Seeing that Deputy Mayor Liu Junru was accompanied by Qiu Youke, Fang Licheng and Zheng Tengyu, and had already sat down on the side, Xu Haodong was even more energetic. He has always been modest and cautious, and decided to show off his skills, because Qiu Youke, who claims to be one of the top five economists in the country, has never read Marx's masterpiece "Capital".

"Ladies and gentlemen, I know that there are many of you who have a hobby in economics, and so do we. I studied economics at university, and my parents-in-law both taught economics, one in macroeconomics and the other in microeconomics. It is very interesting that the old couple have a deep relationship, but they are not convinced by each other academically, one advocates macroeconomics, the other advocates microeconomics, and for decades, the two sides have never obeyed each other. As a matter of fact, the macroeconomy is a planned economy, and the microeconomy is a market economy, and it is not interesting to quarrel and quarrel, and it is wrong to one-sidedly advocate macroeconomics or microeconomics without taking into account national conditions and proceeding from reality. ”

However, no matter how much they quarreled, my father-in-law and mother-in-law had a consensus, that is, an economist must have read and studied Marx's masterpiece "Capital", read "Capital" to be regarded as an economic enthusiast, and read and studied "Capital" to be called an economist. I am not a talent, four years of college, three years of junior college, one year of junior college, I read "Capital" two and a half times, after joining the work, I read it again and a half, and now, I am reading "Capital" for the fifth time. So, even though I read Capital a little bit to please my parents-in-law and get them to recognize me as their son-in-law, I think I'm a qualified economics enthusiast and I'm qualified to talk about economics. ”

When it comes to Marx's contribution to modern economic theory, many non-professionals will think that Marxism only engages in class struggle and political movements, and has no achievements in the field of real economy, but this is not the case. Although for a long period of time, out of political needs, Marxists have neglected the study of practical problems, and there have been dogmatic or rigid phenomena, this does not mean that all Marxist economics is divorced from reality, because Marx's world outlook and approach have determined that the analysis of economic phenomena must be based on the summing up of practical experience. The characteristic of Marx's approach lies in the fact that he believes that there must be essential laws behind empirical phenomena, and that research work must see the essence through phenomena, and thus has his entire conceptual system. ”

"Marx has a great contribution, he established the two-sector reproduction model, critically inherited Quenet's "Economic Table", is an important model in the theory of economic growth, and is also the earliest attempt to carry out the mathematical and physical efforts of economics. Statistical indicators of the national economy, such as GDP, were set up for Keynesian macroeconomics, but there were no such statistics in Marx's time, so it was natural that the problem of fitting could not be considered when setting up models. However, the input-output system created by Leontiev clearly bears traces of Marx, and of course, in his mouth, he inherited Marx as a classical economist. At present, a large number of macroeconomic studies of Marxist political economy are based on this system to analyze and judge the structure and operation of the real economy. ”

"Generally speaking, Marxist political economy and economics are the study of the laws of real economic operation, but Marx's expression is the capitalist mode of production and the relations of production and exchange that are compatible with it. The mainstream economics expresses the allocation of scarce resources, and the main difference between the two is in the value theory and analysis method. Marxism adheres to the labor theory of value and the holistic method of analysis, while mainstream economics adheres to the marginal utility theory and the individualist method of analysis. Marxism emphasizes its own class and historical attributes, and believes that capitalism has its inherent limitations and is only a stage in the long history of mankind, while mainstream economics upholds the final conclusion of history, cancels its own class and historical attributes, and believes that capitalist society is the end and highest achievement of mankind. ”

"Marx's political economy and classical political economy are obviously not the same thing, please note that there is a clear distinction between the two in terms of the object of study. Marx first appeared as a classical critic, and many of the current views construct a set of contradictions between classical and neoclassical, and at the same time put Marx's economics into the classical framework, which is actually undesirable. Because the problems faced by Marx are different from those of classical and neoclassical economists. ”

"First of all, it should be clear that Marxist political economy should also be conceptually divided into narrow and broad senses, and Marx clearly stated in the preface to the first edition of Capital that 'what I want to study in this book is the capitalist mode of production and the relations of production and exchange that correspond to it'. This defines the object of study of Marxist political economy in the narrow sense. On the other hand, Marxist political economy in a broad sense should study the mode of production and the relations of production under various social forms. If we have sufficient empirical materials, we can study not only socialist society, but also primitive society, slave society, and other social forms. So to put it simply, socialist political economy is a sub-discipline of Marxist political economy, which studies the socialist mode of production. ”

"It should be noted that the study of social forms that have existed in history from the perspective of Marxism* is different from the study of historical phenomena from the methods of mainstream economics. The premise and analysis methods of mainstream economics are supra-class and supra-historical, and the common analytical view is that history is a linear evolution towards free market relations, and even applies the unique psychological states and behavior patterns of capitalism to historical figures. Historical materialism requires us not to do this, and historical materialism also requires that we cannot make particularly detailed judgments about the future society, but can only make a little theoretical speculation. ”

"The starting point of socialist political economy is the scientific conception of the future society put forward by Marx and Engels through the analysis of the inherent contradictions and development trends of capitalist economic relations. In their time, there was a developed capitalist society and the germ of a form of socialism, and there was no realistic socialism, and their theory could only be the starting point of socialist economic theory, not the completion and end. ”

"Generally speaking, the traditional socialist economic theory or socialist political economy refers exclusively to the economic theory of the Soviet Union, and after the October Revolution, Lenin organized a large number of experts to study various economic problems under socialism. The main viewpoint is roughly as follows: public ownership of the means of production is the basis of socialist production relations, there are two forms of public ownership: state ownership and collective ownership of cooperatives, the basic economic law of socialism is to ensure that the material and cultural needs of the whole society are satisfied to the greatest extent possible by means of continuous growth and continuous improvement of production on a highly technological basis, and the law of planned and proportional development of the national economy is the main law regulating the socialist economy in the socialist economy. Distribution according to work is the most basic form of distribution and an important economic law of the socialist economy, and this law requires the distribution of material materials according to the quantity and quality of labor. Under the socialist system, commodity production and commodity circulation are mainly limited to individual consumer goods, and the law of value is not the regulator of production, but it plays a regulating role in the circulation of individual consumer goods within a certain scope, and the economic relations of the countries of the socialist camp are based on complete equality, mutual benefit, respect for the state sovereignty of all nationalities, fraternal assistance, and the planning and organization of all economic ties. ”