addition to this situation, some of the pirates went on the road of revenge; There are those who have broken the law, committed iniquity, and hid from their crimes; There are idle, unprofessional, and degenerate into bandits; There are those who run away because of family discord; There is also no shortage of people who take advantage of the world to cause chaos and rob while the fire is fired. In the mid-3o years, the bandits and pirates along the coast of Jilu formed "four major regiments", each with 1,800 people, each eating a piece of the beach and sea area, and the bandits colluded, the officials and bandits were connected as one, and the entire sea area was smoky. They are mostly not positioned, and follow the political climate, the law of the tides and their own strength, sometimes going to sea by boat, sometimes boarding 6 to do evil. You can eat wherever you have to eat, but there are main and secondary, and the time is long and short. In the second half of 1937, the Japanese invading army successively occupied Dagukou, Tanggu, Yantai, Longkou and other places, and the Kuomintang Navy Shen Honglie stationed in the Bohai Sea and coastal areas abandoned the sea and fled. The Kuomintang government and customs administration at sea and coastal ports closed their doors, civil and military officials fled one after another, and the coastal areas of Hebei and Shandong were in an extremely chaotic situation. In addition to those old bandits, all kinds of miscellaneous armed forces have emerged in the sea, shore, and grass depressions. They set up their own banners and proclaimed themselves commanders, which can really be said: "The rabbit king runs all over the ground, and the commander of the turtle is like a cow's hair." Among them, the five veteran bandits Fu Rui in Shandong are the most famous. Fu Ruiwu, also known as Fu Laoqi, a native of Fujijiazhuang, Zhanhua County, Shandong Province, has been poor since childhood, his parents died early, and he has no life and wanders everywhere. In order to fill his belly, he joined the gang as a teenager. Because he was clever and had many ideas, he was quite valued by the bosses, and he quickly rose to prominence. His wife, the daughter of a local landlord, was met by Fu Ruiwu during a robbery. At that time, there was a little bandit who wanted to insult her, and Fu saw her beautiful appearance, and he was in love with her at the moment, so he took her back to his room. The landlord's daughter saw that Fu Ruiwu was young and handsome, and she was trapped in a thief's den, so she allowed herself to be with him. After a long time, "the one who is close to Zhu is red, and the one who is close to ink is black", this woman also practiced good marksmanship and could make two guns. With her help, Fu Ruiwu soon became a big pirate with more than 1,000 guns and a fleet of ships occupying the coastal and sea areas of Lubei, Zhanhua and Wudi. One day in August 1931, Fu Ruiwu and his wife infiltrated the port of Tianjin, secretly boarded a British ship called the "Shuntian Wheel", and hid it in the cargo hold. When the steamer sailed out of the mouth of Dagu, Fu and his wife suddenly appeared, each with two guns, hijacked the merchant ship to the mouth of the Taoer River, and plundered all the property on board. Since then, Fu Ruiwu's name has shocked the Bohai Sea. Other sporadic bandits have defected to join the gang. When the British Embassy in China learned that the Shuntian wheel had been robbed, it could not help but be furious and lodged a stern protest with the Kuomintang government, demanding that China punish the criminals and compensate for the losses. The Kuomintang central government issued a series of orders demanding that the Zhanhua County Government quickly arrest Fu Ruiwu and bring him to justice. After receiving the order of his boss, Zhao Zaifang, secretary of the party department of Zhanhua County, did not dare to slack off, and led the staff to go to the countryside to collect rent, and passed on the compensation to the people. When Fu heard about it, he hated the government, so he led people to attack the Kuomintang Zhanhua County, killing Zhao Zaifang, the secretary of the Kuomintang department, and more than 1o of his staff. Since then, he has formed an indissoluble grudge with the government. After the outbreak of the Anti-Japanese War, he became more active, annexed other small bandits, and became the largest overlord on the west coast of the Bohai Sea. In order to unite the forces that can be united and deal with the enemy of the whole nation, the party committee of the Hebei-Shandong Border Region has successively sent Fu Jiechen, secretary of the Wudi County Party Committee, Zhang Rongting and Geng Tonglin, leaders of the Zhanhua County Party Committee, Jia Qianrui, a military cadre, and a large number of underground workers to work in the Fu Department. Under the persuasion and education of our party, Fu Ruiwu once reached a non-aggression agreement with our army. At the same time, the Japanese puppet army also wooed him one after another. Unable to withstand the co-optation and temptation of the Japanese puppets, Fu colluded with the puppet army and cooperated with the enemy's encroachment policy to attack our anti-Japanese base areas. Our army dealt a severe blow to Fu Bu and eliminated one of them, and Fu Ruiwu himself was also captured. After eight months of education in our army, his thinking has changed greatly, and he expressed his determination to actively participate in the anti-Japanese struggle under the leadership of the first party. Our army released him, and he cleaned up his old department and formed the "Third Brigade of the Shandong Anti-Japanese Self-Defense Force", which was later reorganized into the "** Regiment of the Fourth Division of the Bohai Naval Region of the Eighth Route Army". After the War of Liberation, it marched into Hunan, Hubei and Yunnan, and became a strong force in the liberation and construction of the southwest. (Wang Xinhua: "Bohai Sea Bandits and Pirates") Fujian and Zhejiang bandits' activities have their own characteristics. They robbed passing merchants, blew up and sank ships, and mutilated lives. The Kuomintang had no choice but to incorporate Mao Zhixi and Wang Xianjin, two bandits on the sea from Wenzhou to Taizhou, to form the "Zhejiang Offshore Escort Corps." In the past, merchants not only had to pay the so-called escort fee to the escort team, but also had to pay the "film" fee to the pirates. Because it is said that the escort fee is given to the official, and the income of the "film" is the "source of food and clothing" for the pirates themselves. In addition, for the guards who escort ships, it is necessary to give "tailwind money". As a result of this exploitation, the merchant made little profit for each load of goods. The chief captain of the escort team, the pirate Mao Zhixi, used his power to appoint cronyism, and the candidates for the captain of the escort team were all sponsored by him; At the same time, he also made friends with the government and evil forces, such as Shen Honglie, chairman of Zhejiang Province, Du Wei, commissioner of Taizhou, and Zhang Baochen, commissioner of Wenzhou, and Zhang Le, Wang Xianjin, Guo Xiaoyu, and other small bandits in Taizhou, who also colluded with him and engaged in smuggling activities in order to grab more wealth. At that time, they only needed to hold a business card with the word "Mao" in their hands, or hang a big flag with the word "Mao" on the ship, and they could go unimpeded. The convoy knew all the mysteries, and everyone kept one eye open and one closed, leaving nothing to stop. In order to monopolize the benefits of smuggling, Mao Zhixi also single-handedly planned the hijacking of the Jiangdong steamer and cracked down on Dai Fuquan, the deputy chief of the smuggling of the Jiangdong steamer. At that time, there were also Ukrainian troops harassing the Zhejiang-Fujian ocean from Fujian to Dongtou. The Ukrainian army is based on Taiwanese Cai Guangwei, who was in exile in Fujian in the early days of the Anti-Japanese War, did not do his job, smoked opium, and was destitute. He can speak fluent Japanese, so he took advantage of Japan's invasion of China to use this specialty to pretend to be a Japanese ronin, entangle local villains, organize hooligan groups, swagger and deceive, and do all kinds of evil. Its power soared with the progress of Japan's invasion of China, and later spread to the sea, contacting small groups of pirates, entrenched in Taishan, Nanji, Beiji and other islands, with Cai Guang as his commander. They specialize in robbing and sailing merchant ships in the waters of Zhejiang and Fujian, and from time to time they go ashore to plunder, and collude with profiteers to carry out smuggling business. In 1944, Cai Guang colluded with Chen Rongbo to give Chen guns and ammunition, so that he could expand the Ukrainian army. Chen immediately entangled local hooligans such as Zheng Liang and Jiang Sheng to form a brigade of the Ukrainian army, with Chen Rongbo as the captain. By this time, the Ukrainian army had reached its peak, with as many as five or six hundred people. They went out to the sea to plunder merchant ships, and after grabbing the goods, they shared them equally with the Japanese army, aiding and abetting the abuse, which was very hateful. A year later, Japan surrendered, the Ukrainian army was absorbed by the Kuomintang Wenzhou Commissioner Zhang Baochen, the captain Chen Rongbo was killed by the local people, and Cai Guang was executed by the people's government when it was liberated. (Chen Yubin, Su Zaiheng: "Remembering Zhejiang and Fujian Sea Bandits") 2, Green Shell In Zhejiang, people have another name for pirates, called "Green Shell". The word "green shell" originates from the first year of Xianfeng (1851), when Guangdong pirates invaded Haimen by boat, and the Qing army and naval divisions in Dinghai, Huangyan and Wenzhou could not resist it, causing Guangdong pirates to occupy Haimen for ten days and burn for several days, until they reached Huanglinyang. Because of the grasshopper-like shape and green hull of the pirate ship, coastal fishermen demeaningly called the ship "green shell", which later evolved into a synonym for a qiē pirate. At the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, the "Taizhou Green Shell" had a great influence. In the first year of Xianfeng (1851), the local tyrants and inferior gentry in Taizhou counties held a large group training in order to suppress the Taiping Army. A group of ruffians and hooligans joined the militia one after another, rampaging through the township, preying on the common people, and acting as executioners for the massacre of the Taiping army. In the first year of Tongzhi (1862), the Taiping army withdrew from Taizhou, and the militia was even more unscrupulous. Therefore, some people say that the militia is a bandit. Later, the Qing soldiers rounded up the militia as bandits, and these people became "green shells", which caused great harm. In the early days of the Republic of China, the political situation was turbulent, the social order was chaotic, and the "green shell" activities were more arrogant and complex. Some of them make a living by robbing and ransom, doing all kinds of evil, and strictly endangering the social order. The other part of the purpose is to rob the rich and help the poor, in response to the Xinhai Revolution. For example, Chen Zanqing, a member of Zhejiang's recovery, recruited Tiantai Zhou Yongguang, Xianju Zheng Wanzhi and other "green shells" to rise up in Taizhou, and soon they participated in the battle against Nanjing, and made great achievements, Zhou Yongguang served as the commander-in-chief of Zhejiang's Yuan Yuan, and later both Zhou and Zheng died heroically. In the later period of the Republic of China, with the vigorous development of the revolutionary struggle and the sudden change in the situation of the War of Resistance Against Japan, the nature of the "green shell" became more complex. Under the united leadership of China, some of the "green shells" either participated in the armed insurrection against the Kuomintang reactionaries, or threw themselves into the flames of resistance against Japan. The other part of the green shell has become a habitual bandit that causes great harm. The famous "green shell" Chen Jifu, also known as the king of hemp skin, has been rampant along the coast of Wenhuang County for more than 10 years, bringing profound disasters to the people. There is also a part of the "green shell" formed by the fall of the Kuomintang soldiers. The commander of the 6th Company of the 3rd Regiment of the Zhejiang Provincial Anti-Defense Regiment stationed in Pengpu, who believed that he had made meritorious contributions to the anti-Japanese resistance, held a grudge against his boss because he could not be promoted, and occupied the Luqiao District Office, the Township Office, and the Telephone Bureau on the night of June 2o, 194o, and arranged machine guns at the traffic intersection, and then wantonly robbed the store and the local bank for more than 2O yuan, kidnapped the town mayor and more than 3o people, and roared away at dawn. After liberation, most of the "green shells" changed their ways, but a small number of people, under the threat of deception and deception by habitual bandits, followed the bandits to subvert the nascent people's power. They rioted, looted and harassed, killed cadres, burned down houses, and committed heinous crimes. From July 1949 to the end of 1951, the 62nd Division of the 21st Army of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, together with local armed forces and militias, encircled and suppressed various "green shells," mobilized the four provinces to suppress bandits many times, annihilated the "green shells" in Huangyan, and punished a number of bandits and habitual bandits during land reform. Later, with the liberation of all the coastal islands, the pirates lost their nests, and the century-old "green shell" bandits in Taizhou were finally eliminated. Piracy along the coast of Guangdong is also rampant, the most famous of which is the Nanao pirates with the sign of "Sanhe Company". Wu Pinsan, Chen Shun, and Zeng Bochong, the bandits of the Sanhe Company, were all inferior gentry in Shenao (County Office) on Nanao Island in their early years. Wu Pinsan is burly and strong, and once held a large pot of camellia weighing about 1oo kilograms in public in front of the Zhao'an County Office in Fujian. He grew two beards and was known as "Eighty Thousand". Chen Shun is short and strong, good at light work, quick in action, able to climb the mast tail, leap over the boat, support the pole over the wall, and walk like flying. He is a murderous devil, his wife lost the needle one night while mending clothes, and found it all over, Chen Shun, who was smoking opium, picked it up from the ground lightly, and his wife joked with him: "It's really a thief's eyes, just look at it." One sentence violated Chen Shun's taboo and was immediately shot by him. The mind of a bandit is so unpredictable, but as a thief, he is not called a thief. Zeng Bochong is an old man who is scheming, gloomy and silent, and is known as "black face". Wu, Chen, and Zeng practiced boxing and martial arts together in the Youth Association, and then went to Chaoyin Temple to worship the monk Youran who was strong in martial arts as a teacher, so they can be regarded as brothers in terms of relationship. In 1913, the YMCA was disbanded by the governor of South Australia, Yu Wenbing, and his Kui Youran monks, Hong Erye, and Zeng Zhaorong were also executed. Wu Pinsan, Chen Shun, Zeng Bochong and others died at sea and began their criminal pirate career. Wu Pinsan, Chen Shun, and Zeng Bochong each led a group of people to plunder on the sea, and sometimes, they jointly branded the banner of "Sanhe Company" to collect water from passing ships, and each Chaoshan and Southern Fujian ship passing through the waters of Nanao was forced to pay a certain amount of money and silver every year and obtain a license plate -- a small red flag printed with "Sanhe Company" was hung on the ship as a sign, otherwise, it would be completely killed and looted. Within a few years, they became a climate, and the bandits spread to two or three hundred people, and they owned more than 1o large black thief ships. Some high-sea cargo ships are also often hijacked by horsemen (pirates hijack the ship on a ship and manipulate and control the actions of the ship as if they were riding on a horse, hence the name "riding robbery") to the coast of South Australia. One morning in the fourth lunar month of 192o, Chen Shun was in Shantou Port and mixed into a large cargo ship bound for Siam. After the ship left the port, he entered the wheelhouse without people, pointed the muzzle of the barge gun at the helmman, and shouted in a pretentious manner: "The others are exempt, I can deal with the helmsman alone!" "Ling Helm Gong sailed the boat to Qianjiangwan in South Australia. Hanggong listened to his tone, mistakenly thought that there were many thieves on the ship, and he was so frightened that he didn't dare to come out, so he was forced to change the direction of the boat and sail to Qianjiangwan, where Wu Pinsan and Zeng Bochong sent his men to drive a small boat to answer, and unloaded about 1oo loads of goods such as peanuts and sugar. "You drive the boat back to Shantou Port, saying that I Chen Shun hijacked the ship alone, whoever wants to compare the high, please invite him to Nanao!" The most shocking incident was the robbery of the Hanyang steamship born on January 13, 1928. The Hanyang is a British freighter with a deadweight of about 2ooo tons between London, Hong Kong and Xiamen. When the ship sailed to Shanghai, more than a dozen people, including the robber of Hutou Mountain in Raoping County, pretended to be passengers and infiltrated the ship. When the ship was sailing on the sea, Yang Di and his group of pirates separately dispatched to raid the guard squad, control the radio station, wheelhouse, etc., and loot the precious property such as gold, silver, and medicinal materials on board. In order to divert the target, they hijacked the Hanyang to the sea of Zhuqi belly in Qingao Bay, Nanao Island, Wu Pinsan and other party worked for three days and nights, plundered half of the ship's white silk, silk, watches and other goods, in order to quickly hide the stolen goods, Wu Pinsan actually ordered the Qingao security chief to force more than 2oo men and women in the township to pick up cloth. It was not until dawn on the fourth day that the Hanyang was released and headed for Hong Kong. After the Hanyang returned to the UK, the British government protested to the Chinese government, and the Australian and Hong Kong newspapers also tried their best to exaggerate the incident. The Chinese government was forced to compensate the British government 50,000 yuan in order to calm the situation. The three bandits were entrenched in South Australia and did many evils, which aroused the indignation of many people of insight. In 1925, Wu Guidong, a native of Shenao Township who worked as a proofreader for the Lingdong Daily in Shantou City, published an article in the newspaper under a pseudonym denouncing the "Sanhe Company" and calling on the Qing government to crack down on it. No, this action made Sankui mistakenly think that it was written by South Australian intellectuals Lin Shaoyan, Zhang Zhaohua, Cai and other yuan. They regard Lin Shaoyan and the three as thorns in the eye and flesh, and they will want to kill them as soon as possible. On March 2, 1926, Lin Shaoyan was lured to Zeng Bochong and was kidnapped. The next day, Lin Shaoyan's golden Ranch friend Zhang Zhaohua went to find out about Lin's whereabouts, and was put under house arrest by Zeng Design on the way. Two days later, Zhang was shot dead in the waters of Shen'ao. On the fifth day of being trapped, Lin Shaoyan was shot dead by bandits in Shen'ao and then broke his stomach and sank to the bottom of the sea. On the night that Lin Shaoyan was kidnapped, Cai and other yuan were also dragged to Shapo in Zhuqiao, Qing'ao, led by more than 3o bandits, and the bandits brutally cut off his head and limbs, and his body was thrown into the sea. A wicked man is his own hell. Wu Pinsan, Chen Shun, and Zeng Bochong, known as the three kuis, could not escape the fate of destruction in the end. At the end of 1926, Chen Shun led 12 bandits to disguise passengers in Xiamen and boarded a steamer, plotting against him, but this time he was not so lucky. Before the boat left, Chen urinated in the rear cabin, and when he picked up his wide trousers, a sailor showed a shell gun hidden to his calf, and after secretly throwing himself into the captain, the captain hurriedly attracted the armed police, and Chen Shun was arrested on the spot. A few days later, Chen Shun was sentenced to death in Xiamen. At the time of execution, this outlaw did not change his face and heartbeat, shouting, "See you again in eighteen years!" It's really stubborn. In 1928, Zeng Bochong fled to another country after being pursued by the official army. Hidden in Jieyang Mianhu Town. One night, when the next door caught a gamble, Zeng Bochong was a thief, thinking that he was here to arrest him, and when he escaped over the wall, he fell off the wall, broke his leg, and was shot in Jieyang. After the death of Chen Shun and Zeng Bochong, Wu Pinsan's catastrophe has also come. He fled to Fujian with a few of his henchmen. One day in the spring of 1933, he took refuge in the house of his brother-in-law Lin Guoguang in Zhao'an County. In order to get the government's red reward, Lin held a banquet at home to entertain him, but secretly reported to the officials and soldiers. The officers and soldiers were afraid that he would escape, so they used iron wire to penetrate Wu Pinsan's palms and cut the hind tendons. He was taken to Shantou and shot. "Good is rewarded with good, evil is rewarded with evil", so far, rampant in the coastal areas of Fujian and Macao for 2o, the heinous "Sanhe Company" has been completely wiped out. (Guangdong Cultural and Historical Materials, Vol. 16, p. 39) 3. Lake bandits Dongting Lake, Poyang Lake, Taihu Lake and lakes of all sizes, such as Weishan Lake, Hongze Lake, Chaohu Lake, etc., are mixed in by lake bandits. Among them, the Chaohu bandits are quite representative. Chaohu Lake has a vast water surface, complex terrain, and is a traffic artery, before liberation, it has always been a place where bandits haunt. Before the Anti-Japanese War, the lake bandits were only sporadic and small, usually in groups of three or five, and their activities were relatively hidden. Later, as the Japanese army trampled on the Jianghuai River, the counties of Binhu fell one after another, and the area around Chaohu Lake became a triangular struggle area of the Kuomintang, the Japanese puppet, and the New Fourth Army. In the areas ruled by the Kuomintang and in the enemy-occupied areas, the political situation and social order were extremely chaotic, and the three bandits of Guo Dao, Xia Zuosan, and Xia Kesan were gradually unfolded, and their arrogance was extremely arrogant. Most of the leaders of the lake bandits were converted from the officers and soldiers of the Chiang Army and the puppet army, so they also adopted the form of army formation. Guo Dao set up a "brigade department", calling himself "captain", with 8 detachments under his jurisdiction; Xia Kesan once set up a "headquarters", called himself "commander", and erected a big banner; Xia Zuosan also established a "brigade" and called himself "Captain Chaohu". The residence of the Sangu Lake bandits is uncertain, and they are scattered in the harbor during the day, and dozens of civilian boats are concentrated at night, linked together, floating on the water, and setting up posts around them. In order to facilitate their activities, they delineate their respective ranges of activities according to the natural form and specific conditions. Guo Dao occupies the area of Chaohu Lake and West Lake, Xia Zuosan occupies the area of Nanwan, and Xia Kesan occupies the area of East Lake. Within the demarcation of the boundary, there shall be no interference with each other, and a covenant shall be concluded that all merchant ships that have passed through a certain side to collect "taxes" shall be allowed to pass by each other on the basis of receipts or road strips, and shall not be hindered. Compared with the six bandits, the lake bandits have more natural advantages, they can not only use the harbors and lakes dotted on the water as a cover, block the road and rob, but also can post tickets and kidnap tickets on the six places, and in addition, they can also go to the door to plunder, compared with the bandits on the six places, they are all better. During the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression, the Chaohu bandits also seduced Japanese Mitsui, Mitsubishi, Daimaru, Yasumo, and other foreign firms and comprador businessmen in the occupied areas, and transported cloth, salt, matches, kerosene, soap, cigarettes, beer, etc., to other cities and towns through the Guò Lake bandits' entrenched areas, or to purchase local products from other places and transport them to enemy-occupied areas, from which they extracted 15-2o% of the "escort insurance premium" in order to expand financial resources. At the end of the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression, under the blows and struggles of various political forces, coupled with internal contradictions, they were united with each other, and the three bandits were fundamentally shaken and divided. At that time, because the lake bandits had the same smell and essence as Jiang Jun and the puppet army, they accepted both Jiang Fang and the puppet party's "recruitment", and finally ended up with a shameful end. After Japan's surrender, the New Fourth Army was ordered to retreat north, and the Kuomintang once again implemented dark rule, brutally oppressing the broad masses of the people, and the people in the Chaohu area were struggling to survive. At the same time, a small number of the residents of Binhu were forced to become bandits because they could not bear the oppression of the Kuomintang. In less than two years, the Chaohu bandit plague gradually spread again. Fortunately, not long after, the People's Liberation Army went south and quickly liberated the whole country, and the masses in the Chaohu area, under the leadership of the People's Government and the People's Government, carried out the anti-bandit and anti-hegemony movement, and really eliminated the Chaohu bandits. (Ling Houquan's dictation, Jiang Boju, Huang Tingxuan's collation: "Chaohu Bandits") mountain bandits, one refers to bandits based on cottages, such as bandits in the Yunnan-Guichuan area; One refers to the cottage as a base, but their activities are not completely limited to the narrow area of the cottage, such as the green forest heroes led by Song Jiang. They set up camp in the prominent Shuibo Liangshan, and at the same time went out to raid homes and rob houses. This kind of bandit is very common in China in modern times. For example, Sun Meiyao, the culprit who created the first bandit case in the Republic of China, set up her base camp on the calf where there was only a line of birdway. Liu Heiqi, the murderer of the tiger, used Mengshan Mountain in south-central Shandong Province as his lair. In addition, the giant bandit Gao Chongdao and the demon Zhang stammered in western Hubei were all mountain bandits who harmed one side. Due to space limitations, I will not repeat them here. In modern China, gangs of all sizes, large and small, have filled all provinces, counties, and even towns and villages across the country, running rampant and domineering, and committing crimes. Most of them do not work, do not engage in farming, and do not engage in legitimate business activities, but they often have delicious food, beautiful clothes, and a group of bandits even have thousands of dollars in their pockets, and live a life of luxury. Just as it was sung in a ballad that circulated during the Republic of China: "When you have a beard, don't worry, you enter the concession and live in a high-rise building; Eating big dishes, living in brothels, and spending money is like a river. ...... "Where, then, did their possessions come from?" There are many ways for bandits to amass wealth. Attacking rich households, looting towns, collecting water and making bills and other rogue methods are common for them to harm the people; Kidnapping for ransom, forced apportionment, and drug trafficking are their specialties; There are also those who commit adultery, burn, fight, and merge, and their skills can be described as "broad and profound". 1. RobberyViolent robbery is a time-honored mode of operation of bandits. In the secluded part of the main road, this is a trick often used by traditional bandits. Suddenly, a big man with thick shoulders and a round waist flashed out of the jungle, shouting: "I opened this mountain, I planted this tree, if you want to pass from here, leave the money to buy the road." "The average timid merchant has already been frightened and turned into a puddle of mud, how can he not obediently unload the goods and throw out the money. Even if you are bold, how can you not obey the preconceived voice of the bandits? Besides, people still have a lot of words! In Huaqi Town, Zhijin County, Guizhou Province, there was a lone bandit surnamed Li, called Lao Chao, who often carried a saber and blocked the road by himself to "slaughter the thread" (robbery). In the winter of 1947, Lao Chao learned that there were 8 small traders in Hunan who were about to turn the town from the mouse farm, so he ambushed Wenjiayakou on the way he had to go. The hills on both sides of the mountain are full of trees, and the old man uses thatch to connect some small trees in series, and ties a vine head to a small tree on the side of the road, and then squats next to the small tree and waits for the small traders to take the bait. At seven or eight o'clock in the morning, the fog shrouded the mountain mouth, and the group of small traders carried the basket and walked over step by step, and walked to the middle of the mountain mouth. Then he grabbed the vine that was tied to the small tree with one hand, and pulled it a few times, and pulled the small trees that were strung together with a loud noise, and shouted: "Brothers, come down quickly!" Although there were many people in this group of Hunanese, because they didn't know where they were, they thought that there were many bandits on the mountain, and they were immediately frightened and frightened. The old man was very quick with his hands and feet, hid the saber, put a small sharp knife in his mouth, and used the pre-prepared thatch and rattan to quickly tie up the vendors one by one. Then he thrust the sharp knife into his waist and searched his body, and kept shouting to the brothers to come down quickly. After searching for money and silver, he picked up a small bundle of white cloth and carried it, picked up the saber and ran away. After he ran away, these Hunan traders realized that the bandits were alone, and after untying each other, it was too late to chase them. (Zhou Daoxiang: "Memories of the Bandits in My Hometown") 1, Qiao Richeng Qiao Richeng is also a well-known robber in his hometown of Yingxian County, Shanxi. Compared with Lao Chao, his methods are direct and vicious, which fully shows the despicable tricks of the bandits to kill people and sell goods, while Lao Chao's methods are very deceptive, and even have a bit of a taste of banter. In 1926, Qiao Richeng borrowed the middle school diploma of his classmate Yu Xiaoxian, changed his surname and changed his name to be admitted to the Northern Military Academy in Yan Xishan, Taiyuan. After being expelled, he had nothing to do all day, and his money was strapped day by day, so he came up with the idea of blocking the road and robbing him. At that time, Yu Xiaoxian's brother Yu Shaoxian, who was Qiao Richeng's childhood partner and the commander of the Jin Army at the time, also mixed with him. One day, he said to Shaoxian: "Look at those foreigners who are fat and fat, dressed in leather shoes, all of them are rich and broad, lend me your pistol, and I will rob them of some money, and we will not be poor." They took their pistols and went down the street, just in time to see a pot-bellied foreigner walking towards the Taiyuan Railway Station with a suitcase, Qiao caught up with a few steps, and forced the foreigner to his residence with a pistol. In order to save the lives of their families, the foreigners had to obediently let Qiao and Yu search and rummage through the boxes, and watched them loot all their valuables, and then Qiao and Yu moved elsewhere. That night, the Shanxi Provincial Government received a complaint from the foreigner, and they felt that the matter was serious, so they telegraphed to the Beiyang Government and foreign embassies. The next day, the Jinyang Daily ran the news that a soldier had robbed a Swedish missionary at gunpoint. Under tremendous pressure, the authorities immediately ordered the Taiyuan military camp and the military police to strictly investigate the homeless soldiers, but in the end they were unable to do so. Qiao Richeng, who was only 17 years old, succeeded in the robbery for the first time, and felt the joy of being rich for the first time, and he couldn't help but be proud. He went to restaurants, brothels, casinos, and celebrities every day, and squandered all his money in just a few months. Under the persuasion of Yu Shaoxian, Qiao Richeng was admitted to Taiyuan Private Zhongshan High School. In the winter of 1927, the Feng army attacked the Jin army and occupied the Yanbei area, leaving Yanbei students studying in Taiyuan unable to receive family assistance due to postal and transportation blockages. Yan Xishan, the overseer and governor of Shanxi, ordered a subsidy of 3o silver dollars per student, which was to be collected by the school. Qiao Richeng saw that there was an opportunity, and in addition to receiving a personal copy, he also issued a list of other Yanbei students who did not go to school, and asked the school to collect it on his behalf. The accountant is not allowed and quarrels with it. Holding a grudge, Joe went to the school's finance office in military uniform and gunpoint that afternoon, beat the accountant to death, and robbed him of some money. One didn't do it, and the other didn't stop, and after Joe came out of school, he transferred to the home of Instructor Wang, the military academy where he was originally located. When he saw that Mrs. Wang was at home alone, he said that Instructor Wang asked him to collect the money, and picked up a pillar of fire from the stove and slammed it on Mrs. Wang's head, and raised a gun to threaten: "Don't shout, hurry up and take the money, I can't get it to kill you!" Mrs. Wang was so frightened that she hurriedly opened the cabinet to get the money, and took off the gold ring from her hand and gave it to Joe. Before leaving, Jo told Mrs. Wang to lie on the ground, not to get up and cry, and then he calmly fled. That night, Joe went to a hotel to change into civilian clothes and spend the night, and the next day he grabbed a new bicycle from the postman and rode to Suiyuan Province. At this time, people thought that the robbers were called Yu Xiaoxian. Later, Yu Xiaoxian was arrested and confessed to lending Qiao a diploma to be admitted to the military academy, and people learned that his real name was Qiao Richeng. Qiao Richeng robbed one after another, and it became a strange news in the province for a while. Yan Xishan ordered Qiao Richeng to be arrested, but because Suiyuan Province was the sphere of influence of the Feng army, he couldn't help him for a while. One dark night in the winter of 1929, Qiao Richeng entangled two other bandits and went to the Nanshan Jiebangou in Hunyuan County to rob Wang Meitang, who was a Chinese medicine astragalus. Wang Meitang's son was an official in Taiyuan, and when he heard that his home was robbed, he analyzed his face and accent and decided that Qiao Richeng had done it, so he reported it to the provincial government. In order to avoid being arrested, Qiao Richeng made thirty-six plans, and took it as the best policy, so he simply went to Taiyuan to join the army. At the time of the Central Plains War, Yan Xishan was expanding the army, and Qiao Richeng became the personal adjutant of Wang Pu, the commander of the Third Brigade of the 15th Army of the Yan Army, without much difficulty. In less than half a year, Yan Xishan was defeated and forced to go into the wilderness, and the Yan army was absorbed by Zhang Xueliang and reduced from the original 15 armies to 4 armies. In addition, a redundant officer training corps was set up in Taiyuan to accommodate all redundant officers, and Qiao Richeng was reluctant to join the regiment for training after being redundant, so he lived in Taiyuan. By 1931, when he was only 22 years old, he became shy again due to the cut off of financial resources, so he returned to his old business and robbed Deng Youlan's house in the Third Brigade and Third Regiment, where he had a disagreement. After Deng Youlan found out, she reported to Xu Yongchang, chairman of Shanxi Province, and Xu Yongchang strictly ordered the county government to arrest Qiao, but there was no trace of Qiao in Qiao's hometown of Ying County, so he moved to Suiyuan to assist in the arrest. At that time, Fu Zuoyi had not been in charge of Suiyuan for a long time, he was busy with official business, and there were many bandits outside his mouth, where could he take care of a Qiao Richeng? Therefore, the area outside the mouth has become Qiao Richeng's safe haven. After robbing Deng Youlan's house, he went straight from Taiyuan to the capital of Suiyuan Province (now Hohhot), and enjoyed himself again. 6. Sea bandits, lake bandits, mountain bandits1, sea bandits, sea bandits, as the name suggests, refer to bandits who rob at sea. These bandits, who are generally based on coastal islands, have fleets and weapons, and occasionally go out to sea to plunder passing merchant ships, and occasionally climb ashore to plunder households. In modern China, coastal areas, from north to south, were almost plagued by sea bandits. In some Western movies and adventures, pirates are often portrayed as righteous and legendary rebels, living a Robin Hood-like heroic life, even if the sword is swords, the smoke of gunpowder is filled, and the ship is sunk to the bottom of the sea, it does not seem so terrifying. However, this is not the case. Around the time of the Republic of China, in terms of scale, China's coastal pirates were almost the same as Western pirates. They have robbed passenger ships, fishing boats, plundered money and goods, and brought terror and disasters to China's maritime transportation, fishery, and salt industries, and they have become gangsters, murderers, and robbers in the true sense of the word. In the late Qing Dynasty and the early years of the Republic of China, the coastal provinces all set up Jinghai Shui Yong to deal with the harassment of pirates. In the Bohai region, the common people call the pirates "San'er", and sometimes they dare not call them directly, so they call them "black-faced", "horse-framed", or gesticulating, called "three plus one". Many of the pirates here embarked on the road of bandits out of desperation. For example, Guo Shangui, a fisherman from Nanpu in Tangshan area, was kidnapped by the subordinates of the bandit Xu Sanzi, and later because of the strong wind blowing at sea, most of the bandits were seasick, Guo Shangui took the opportunity to collude with several partners, eliminated the bandits in one fell swoop, and escaped. Guo Shangui has the intention to continue to control fishing as a business, but considering the situation in front of him where there are many bandits, he will inevitably be bullied by bandits in the future. So, together with a few shipmates, he became a pirate, and a few years later, he became a pirate leader with hundreds of people. In addition to this situation, some of the pirates went on the road of revenge; There are those who have broken the law, committed iniquity, and hid from their crimes; There are idle, unprofessional, and degenerate into bandits; There are those who run away because of family discord; There is also no shortage of people who take advantage of the world to cause chaos and rob while the fire is fired. In the mid-3o years, the bandits and pirates along the coast of Jilu formed "four major regiments", each with 1,800 people, each eating a piece of the beach and sea area, and the bandits colluded, the officials and bandits were connected as one, and the entire sea area was smoky. They are mostly not positioned, and follow the political climate, the law of the tides and their own strength, sometimes going to sea by boat, sometimes boarding 6 to do evil. You can eat wherever you have to eat, but there are main and secondary, and the time is long and short. In the second half of 1937, the Japanese invading army successively occupied Dagukou, Tanggu, Yantai, Longkou and other places, and the Kuomintang Navy Shen Honglie stationed in the Bohai Sea and coastal areas abandoned the sea and fled. The Kuomintang government and customs administration at sea and coastal ports closed their doors, civil and military officials fled one after another, and the coastal areas of Hebei and Shandong were in an extremely chaotic situation. In addition to those old bandits, all kinds of miscellaneous armed forces have emerged in the sea, shore, and grass depressions. each