Chapter 34: The Situation of the Spring and Autumn Countries
Xiang Xu's soldiers caused a rare period of peace in the Central Plains, and there was no war between Jin and Chu for more than 40 years. Under the bipolar pattern of Jin and Chu jointly dominating the two countries, other vassal states maneuvered between the two countries.
Although the Jin State and the Chu State were repeatedly tense on the alliance and competed to be the leader of the alliance, they were able to get along with each other without incident after the defeat of the soldiers, and the courtesies were exchanged. After the death of Chu Ling Yin Qujian, Zhao Wu once went to mourn in person. And when the alliance was in place, Zhao Wu once again ceded the position of the leader of the alliance to the state of Chu. With the decline of the Jin state, the relationship between the Jin state and the Chu state was more relaxed, and later it reached the point where only the Chu state obeyed. Although the state of Chu had the upper hand over the state of Jin, crises frequently broke out at home, and the state of Wu was pressed by the state of Wu step by step, so the two countries were able to maintain peace.
However, this was not the case for other vassal states. With the exception of Qi and Qin, almost all of the other vassal states felt the new pressure brought about by the alliance of soldiers. The establishment of the alliance of soldiers turned the original naked war plunder into a rampant expropriation in accordance with the law of etiquette. Taking the state of Lu as an example, as a servant state of the Jin, before the meeting of the soldiers, it had frequently offered a large amount of tribute to the state of Jin. Whether it is the accession of the new king of the Jin Kingdom, the relocation of the capital, or even the completion of the palace, it is necessary to send envoys to congratulate and send expensive gifts. In addition to these regular tributes, the Jin state often made temporary requests for tribute. As recorded in the "Zuo Biography" Sima Shuhou of the Jin Kingdom, he said: "Lu Zhi is also in the Jin Dynasty, there is no shortage of tribute, and when the time comes, the ministers and doctors are successively in the dynasty, and the history is endless, and the government has no empty moon." "After the military meeting, the state of Lu needs to pay tribute to both the Jin and Chu countries at the same time. The heavy pressure was once so unbearable that it was so much that a request was made in the alliance to re-regulate the number of tributes.
Lu is so embarrassed, and other countries are no better. When Zheng was in power, he placed cattle, sheep, livestock, leather coins, jade silks, etc., on the border with Jin and Chu, and was always ready to be presented to the incoming Jin or Chu army. After the meeting of the soldiers, Zheng Guo was also very courteous to the Jin State, a great power that had been hostile for several years. When the wife of the Duke of Jin Ping died, continued the string, and even built a large number of buildings, Zheng Guo sent congratulatory gifts again and again. Zheng Guo's ruling son couldn't help complaining: "In the past, the son of Bangong was ranked as heavy as the weight, the tribute was heavy, and the system of Zhou was also." Those who are humble and respectful will also obey. Uncle Zheng, a man, and the tribute from the prince, afraid of the Buddha, dare to ask. The princes and soldiers, so that they can do things. The life of reason, no month, no art, small country has que, so it is offended. The princes repair the alliance and save the small country. If you can't contribute, you can die. ”
However, after all, Zheng Guo was able to bargain with Jin Guo to some extent under the argument of Zi Chan. Countries like Wei Guo suffered even worse, even to the point of having to pay tribute to the Jin State. In the thirteenth year of the reign of Lu Ding Gong (497 BC), Zhao Ying, the Zhengqing of the Jin State, placed 500 families who had paid tribute to the Wei State in Jinyang, which led to the mutual attack of the Zhao family, the Fan family, and the Zhongxing family.
The Jin State invaded the small country so much, and the Chu State was not far behind. The year after the meeting, Zheng Guo took the initiative to send a doctor to meet the Chu State. Unexpectedly, Chu Guo thought that You Ji's specifications were not enough, so he refused to let him enter the country, and asked Zheng Jiangong to come to the court in person. You Ji said all the good things he wanted, but he couldn't get his wish, so he had to return to Zheng Guo angrily. Zheng Jiangong couldn't think about it, so he had to send You Ji to the Jin Kingdom to meet him, and he went to Chu accompanied by his son.
Lu also suffered similar treatment to Zheng in Chu. When Lu Xianggong went to the Chu State to meet him, it coincided with the death of King Chu Kang, and Chu State actually asked Lu Xianggong to dress the body of King Chu Kang. In the face of such insults, Lu Xianggong did not dare to disobey, so he could only order the wizard to do it at the suggestion of his uncle Sun Leopard to drive away the "evil spirit" of the coffin and corpse, and talk about self-comfort. When King Chukang was funeral, the monarchs of Lu, Chen, and Xu all gave him a funeral. In the seventh year of Lu Zhaogong (535 B.C.), King Chu Ling built a large number of buildings, built Zhanghuatai, and publicly convened the princes to participate in the inauguration ceremony.
Although the small vassal states were overwhelmed, the peace brought about by the War of Soldiers allowed the princes to shift their efforts from the past rivalries between states to concentrate on solving new problems that arose at home. In order to conform to the development of the productive forces and the political changes brought about by them, various countries have successively implemented some new policies and measures that conform to the historical trend, which in turn led to great political and economic changes in the Spring and Autumn Period.
The Jin State was very far-reaching by the Soldiers' Conference, and the "Jin and Chu Subordinate Meeting" stipulated by the Hui Alliance was actually quite unfavorable to the Jin State. Because in the political situation before the army, Lu, Song, Wei, and even Zheng all expressed their obedience to the Jin state, while the Chu state only had three smaller states, Chen, Cai, and Xu. After the military conference, these countries moved closer to Chu, and with the addition of the states of Di, Tan, and Ju as vassals, the influence of the Jin State in the Central Plains decreased. However, the reason why the Jin State agreed to this condition was precisely because the Qing clan was in power in the country, and the hidden danger of multiple political affairs was about to break out.
Unlike other vassal states where the princes were in power, the power of the Jin state has always been in the hands of the Qing clan. The so-called "Gong family" refers to the descendants of successive monarchs, while the "Qing family" is a nobleman with a different surname. Due to the annexation wars between the large and small sects and the Liji Rebellion during the Jin Dynasty, the princes of the Jin State had long ceased to exist and were replaced by the Qing clan. The power of the Qing clan became stronger and stronger, and the power of the monarch was gradually hollowed out. This trend had appeared before the military meeting, and later it was because of the struggle for power and profit between the Qing clans that repeatedly led to civil strife, and the Jin state declined, but the power of the Qing doctor was strong, and in the late Spring and Autumn Period, the situation of the "Six Qings" was formed.
The situation of the Qi State is quite similar to that of the Jin State. After the military meeting, the old nobles of Qi State, the Gao clan and the Guo clan, had already declined due to civil strife, but the emerging Cui clan and Qing clan were also very unpopular due to repeated murder of kings. At this time, the Chen clan (i.e., the Tian clan), who had been exiled from the Chen State to the Qi State, took the opportunity to buy people's hearts and grow stronger, and they united with the Bao clan and other Qing clans to suppress the Luan clan and the Gao clan who launched civil strife in the Gong clan, and obtained the support of the Gong clan, and gradually became a dominant nobleman in the Qi State, laying the foundation for the Chen clan to replace Qi during the Warring States Period.
The situation of Lu is more special: the descendants of Lu Huangong, Ji Sun, Meng Sun, and Uncle Sun have hereditary state affairs, and gradually set up the monarch of Lu State, but later, the retainers in the various princes have gradually risen, forming a situation of "accompanying the ministers to the country".
Zheng Guo was later dictated by the descendants of Zheng Mugong, collectively known as Qimu. But the son of Qimu was an enlightened politician. As for the Song and Wei countries, although the monarchy was stronger, the power of the doctors also continued to set off civil strife. In general, with the holding of the military conference, the internal political situation of each country changed, the aristocracy gradually became centralized, and written laws were promulgated one after another. These two points in turn led to changes in the relationship between countries, pushing history into the late Spring and Autumn period.
The growing power of the Qing Dafu was a problem that the Jin State had been facing since its establishment, and the Zhao, He, Luan, and Bank of China were in charge of the state successively, posing a great danger to the monarchy. This problem not only affected the decision-making of the Jin State in terms of foreign policy, causing the Jin State to accept unfavorable conditions for the army, but also had a very adverse impact on domestic politics.
On September 26, the second year of Lu Xuangong (607 BC), Zhao Dun "killed" the king, and Zhao Shiqing's doctor was indispensable in the court. At the time of Jing Gong, Zhao Tong and Zhao Kuo were killed, and the power of the Zhao clan was greatly weakened, but after Zhao Wu was re-established, the power of the Zhao clan gradually recovered.
As for the Li Gong period, the strongest among the princes was the Yin family, Yin Qi, Xun Zhun, and Xun Zhi, and the three uncles and nephews were listed as the eight kings, and the family power reached its peak, and all the secretaries in the court were frightened. After the Battle of Yanling, Sanhe thought that he had made a great contribution in the process of the Jin army's defeat of the Chu army, and he was even more indispensable. After the Battle of Yanling, Jin Ligong has been trying to get rid of these powerful scholars and replace them with his own cronies and subordinates, especially the brothers of many of his favorite concubines.
The elder brother of one of Li Gong's favorite concubines is named Xu Tong, who hates the Xu family deeply because his father Xu Ke was abolished by the Xu family, and wants to get rid of the "three he" and hurry up. Another minister of Li Gong, Luan Shu, was also resentful of the fact that Yin Zhi did not adopt his own strategy in the Battle of Yanling and defeated the Chu army, so he bribed the Chu State with a lot of money, so that he deceived Li Gong that the Battle of Yanling was launched by Yin Zhi in order to meet the prince Zhou, and it was only because the other allies were not ready to succeed. Luan Shu also designed to let Xun Zhi go to Zhou Jing to meet his son Zhou, which made Li Gong, who was already suspicious of the Yin family, more determined to get rid of this family.
And because the Yin clan is very arrogant on weekdays, there are many people in the Jin government and the opposition who have resentment against them, Jin Li Gong instructed Xu Tong, Yi Yang Wu, and Chang Yu Jiao to lead 800 soldiers to destroy Sanhe, Xu Tong and took the opportunity to arrest the Chinese army marshal Luan Shu and Zhong Xingyan and others, and asked Li Gong to kill these ministers who had been in power in the court for a long time. At this time, Li Gong was partial to the benevolence of women, and expressed his unwillingness to kill more people for his own selfishness, so he released Luan Shu and Bank of China Yan and sent people to condole.
Although the two of them were grateful to the monarch for his virtue of not killing on the surface, they were very suspicious of Jin Ligong in their hearts, and Jin Ligong was very brutal, and the ministers of the court and China mostly regarded him as a tyrant such as Xia Wei and Shang Xuan. In the following year after Jin Li Gong destroyed Sanhe, Luan Shu colluded with Zhongxing Yan to arrest Li Gong and send him to prison, and sent Cheng Slip to kill him in prison.
The killing of Li Gong was another major upheaval in the Jin Kingdom since Linggong. After Luan Shu exterminated Duke Li, he sent Xun Gang, Shi Yi and others to Luyi to greet Gongzi Zhou under the pretext that the country could not be without a king for a day, and Gongzi Zhou also ascended the throne of the Marquis of Jin under this situation of internal and external troubles.
At the beginning of Gongzi Zhou's accession to the throne, he was only fourteen years old, and he mourned for Jin. Mourning Gong's grandfather Jie is the son of Jin Xianggong, although he was not allowed to ascend the throne as the monarch because of his young age, he was favored by Jin Xianggong and was called "Uncle Huan". Uncle Huan gave birth to Hui Bo Tan, who was the father of Gongzi Zhou. Because of the Jin State's national policy of "not accumulating a group of sons", Uncle Huan, a descendant of the Jin Kingdom, was placed in Luoyi. When Gongzi Zhou was in Luoyi, although he was young, he was already quite virtuous, well-versed in poetry and books, noble in virtue, and knew the general trend of the world well.
In view of the fierce struggle within the Jin State that lasted for twenty or thirty years and the repeated murder of the emperor by his subordinates, although Gongzi Zhou was invited to return to China, he always maintained a high degree of vigilance. Ten days after Duke Li's death, Gongzi Zhou went to Jin under the welcome of Luan Shu and others. When he arrived in Jiangdi, Gongzi Zhou and Zhu Qingshi killed chickens as an alliance, and warned the ministers: "The widow is detained in other countries, and he does not expect to return to his hometown, how can he hope to be a king?" But whoever is noble is a king, and he gives his own command. If you give it in your name and don't obey its orders, it is better to have no king. Qing and others are willing to use the lives of widows, only today. If not, listen to others and others. Lonely can't have an empty name, for the continuation of the state Pu! ”
Jin Mourning Gong's words seemed to be greeting the ministers, but in fact, he severely criticized Luan Shu and others for their criminal acts of bullying the monarch, and also forced his subordinates to swear to themselves to be loyal to the new monarch. The fourteen-year-old Duke of Jin also took on the burden of Zhongxing Jin State since then.
And after Mourning Gong ascended the throne, he did make great efforts. He first devoted himself to rectifying internal affairs, first dealing with the remnants of the Li Gong Dynasty, beheading Yi Yang Wu, Qing Boiling Wei and other five people to show the public with the crime of "welcoming the prince and marquis in evil", and killed Cheng Slip for killing Li Gong, and for Luan Shu, who committed rebellion but had the grace to support himself, he degraded his pension, and promoted his eldest son Luan Huang to the court as an official.
Subsequently, Mourning Gong began to reduce taxes and reduce punishments, exempt the people from debts to the government and nobles, take care of the widows and lonely people, assist in disasters and famines, prohibit deviant and extravagant things, and strictly stipulate that it is not allowed to infringe on agricultural time, and there are also restrictions on the construction of civil works by the state, doctors, and secretaries.
In terms of foreign relations, Jin Mourning Gong also has his own set of ideas. In the second year of his reign, the Duke of Jin summoned Lu, Song, Wei, Cao, and Yi to meet in Qidi (present-day Puyangbei, Henan), and adopted Lu Guozhong's suggestion to "force Zheng in the city of tigers", which eventually made Zheng break away from Chu and move closer to Jin, and Chen then returned to Shun. At the same time, Duke Mourning adopted the advice of the doctor Wei Jiang and reconciled with Rong Di, thus eliminating the worries of the southern expedition to Chu.
After this series of resolute actions, the Jin State finally had the strength to go south and compete with the Chu State. The Jin Mourning Gong also gradually through the implementation of the Song Dynasty, Herong, Lianwu and the tired enemy's tactics, there was a rich and strong situation of "the country has no stagnation, no trapped people, no prohibitions, and no greedy people", and gradually restored the hegemony of the Jin State, forming the hegemony of the princes of the world and taking the Jin as the greatest.