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Du Xinghe has indeed "died" a few times, and he has a little experience in death, so he added fuel and vinegar to Fang Yajun and said: "This is how to die." If you fall asleep and die in your sleep, you basically don't feel it; If the wound is slowly bled to death, it is nothing more than pain when the injury is made, and it is not considered a sin; The more sinful thing is that you don't die after being seriously injured, and you are tortured to death in severe pain, which I think you can imagine, just like when we swim in the ocean and get frozen, it is a bit of a sin. You can bear it, in fact, you don't have to be afraid of death anymore, compared with the struggle before death, death itself, there is nothing to fear. Especially for people like us in the world of illusions, if they die and they don't really die, there is nothing to be afraid of. ”

Fang Yajun smiled bitterly: "Listen to what you said, death is not terrible at all, haven't you ever been afraid of death?" ”

Du Xinghe said: "Of course, I was afraid, especially the kind of death that died suddenly, such as falling to death from a height, being hit by a car, and being shot in the vital point and directly fatal, these kinds of death, the real pain is very short, but the fear before death will penetrate into your bone marrow and make you tremble from the bottom of your heart." In fact, if I am faced with such a way of dying now, I will still feel scared, but this is not ashamed, if anyone is really not afraid of death at all, then I guess he is not normal. It's okay if you're afraid of dying, but just be brave enough to face it. ”

Fang Yajun gasped and shuddered: "I want to face it bravely, but when I think of dying, I panic." There is another thing I don't understand, if you die to return to the next layer, won't you be eliminated at the same time? Isn't Lu Qin just dead and eliminated, if I die too. How do I know if I've been eliminated? ”

Du Xinghe replied to Fang Yajun's question: "Whether Lu Qin has been eliminated or not, in fact, I don't know. I haven't met her in the world of illusions since that time when she entered the world of illusions with me. I said that she was eliminated, and it may have been my own subjective assumption. She may have entered the world of illusions after that, but I don't even know. After all, she's a genius too. There is an experience of selection entry. You are the same way, after you go out, you will enter again in the future, or you may enter by yourself. The geniuses who may enter here will not be eliminated, but they will be honed stronger and stronger. Of course, if some people's willpower is too weak, they may not be able to get in. Just like in our world, there are many geniuses who end up addicted to it for various reasons, and they may be because their willpower is too weak. Didn't stand the test of this illusion. And those who have always maintained the motivation of genius, like Lu Qin, Zhang Jiajia and the like, as well as me, may be tempered in the world of illusions. In short, no matter what, I think you should be strong here, don't have the mentality that everything will be fine when you come in, you have to be brave to challenge yourself here. Make yourself stronger, so you can increase your chances of getting in next time. ”

was fooled by Du Xinghe. Fang Yajun was no longer willing to think of this place as a purgatory created for her by the Zhang family, but saw it more and more as an opportunity to improve herself.

Du Xinghe's heart is full of desire to explore. Looking forward to the motivation, Fang Yajun sighed: "After watching "The Matrix", I heard you say this qiē again, I find this world so interesting. I've read a lot of science fiction novels before, and I think my own imagination is rich enough. But now I realize how narrow my own thinking is. Mr. Du, I will definitely work hard and will not miss the opportunity of this trial. But I'm still a newbie, you're a veteran, you can definitely bring me with you. Tell me more about your success in the world of illusions. ”

Du Xinghe could hear that Fang Yajun had put aside those negative feelings and really wanted to enjoy and experience this new world. Combined with his own experience, he felt that the most important thing to refine himself in such a dream world was to open his mind, make his imagination richer, and broaden his horizons.

In such a world built by ideas, imagination is the strongest weapon.

If you can't open your imagination, it's impossible for you to distinguish different levels of dreams, and if you don't even have this most basic ability, it's impossible to achieve rich gains in the dream world.

Combined with the Matrix Empire that he had just seen, in order to open Fang Yajun's imagination, Du Xinghe told Fang Yajun ten interesting facts to divert Fang Yajun's attention, and also to exercise Fang Yajun's thinking ability and increase Fang Yajun's ability to deal with problems in the future.

One of the first things he told Fang Yajun was the famous Trolley-Problem.

The "trolley conundrum" is one of the most well-known ideas in the field of ethics, which roughly reads: a madman ties five innocent people to the tram tracks. An out-of-control tram was coming towards them and was about to run over them in a few moments. Luckily, you can pull a lever and let the tram go to another track. But there's another problem, that madman also tied up a person on that other track. Considering the above situation, should you pull the lever?

The tram puzzle was first proposed by the philosopher Philippa-Foot to critique the major theories in ethical philosophy, especially utilitarianism.

Utilitarianism presents the idea that most moral decisions are made based on the principle of "providing the greatest benefit to the greatest number of people."

From a utilitarian point of view, the obvious choice should be to pull the lever and save five people and kill only one.

But critics of utilitarianism argue that once the lever is pulled, you become complicit in immoral behavior – you are partly responsible for the death of a single person on the other track.

Others, however, believe that being in such a situation requires you to do something, and that your inaction will be equally immoral.

In short, there is no such thing as perfect ethical behavior, and that's the point.

Many philosophers use the train puzzle as an example to show that real-life situations often force a person to violate his own moral code, and there are also cases where there is no perfect moral practice.

Du Xinghe told Fang Yajun about this truth, so that if Fang Yajun faced some extreme situations in the future, he would have to face this tram problem just like this. Don't think too much about morality, because that might not exist at all.

The second interesting thing Du Xinghe told Fang Yajun was "The-Cow-in-the-field"

This is another of the most important ideas in the field of epistemology. It describes a farmer who is worried that his award-winning cow has gone missing. When the milkman arrived at the farm, he told the farmer not to worry, because he saw the cow in a clearing nearby. Although the farmers believed in the milkman. But he still looked at it for himself, and he saw the familiar black and white shapes and was satisfied. After a while, the milkman went to the clearing to reconfirm. The cow was there, but it was hiding in the woods, and there was a large black and white paper wrapped around the tree in the clearing, and it was clear that the farmer had mistaken it for his own cow. The question arises, is the farmer right when he says he knows the cows are in the clearing, although the cows have been in the open field all the time?

The cow in the open field was originally used by Edmund-Gettier to critique the JTB (justified-true-belief) theory as the mainstream definition of knowledge. That is, when people believe in something, it becomes knowledge; This is in fact true, and people have verifiable reasons to believe it. In this reality, the farmer believes that the cows are in the clearing, which is confirmed by the testimony of the milkman and his own observation of the black and white objects in the clearing. And it was later confirmed by the milkman that this incident was also true. Despite this, the farmer didn't really know where the cows were, because he thought that the derivation of the cows there was based on the wrong premise. Gettier makes use of this and a few other examples. Explains that the theory of defining knowledge as JTB needs to be revised.

The third real yàn that Du Xinghe told Fang Yajun was "Regular Bombing. The-Ticking-Time-Bomb

This is very simple. is asking you to imagine a fried. bullets or other big gauges. Model. Kill. Injure. Sex. Military. The device is hidden in your city, and the countdown to the explosion will soon reach zero. In custody there was an informed person who knew about the bombing. The burial point of the bullet. Would you use torture to gain intelligence?

Similar to the tram puzzle, the timed bomb. The impeachment scenario is also an ethical issue that forces a person to choose between two immoral acts. It is generally used as a rebuttal to those who say that torture cannot be used under any circumstances.

It is also used as a law under extreme forms – just like the strict prohibition of sadism in the United States. The law of imprisonment can be placed in second place. Timed frying. The bullet scenario is actually one of the most commonly cited ideological realities in ethics. There are even voices that offer more extreme views. They mention yì if that fears. Fear. The elements did not respond to the torture, so could they torture his wife and children to obtain information......

Du Xinghe gave Fang Yajun the fourth truth. Einsteins-Light-Beam

Einstein's famous special theory of relativity was inspired by the ideas he made at the age of 16. In his autobiography, Albert Einstein recalled that he fantasized about chasing a ray of light in the universe. He reasoned that if he could move next to light at the speed of light, then he should be able to see light become "an electromagnetic field that constantly oscillates in space but stagnates." For Einstein, this idea is actually justified for this virtual observer. All the laws of physics should be the same as observed by an observer at rest relative to the Earth.

In fact, no one knows exactly what that means. Scientists have long argued that such a simple idea actually helped Einstein make such a huge leap to special relativity. At the time, the idea of this reality was contrary to the now-abandoned theory of the "ether". But it took him years to prove himself right.

The fifth yàn spoken by Du Xinghe is The-Ship-of-Theseus

This is one of the oldest realisms.

It was first written by Plutarch.

It describes a ship that can sail at sea for hundreds of years, thanks to non-stop repairs and replacement parts. As soon as a board rots, it is replaced, and so on, until all the functional parts are no longer the ones that were in the beginning. The question is whether the resulting ship is still the original ship of Theseus. Or a completely different ship? If it wasn't the original ship, then at what point was it no longer the original? The philosopher Thomas-Hobbes later extended on this, if a new ship was to be built from old parts taken from the ship of Theseus, which of the two would be the real ship of Theseus?

For philosophers, the ship of Theseus was used to study the nature of identity. In particular, discuss whether an object is merely equal to the sum of its constituent parts. A more modern example is an evolving band that does not have a single original member among its members until a certain stage. This problem can be applied to various fields. For businesses. After continuous mergers and acquisitions and changes of owners, it still retains its original name. For the human body, the human body is constantly metabolizing and repairing itself. The core idea of this reality is to force people to reflect on the common sense that identity is limited to actual objects and phenomena.

The sixth reality yàn that Du Xinghe talked about is Galileo's gravity-real yàn (Galileos-Gravity-Experiment)

To refute Aristotle's theory that the velocity of a body in free fall depends on the mass of an object, Galileo constructed a simple idea of the real yàn. According to Aristotle, if a light object and a heavy object are tied together and then dropped from the tower, then the heavy object falls at a fast speed and the rope between the two objects is straightened. At this point, the light object creates a drag on the heavy object, making the fall speed slower. However, on the other hand, two objects should have a greater mass when tied together than any one of them alone. Then the whole system should fall the fastest. This contradiction proves Aristotle's theory wrong.

This idea actually helps to prove a very important theory: regardless of the mass of the object, the rate of free fall is the same for all objects, regardless of the drag force.

The seventh real yàn that Du Xinghe told Fang Yajun was Monkeys-and-Typewriters

This is another ideological reality that has taken a lot of weight in popular culture, also known as the "infinite monkey theorem".

The content of the theorem is that if an infinite number of monkeys type randomly on an infinite number of typewriters for an infinite amount of time, then at some point. They are bound to produce the entire works of Shakespeare. The idea of monkeys and typewriters was popularized by the French mathematician Emile Borel in the early 20th century, but the basic idea that an infinite number of people and an infinite number of hours can produce any/everything - can be traced back to Aristotle.

In simple terms. The "monkey and typewriter" theorem is one of the best ways to describe the nature of infinity. It is difficult for the human brain to imagine infinite space and infinite time, and the infinite monkey theorem can help understand the breadth that these concepts can reach. It may seem counterintuitive that a monkey could happen to write Hamlet, but it is actually mathematically provable. The theorem itself is impossible to reproduce in real life, but that hasn't stopped some from trying: in 2003, scientists at a British zoo "experimented" with the infinite monkey theorem by putting a computer and a keyboard in the primate park. It's a pity. The monkeys didn't type out any sonnets. According to the researchers, they typed out only five pages of paper that were almost entirely filled with the letter "s".

The eighth real yàn spoken by Du Xinghe is the Chinese Room (The-Chinese-Room)

The "Chinese room" was first proposed by the American philosopher John Searle in the early 80s of the 20th century. This reality asks you to imagine a person who speaks only English in a room that is closed except for a small window on the door. He carried with him a book with a Chinese translation program. There was also plenty of paper, pencils and cupboards in the room. A small window of paper with Chinese written on it was sent into the room. According to Searle, the people in the room can use his book to translate the text and reply in Chinese. Although he does not know Chinese at all. Searle believes that through this process, the person in the room can make anyone outside the room think he is fluent in Chinese.

Searle created the idea of the "Chinese room" to refute the idea that computers and other artificial intelligence can really think. The people in the room don't speak Chinese; He can't think in Chinese. But because he has certain tools, he can even make native Chinese speakers think he can speak Chinese fluently. According to Searle, that's how computers work. They can't really understand the information they receive, but they can run a program that processes the information. Then give an impression of intelligence.

The ninth real yàn that Du Xinghe told Fang Yajun was the famous Schrodingers-Cat

Schrödinger's cat was first proposed by physicist Schrödinger and is a paradox in the field of quantum mechanics. The contents are: a cat, some radioactive elements, and a bottle of poison gas are enclosed in a box for an hour. Within an hour, there is a 50% chance that the radioactive elements will decay. If it decays, then a hammer attached to a Geiger counter is triggered and shatters the bottle. Release poison gas and kill cats. Because of the equal probability of whether or not this would happen, Schrödinger believes that the cat in the box is believed to be both dead and alive until the box is opened.

In short, the core idea of this reality is that there is no zài observer at the time of the event, and the cat in the box is in all its possible states (both dead and alive) at the same time. Schrödinger first proposed this real yàn in reply to an article discussing the superposition of quantum states. Schrödinger's cat also illustrates how incomprehensible the theory of quantum mechanics is. This idea is notorious for its complexity, but it also inspires a wide variety of interpretations. One of the most bizarre is the "multiple worlds" hypothesis, which states that there is a dead cat and a live cat, and that the two cats exist in different universes. And there will never be an intersection.

The last real yàn that Du Xinghe told Fang Yajun was the brain in the tank (Brain-in-a-Vat)

There is no more influential thought in the world than the so-called "brain in a vat" hypothesis.

This ideological reality encompasses everything from cognition to philosophy to popular culture.

The content of this reality is: Imagine a mad scientist taking your brain out of your body and putting it in some kind of life-sustaining fluid. Electrodes are inserted into the brain, which are connected to a computer that generates images and sensory signals. Because all the information you get about the world is processed by your brain, the computer has the ability to simulate your everyday experiences. If this is indeed possible, how do you prove that the world around you is real and not some kind of simulated environment generated by a computer?

The idea of this reality and The Matrix is so similar. Arguably, "The Matrix" and a number of other science fiction works. All of them were created under the influence of this ideological reality.

The core idea of this reality is for people to question the nature of their own experiences and think about what it really means to be a human being.

The original prototype of this real yàn can be traced all the way back to Descartes. In his book Meditations-on-the-First-Philosophy. Descartes raises the question of whether it can be proved that all of his sensory experiences are his own and not produced by some "evil devil."

Descartes answered this question with his classic quote "I think, therefore I am."

Unfortunately, the "brain in the vat" is more complex, because the brain connected to the electrodes can still think.

This reality has been widely discussed, and there have been many refutations of the premise of this reality, but no one has been able to respond forcefully to its central question: how exactly do you know what is true?

Fang Yajun was greatly opened by Du Xinghe's thoughts. I wanted to discuss more things about illusions and reality with Du Xinghe, but it was already late, and they had already watched and chatted all afternoon, and Du Xinghe was a little hungry again. So he took Fang Yajun to the deck, ready to get something to eat. At this time, I saw that Yang Yang played by Miriam Yang actually came to the dock! (The novel "The Song God of Rebirth" will have more fresh content on the official WeChat platform, and there will also be a 100% lottery gift for everyone!) Open WeChat now, click on the "+" sign in the upper right corner "Add Friends", search for the official account "ddxiaoshuo" and follow, hurry up! (To be continued......)