Han Peacock said with a smile: "Xuande official kiln blue and white, occupies a very important position in the history of the development of Chinese ceramics, it reflects the social, economic, cultural, artistic and ideological concepts of the time from one side, so this point is completely different from the Manchu Qing Dynasty."

As a court porcelain and exquisite works of art, Xuande official kiln blue and white has a unique artistic charm, which has a lot to do with the perfection of the system and the maturity of technology at that time, and the work has been respected by later generations as a model of blue and white craftsmanship.

Since the beginning of the Chenghua Dynasty of the Ming Dynasty to the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China are a large number of firing, the most successful is the Qing Dynasty Kangxi, Yongzheng, Qianlong three dynasties, with the Qing Dynasty old collection of Xuande blue and white as the blueprint, to carefully burn, modeling, size, ornamentation are very similar to the original, with the charm of Xuande blue and white, so it is said that the Qing Dynasty and the Ming Dynasty blue and white are still different.

For example, the Kangxi Dynasty imitated the Xuande blue and white lady pattern bowl, the twig pattern bowl, the folded branch flower and fruit pattern flower mouth bowl, the twig pattern fish basket, and the seawater beast pattern goblet.

Yongzheng Dynasty imitation Xuande blue and white bamboo stone banana leaf pattern jade pot spring vase, flower and fruit pattern plum vase, flower pattern book pattern lamp, group dragon pattern sunflower wash, seawater dragon pattern Tianqiu bottle, ribbon ear gourd bottle, morning glory Quartet corner bottle.

Qianlong Dynasty imitation Xuande blue and white brocade lid jar, phoenix wear pattern jar, pine, bamboo and plum character pattern plate, lotus plate, flower and fruit pattern holding pot, etc., have reached a very high level, but imitation is imitation, and the treasure Xuande blue and white is still very different, it is because of this, so it can be more proved that this batch of porcelain is Xuande, not the Manchu period. ”

"So you've determined that these are all porcelain from the Xuande period of the Ming Dynasty?" Willow catkins said.

Han Peacock nodded and said: "It's not just as simple as Xuande porcelain in the Ming Dynasty, but also an authentic official kiln." That's what matters most. ”

"Official kilns? Then this time the harvest is really big. Liu Fu looked at Han Peacock and said.

Han Peacock said: "Of course, the south is an important Silk Road, historically, silk, paper, porcelain, iron and other production and living items have always been China's export to overseas countries, as long as any sunken ship is found, it is a lot of wealth." ”

"What if it's silk for transport? Due to the seawater environment, it is difficult to preserve organic materials such as silk and paper for a long time, and metal objects such as iron will also be strictly corroded, and only porcelain can be protected from erosion for a long time. Liu Fu said lightly.

Han Peacock said with a smile: "The cultural relics we can see unearthed from underwater shipwrecks are basically porcelain. Many research topics in underwater archaeology are also carried out around it. ”

"Such a fine porcelain that can be preserved. It's unbelievable. Han Ronghua held the exquisite Xuande blue and white three-fruit pattern and said.

Han Peacock explained: "At present, the porcelain we see can be roughly divided into new and old according to the state of preservation. The so-called old refers to the fact that the glaze of these utensils itself has been severely worn, and there are many impurities such as shells and corals on the body (especially the exposed parts).

This is due to the fact that the wreck is located on a sandy and stony seabed. The seafloor of this geological structure is generally hard and dense. The hull structure of the shipwrecked ship was in direct contact with the seabed and shattered.

Ribs, bones, partitions and other components of ancient ships. Most of them are connected by iron nails of different shapes and adhesives, which lose their effect over time, as we can say today when we look down from the top of some ancient shipwrecks. What is seen is a scattered and spread out, orthographic projection plane disintegrated ship with the keel as the center.

Therefore, in the process of sinking, part of the porcelain is dumped outside the ship, scattered directly on the seabed, and the porcelain left in the hull will be directly exposed to the sea water with the decomposition of the packaging material, which is particularly common in the Mediterranean, the Arabian Sea and other seas, and the Xisha and Nansha waters of the South China Sea in China are also like this.

Due to the tidal action, the bare porcelain will be subjected to two high tides and low tides of sea impact, and the utensils will constantly rub against the sea sand, resulting in the polishing of the glaze on the surface, and finally completely lose its luster, and the touch is very rough.

In addition, there is a relatively special situation, that is, the shipwreck is buried under the deep sea mud, careful investigation of China's coastal geography, you can find that from north to south, there are Liao River, Hai River, Huai River, Yellow River, Yangtze River, Qiantang River, Min River, Pearl River and other major rivers into the inflow, these inland rivers bring a large amount of sediment into the sea, not only caused the turbidity of the seawater, but also formed a thick layer of soil on the continental shelf.

When a ship sinks, the seabed silt forms a downward suction, which, combined with its own weight, usually hides several meters below sea level until it comes into contact with a dense layer of sediment.

When porcelain is transported on ships, it is usually packaged with large ceramics such as wooden boxes, bamboo baskets, and even elephant jars and urns, and unlike the former, which is directly scattered on the surface of the seabed, porcelain is better protected.

Among the ancient shipwrecks that have been found along the coast of our country, the Song Dynasty shipwreck of Nanhai I., the shipwreck of the Song Dynasty of Fu, Jianping, and Tanwanjiao are all of this type, and the shipwreck of the Song Dynasty of Mokpo Xin'an, which was found in South Korea in the 80s of the last century, is also similar to it, and the porcelain in these shipwrecks is protected by packaging and sea mud, and is actually in an isolated and closed environment.

These artifacts were generally produced at the time and put on board directly, without any traces of use, and the glaze was not worn, giving people the feeling of being a new imitation, and it is hard to believe that they have been buried for hundreds of years. ”

"You mean, the batch of porcelain found now is also preserved because of this situation?" Although Liu Fu read a lot of knowledge about antique identification after meeting Han Peacock, she did not study it in depth, so she knew some fur.

Han Peacock nodded and said: "These pieces are all preserved in this situation, so they look brand new, but not all porcelain is so lucky, and not all porcelain has that kind of treatment, so you see, this one is different." ”

Saying that, Han Peacock picked up a blue and white flat pot, and when he saw the catkins and Han Ronghua's sight, they were all attracted, and Han Peacock said: "This is a complete piece of blue and white porcelain with salt removed, the reason why it is so well preserved is because it is porcelain, and because it is in a very good environment, although it has not been damaged, it has soaked in seawater."

No matter what kind of texture of the utensils, soaked in seawater for a long time, will generally have an adverse impact on its protection, in addition to the gold products are more corrosion-resistant, generally silver, copper, iron, tin and other materials will be affected by the strict, become difficult to preserve, many metal cultural relics just out of the water when the section is as bright as new, but after contact with the air is quickly oxidized, and eventually become powdery.

At present, the easiest and most feasible way is to replace it with a continuous reduction of salt content, but in the end, it still needs to be soaked or sprayed with fresh water, which is also a more common practice in the world.

However, this method takes up a lot of space, wastes fresh water resources, and only delays the damage of cultural relics, and is still not the final solution, so dewatering technology is still a problem.

How to desalinate and dewater the cultural relics in the water in order to achieve the best protection effect, as of now, this is still an internationally recognized problem, but for some porcelain with less damage, it is completely sufficient to do some simple delays, like this blue and white flat pot. ”

"What about porcelain that is buried directly by silt, or parasitized by sea creatures? Isn't that worthless? Looking at the exquisite blue and white flat pots, Han Ronghua was full of regret for the porcelain that was scattered directly on the bottom of the sea.

Han Peacock said: "As long as it is treated, it can also be restored, for the porcelain that is wrapped in a large number of marine parasites on the surface, because the porcelain is a smooth and hardness of porcelain glaze, you only need to use a relatively hard sharp weapon, along the gap with gentle force, it can be peeled off from the glaze step by step, of course, the technician should be especially careful at this time, master the strength, and try not to scratch the enamel."

As for the method of soaking in various acidic solutions, from past experience, no matter what kind of acid solution is used, the effect is often counterproductive, and even aggravates the damage to cultural relics.

If the porcelain is bare on the sandy seabed, the enamel has been completely damaged due to years of seawater erosion and silt polishing, and it is impossible to restore its original appearance. ”

"It's a pity, so many exquisite porcelain, it will definitely be damaged a lot, and if it is damaged, it can't be repaired, which is also a pity." Han Ronghua said.

Han Peacock sighed and said: "Yes, once damaged, it is almost impossible to repair, this is also a common phenomenon of Hailao porcelain, and there is another common phenomenon of Hailao porcelain, that is, fine ice cracks and black spots will appear in the glaze layer of porcelain."

The reason for this situation is that the expansion coefficient of the glaze and the fetal soil is different due to the change of underwater temperature, and the shrinkage of the guide zhì is inconsistent, and the glaze cracks. Another reason is that there are a large number of charred wood and iron products in the wreck, and the sea mud has cracked through the long years and gradually seeped into the surface of the shipwreck.

Once the porcelain itself is separated from the environment surrounded by seawater, after being exposed to the air for a long time and being dried, the salt that has been immersed in the body of the porcelain will continue to precipitate from it, causing the glaze layer to crack and cause peeling from the carcass.

In essence, the restoration of the cultural relics out of the water as new, is just a good wish, in fact, if the porcelain has been damaged, its repair is almost impossible, so although there are many porcelain, there are not many well-preserved fine products in Hailao porcelain, which is also a reason why the price of Hailao porcelain is rising year by year. ”

"Compared with the weakness of porcelain, gold and silver ware are better, no wonder Western countries used gold and silver as tableware in ancient times!" Han Ronghua said. (To be continued......)