Chapter 654: Civil-military Division
On the same day, a grand court meeting was held in the Fengtian Palace, and the court officially announced the will to reorganize the cabinet and military aircraft.
The decree clearly stated that under the emperor was divided into a cabinet and a military machine.
The cabinet office is located in the Wenhua Hall on the east side of the Fengtian Hall in the Forbidden City, and the military aircraft office is located in the Wuying Hall on the west side of the Fengtian Temple.
King Yong and King Ding, who lived in the Wenhua Palace, moved out of the Forbidden City, and Zhu Cihong gave the Duke of Wei and the Duke of Baoguo obtained by the raid to King Ding and King Yong respectively as the palace.
Cabinet ministers manage the affairs of the country, govern the country and promote development, and are in charge of all state affairs except the army and the clan.
The cabinet is subordinate to the Ministry of Officials, the Ministry of Households, the Ministry of Rites, the Ministry of Industry, the Ministry of Criminal Affairs, the Ministry of Education, the Ministry of Finance (Ministry of Taxation), the Ministry of Maritime Affairs, Honglu Temple (Ministry of Foreign Affairs), and the Hanlin Academy.
The Minister of Military Aircraft manages the military, is responsible for military operations, and expands the territory.
Military aircraft control the armed forces of the whole country, are in charge of military orders, can give orders to the army, and select, evaluate, promote, reward, and punish military attachés.
The military aircraft is subordinate to the Ministry of War, the Ministry of Intelligence, the Department of Logistics, the Department of Ordnance, the Department of Praise and Painting, the Military Research Institute, and the Huangming Military Academy.
Among them, the military department is a collection of the military cantonment department and the five military governors' offices, the new five military governors include the military cantonment responsibilities, the headquarters used to be called the metropolitan governor's office, Zhu Cihong directly changed it to the military department.
The functions and powers of the military aircraft and the cabinet are equal, and the cabinet has no right to intervene in all important military affairs.
The two were one civil and one military, and they did not communicate with each other, and they acted to the emperor separately, and the emperor took advantage of the similarities and differences between the two to directly control the military power and political power.
In the event of a war, the emperor convened a pre-imperial meeting to discuss whether to fight or not, and what strategic goals would be achieved if the war was fought, and then the military aircraft went to execute it and issued combat orders.
The cabinet is only responsible for mobilizing the logistical support of the provinces, and of course, the local governors will also set up logistics and war readiness warehouses in the local areas to respond to the war at any time, so as to prevent the civilian officials from dragging their feet in logistics and affecting the war situation.
Cabinet ministers and ministers of military aircraft are appointed and dismissed by the emperor himself, mainly on the basis of political achievements and military merits.
In addition to the emperor's ability to control the cabinet and military aircraft, Zhu Cihong also made the Metropolitan Procuratorate and the Ministry of Military Justice independent of the cabinet and military aircraft.
The Metropolitan Procuratorate supervises civilian officials, and the Ministry of Military Justice supervises military generals, acts in accordance with the regulations, forms checks and balances, and obeys the emperor's orders.
Zhu Cihong originally wanted to take out the financial power separately, but later thought about it and gave up, if the financial power was taken out, it would be the Northern Song Dynasty's two-government and three-division system, which was easy to cause redundant officials and poor administrative efficiency.
In order to maintain administrative efficiency, Zhu Cihong adopted a system of accountability, clarifying the responsibilities of officials, and the tasks did not overlap, and whose responsibility was borne by whom.
Investigate the specific faults of specific problems, do not ask about merit and hard work, and do not engage in the practice of offsetting merit with merit, so as to form a real clear distinction between rewards and punishments.
Finally, at the palace, Zhu Cihong announced the list of cabinet ministers and military ministers.
Officials of the Ministry of Shangshu, Yang Tinglin, Cabinet Chief, Taishi, Marquis, Wenhua Hall Scholar.
Hubu Shangshu: Zhang Guowei, deputy assistant to the cabinet, earl, scholar of Wenhua Palace.
Ministry of Rites: Zhu Jizhu, Cabinet Minister, Scholar of Wenhuadian University.
Ministry of Works: Fang Kongzhao, Cabinet Minister, Earl, Mandarin Hall Scholar.
Fang Kongzhao was originally the second assistant of the cabinet, because his son Fang Yizhi served as the governor of Zhejiang, he avoided the Fang family's excessive power and made a big move, so he was willing to give up his position and take charge of a ministry with little influence......
Shangshu of the Criminal Department: Feng Ying, cabinet minister, scholar of Wenhua Palace, concurrently serving as Yin of Yingtianfu Mansion, in charge of the world's criminal prison.
The secretary of the Ministry of Education: Li Yan, Minister of the Cabinet, scholar of Wenhuadian University, was jealous when he was young, was not knighted, and was retained in the Ministry of Education.
Secretary of the Ministry of Finance: Cheng Guoxiang, Cabinet Minister, Earl, Scholar of Mandarin Palace.
Secretary of the Ministry of Maritime Affairs: Shen Tingyang, Cabinet Minister, Scholar of Mandarin Palace.
Honglu Siqing: (Ministry of Foreign Affairs) Mao Xiang, Cabinet Minister, this is the only Cabinet Minister who is not a Scholar of Mandarin Temple.
If it weren't for the increasing importance of diplomatic work, with the qualifications of this scumbag, he would not have been able to enter the cabinet for another ten years!
Fellows of Hallym Academy: Yang Shicong, Cabinet Minister, Earl, Scholar of Mandarin Palace.
The Hanlin Academy gathered the elite among the intellectuals, who were responsible for revising books and writing history, drafting edicts, serving members of the imperial family, and serving as examiners for imperial examinations.
Originally, the boss of the Hanlin Academy was only a five-grade bachelor, and the other official positions were all petty officials of six, seven, eight, and nine grades, who were only responsible for copying and writing every day, and were committed to the inheritance of cultural and academic undertakings.
Zhu Cihong intended to make the Hanlin Academy a think tank, and specially set up a university scholar on the original bachelor's degree, with the second rank, and Yang Shicong was the first university scholar in charge of the Hanlin Academy.
President of the Metropolitan Procuratorate: Li Banghua, who is responsible for supervising the officials of all the above departments, will not be admitted to the cabinet, and will be awarded the title of Doctor Guanglu.
Zhu Cihong felt that the official position of Zuodu Yushi was not compulsive, and he was not worthy of being the boss of the Metropolitan Procuratorate, so he added another dean to Zuodu Yushi......
Minister of Military Aircraft and its subordinate departments.
Military Department Shangshu: Sun Yingyuan, Chief Minister of Military Aircraft, Qin Guogong.
The secretary of the Ministry of Intelligence: Li Tingbiao, Minister of Military Aircraft, Taibao, Marquis.
At this time, the Ming intelligence network was mainly divided into three parts: Jinyiwei mainly focused on military intelligence and sent detailed work to other countries;
Long Xiang Ye is equivalent to a special reconnaissance brigade and is subordinate to military aircraft;
Dongchang took over the national official and civil intelligence network, and was directly responsible to the emperor.
The secretary of the logistics department: Eunuch Lu Jiude, the minister of military aircraft, the ancestral tomb smoked, and became the only eunuch in history to be an official.
Secretary of the Ministry of Ordnance: Zhao Jinglin, Minister of Military Aircraft, Marquis, in charge of local ordnance bureaus and weapons manufacturing.
Praise the Ministry of Painting: Zhao Shixiang, Minister of Military Aircraft, Earl.
The main duties of the staff officer are to organize battle information, provide information and propose certain strategies and tactics for military commanders, guide the marching troops, and draft reports and documents for the generals.
At the behest of the military commander, Zan Hua can assign specific combat missions to the units below.
The most important thing is that the Zanhua Department should educate the soldiers ideologically, serve the country loyally, protect the people, so that the soldiers can actively fight under any difficult conditions, and be full of the belief that they will win.....
Zhu Cihong understands very well that such a system of civil and military division is not necessarily perfect, and in the face of the development of the times, it is also necessary to make adjustments in the future, such as when expanding overseas, with the expansion of territory, many problems will arise again.
In the end, Zhu Cihong determined the governor system and ordered Wu Zhong to announce the list of governors of each province.
The term governor first appeared in the Northern and Southern Dynasties, basically when the emperor sent officials to patrol border towns and provide disaster relief to the people.
At the beginning of the founding of the Ming Dynasty, the capital division (capital command division), the political department (the political envoy division), and the judicial department (according to the prosecution department) were set up in each province, which were respectively in charge of the military, civil affairs, and justice, and were collectively called the three divisions.
It stands to reason that the system of separation of powers is very good, but less than a hundred years later, with the change of Tumubao, the power of the civilian group has increased, the status of the military general group has declined, and the balance of the three divisions has been broken.
In addition, the intensification of social contradictions and the division of the three divisions are all shirking their responsibilities and not working well.
At this time, the Ming court placed another governor, whose status was above the three divisions, so that the three powers were unified, in charge of the local military and political powers, the administrative efficiency was gradually improved, and the imperial court's jurisdiction over the local area was also re-strengthened.
Even so, the governor of the Ming Dynasty is still a non-local official military and political chief, and where there is instability, he will send the governor wherever he is, and he is basically a part-time official of the imperial history of the Metropolitan Procuratorate.
The governor was in charge of civil affairs at first, but with the increase in local wars in the Tianqi and Chongzhen dynasties, the governor focused on being in charge of the military and took the downhill road of civilian command of the army.
In view of this situation, Zhu Cihong formally established the governor system, and set up a governor in each province, who was in charge of the civil affairs, judiciary, and supervision of a province, and was not in charge of the military.