Uncle Ma first read in The Times that China and Vietnam had signed the Treaty of Hue and that France had suffered a big loss in Vietnam.

Before 1840, the upper European newspapers described China as "mysterious China". Between 1840 and 1860, European evaluation became more contemptuous. From 1860 onwards, at least the British press began to treat China with hostility rather than contempt.

China has set up embassies in Europe and has also carried out some cultural promotion activities. Chinese students went to study in European countries, Chinese businessmen arrived in Europe on steamships built by China itself, and the whole of Europe's perception of China has also undergone considerable changes.

For example, France was attacked by China this time, and the general view in Europe is that France's attempt to invade China's vassal Vietnam, which was met with a head-on attack from the Chinese side. The purpose of French expansion in the East failed. The collapse of the French cabinet is a foregone conclusion, but there is widespread skepticism in European countries that France will continue to fight China with intensification.

If France lost 2,000 men on continents other than Europe, it would be a huge sensation, and if France was hit by China and lost 2,000 men, Europe would be taking it lightly. There are even newspapers with an extremely right-leaning stance that offer the magical idea of when the civil war between Caucasians will end.

This last period of colonialism was accompanied by a flourishing of racism. Therefore, the initial question in the European discussion of China was "what kind of race is China?" In the eighteenth century, ethnography was born in Europe, which divided human beings into "red, white, yellow, and black". White has beautiful meanings such as purity and nobility in Europe, while black is the opposite, so Europeans are classified as white, Africans are classified as black, and East Asians, who are considered to be between Europe and Africa, are assigned "yellow race" - yellow carries the meaning of melancholy, greed, and morbidity. China does not hate the term "yellow race", the biggest reason is that China does not know what European ethnography really means. And yellow is a noble color in Chinese culture.

When Europe really saw a large number of Chinese, they found that except for a relatively small number of Northern Europeans, the skin color of the Chinese was generally fairer than that of people in southern Europe and even in France. Coupled with the fact that Chinese skin is much better than Europeans, this has led to a discussion in Europe, "Should Chinese be considered Caucasians?" ”

Since Europeans believe that Caucasians belong to industrially developed countries, there is a China that is not inferior to European industry, and there are Chinese with fairer skin than most Europeans, in a sense, they should be Caucasian. Otherwise, the white race will become a lower class existence than the yellow race. By about 1870, the more racist media had appeared in the more racist media that Chinese were actually "light Caucasians."

The French, of course, were Caucasian in the eyes of Europeans, but when China was also considered light-colored Caucasian, the war between China and European countries became a "civil war between Caucasians". Not only the Sino-French conflict, but also the Sino-Russian conflict. Wars between industrialized countries can make people in industrialized countries feel a real danger.

Of course, Uncle Ma will not believe that the human race says such a boring thing, he can see the essence through the phenomenon, and with the rapid development of China's industrialization, the whole of Europe has felt the impact. Because of the problem of maritime capacity, countries in Europe that have direct confrontation with China have been attacked or threatened militarily by China, and their response to China is more realistic. As for those countries that have no special ties and conflicts with China, the imagination of China is very romantic.

Uncle Ma actually owes China a lot of favors, and even as a German, he knows that if he has the opportunity to meet Wei Ze, he must say thank you. After the failure of the Paris Commune, Uncle Ma once asked China to come to the rescue. China did come to the rescue. After meeting the losers of the Paris Commune who had fled France in mid-June 1871, Uncle Ma learned that China was not without influence in Europe. These losers escaped from France under the arrangement of the German army, and a considerable part of them were taken out of the hands of the French reactionary army, and a large number of them were even rescued from the execution ground by the German soldiers.

Despite their patriotism and hatred for the Germans, the members of the Paris Commune maintained at least the slightest courtesy in the face of the German soldiers who had saved their lives

The Chinese side did not hide the fact that it had come to the rescue of the members of the Paris Commune, and with the Chinese side in front, it was convenient for Sweden to take action. Germany, of course, refused to keep these republicans in its own country, and if these radical republicans were Germans, they would be thrown into prison by the German government.

Now that China has made a statement, it is not without countries that are willing to accept these members, but Switzerland is very willing to accept them. In order to disgust the British, France also forcibly stuffed many members of the Paris Commune who fled to England to the British. There was no food on board, and the French soldiers in charge of the escort poured liquor on the men on the pretext of "preventing the passengers from freezing to death". When the ragged Communards were thrown onto the English docks, their faces were filthy and tattered, and because of the effects of alcohol, the Parisian Communards acted like drunkards, disgusting to look at. The British, while protesting against the actions of the French, also accepted the members of the Paris Commune.

With the example of Switzerland and England, Sweden taking the lead, and the Nordic countries accepting many members of the Paris Commune. Even newly united Italy expressed its willingness to accept some members of the Paris Commune.

Historically, after the defeat of the Paris Commune, the French defense government subsequently suppressed the members of the Commune. The executions without trial lasted more than a month, and it is estimated that about 20,000 people were shot without trial, and together with the dead in the fighting, there were more than 30,000 deaths on the commune's side. In the Franco-Prussian War, less than 30,000 Prussian soldiers were killed.

A journalist at the time wrote: "...... The bloody repression was so thorough that bloodshed like this, which killed all those who dared to resist, would delay the outbreak of the next revolution...... The old society bought itself at least another twenty years of peace...... "Now that China has intervened, the number of dead commune members has been greatly reduced. Although China has its own ideas based on China's national interests, this favor is really very large.

China also made a request to Uncle Ma to write a feature on the economic crisis.

What about the economic crisis, where the speculative bubble burst, and then all sorts of debt problems. Then there are bankruptcies, bankruptcies, and workers losing their jobs. For ordinary workers, this era is very scary. The capitalist system has existed for a long time, and it is only when the capitalist system is combined with industrialization that this system seems to shine. There is only one goal of capital, and that is to multiply. As for what means to use, capital does not care at all.

The industrial level of this era was low, and most of them relied on labor-intensive industries. The best way to maximize profits is to reduce workers' wages. Uncle Ma's "Communist Manifesto" has an accurate description.

“…… As a result of the promotion of the machine and the division of labour, the labour of the proletarians has lost any independent character and therefore any attraction to the workers. The worker becomes a mere appendage of the machine, requiring him to do only extremely simple, extremely monotonous, and extremely easy to learn. As a result, the expenses spent on the workers are almost limited to the means of subsistence necessary for the maintenance of the workers and for the continuation of their descendants......

…… The less skill and effort required to operate the hands, in other words, the more advanced modern industry becomes, the more male workers are excluded from female and child labor. For the working class, differences in gender and age no longer have any social significance. They are all just tools of labor, but they require different costs depending on their age and gender......

…… As soon as the exploitation of the workers by the factory owners came to an end and the workers received their wages in cash, they were immediately ......approached by another part of the bourgeoisie, landlords, shopkeepers, pawnshop owners, etc."

Uncle Ma was not a perfunctory person, and for the economic crisis of 1873, Uncle Ma also clearly saw a difference from the past. Previous economic crises have been mainly caused by speculation, with light industry being hit the hardest. The lives of workers who barely earn a living wage every day are miserable after losing their jobs. The economic crisis of 1873 became for the first time a crisis of heavy industry.

The crisis led to the fact that China stopped buying British Rail products throughout 1872, and this information was concealed by British Railways for almost a year before it was discovered. If it were just such an event, it would not have triggered an economic crisis in Europe. The investment bubble of American railroads is extremely serious, and China's small needle punctures a pig urine bubble that is about to explode.

The collapse of American railroad speculation triggered a full-scale crisis in the United States. In July 1873, the Jay-Cook Financial Company, one of the most reliable banks in the United States, went bankrupt due to railroad speculation, the New York stock market plummeted, 5,000 commercial companies and 57 securities trading companies collapsed one after another, and the New York Stock Exchange closed for the first time for 10 days.

The U.S. has already adopted high tariffs, and now they are raising them. Uncle En's letter to Uncle Ma detailed the situation in Germany, which also adopted high tariffs, and Bismarck also adopted higher tariffs in order to promote the development of heavy industry in the country. At the same time, the loss of China, the United States, Germany, three large markets, British heavy industry caused a great crisis.

Heavy industry workers require more physical strength and have a higher demand for technology. They were not affected much by the economic crises of the past, and these people were able to maintain a decent life among the working class. These workers have become accustomed to a more stable life, and unemployment is particularly difficult for these people to accept.

The economic crisis has spread from light industry to heavy industry, and Uncle Ma is very interested in this change. Heavy industry was undoubtedly the key to the combination of the capitalist system and the Industrial Revolution, and played a great role in the colonial era. Now that even the roots are wrong, in what direction will the capitalist system go?