However, if it can really be as he thinks, then isn't this scourge worthy of its name? As the monster suddenly became larger, the black giant dog also suddenly became larger.

His thoughts, how could the great grandmother not see it. At the same time as the giant dog is magnified, a huge heat wave is also released.

Based on the illusory giant dog, like a huge alchemy furnace, the red flame is blazing, burning the restless guy in his body.

"Roar~" listened to the other people's innobody, and screamed for a long time, and I don't know how it makes a sound, a tree.

The roar is not loud, but has a sharp feeling, like a bird's call, but the bird's call is not as bad as it's. But I want to talk about bugs, but bugs don't call.

Grandmother Gao also frowned when she heard it, and she was extremely uncomfortable listening to this kind of voice. Perhaps, as soon as this mood is not good, it increases the temperature of the flames.

The strange giant tree that had been restored to the burning roar was another roar. The vine burned, and no matter how much it shook it, it couldn't shake it off, as if it was attached to it.

And this pain, as if it was not the pain of the flesh and skin, as if it was burning the soul, and the whole tree was trembling in pain.

But even so, the endless vines still protected the shining light core in the center. It's all at this time, and the light core is still intact.

This thing, it's a little too tightly protected. Grandmother Gao looked at the situation in front of her, her face was indifferent, but secretly, she added another fire.

It's still night, but it's almost all lit up this day. It can be seen how fierce the fire burns, as if there is an extra sun in the sky.

The people on the ground, this time and again, are hot and sweaty. This early summer night was a little cool, but now it is like a big oven, and the color of the fire has changed to black, yellow, black and yellow.

The strange giant tree in the center of the oven burned and turned into a human form. At this moment, that face is no longer handsome.

Grizzled and dirty, the skin of the face seems to have burned off a layer, the clothes are also tattered, there is no previous arrogance, and cyan blood droplets slipped down from it, looking like it is going to die.

But he looked at him, his face was still gloomy and he looked at his grandmother, good fellow, who had been crushed from beginning to end. It turned out to be without the slightest hint of other unusual emotions.

He returned to his human form, but the flames were still attached to his body, as if they were sticking to him.

Grandmother Gao stood in the void and watched, her brows furrowed involuntarily, as if she was very uncomfortable.

I listened to her muttering:

"It shouldn't be, if it's Hei Yan, even if it's a ninth-order master, it should be able to burn to ashes within ten seconds."

……

ps: (beeping quietly) I don't know if there are any brothers who are watching pirated copies, to speak a conscience, I'm not writing without taste, I've seen it here.

On the mobile phone up and down [vertical, horizontal], support a genuine version, no money brothers, you can also go to the genuine version of this bookcase, so that the author has more confidence to write ah!

Flame temperature usually refers to the maximum temperature of the part where the ratio of fuel to air is optimal, mixed and burned completely, or the average temperature of the part where the flame is hot. There are many factors that affect the flame temperature, mainly the air-fuel ratio, the initial temperature and the initial pressure. Flame temperature is one of the main characteristics of flames. It has a significant impact on the formation and dissociation of compounds in the flame and thus on the atomization of the element to be measured.

In a flame, the temperature of the flame is determined by the heat balance between the two in the flame due to the heat generation of the combustion reaction on the one hand, the dissociation of the compounds in the flame on the other, and the need to expend heat in order to raise the equilibrium mixture present in the flame to the flame temperature. When the flame is in thermal equilibrium, temperature can be used to characterize the true energy of the flame.

The flame temperature can be determined by experimental methods. In general, the methods of measuring flame temperature can be divided into two categories, namely thermometric measurement and optical measurement. When the temperature of the thermometer and the flame hot gas reaches equilibrium, the temperature is measured by the change of the resistance of the thermometer wire or the thermal voltage generated on the thermocouple contact. Due to thermal conductivity and radiation losses, the temperature measured in this method is lower than the actual flame temperature, and this method is only suitable for thermal equilibrium. Due to the limitation of the melting point of the thermometer, the maximum temperature that can be measured by this method is around 3000°C.

Among the optical measurement methods, the most commonly used is the sodium wire self-erosion method. When the continuous light source is higher than the flame temperature, the sodium D line appears on the background with the absorption black line, and conversely, when the continuous light source is lower than the flame temperature, the sodium D line appears on the background with a bright line, and when the continuous light source and the flame temperature are the same, the self-erosion point is reached. The temperature of the self-eroding point can be determined by recording the lamp current of a standard tungsten lamp of a continuous light source. Standard tungsten light sources are calibrated with an optical pyrometer. Flame temperatures up to 2600°K can be reliably measured with standard tungsten filament lamps as a continuous light source. To measure higher flame temperatures, it was difficult to find a suitable light source. The sodium wire self-erosion method measures the effective electron excitation temperature. This method cannot be used for highly luminous flames because the emission coefficient of this flame is similar to that of the sodium D line, and the detection sensitivity is poor due to the lack of clear contrast between the spectral lines and the continuous background.

The flame temperature can also be measured by measuring the relative emission intensity of the spectral lines. Two spectral lines of the same element with known different excitation potentials E1 and E2 and transition probabilities A1 and A2 are selected, and their intensities, according to Boltzmann's distribution law, calculate the temperature T value as long as the relative intensities of the spectral lines are determined.

The advantage of this method is that there is no need to compare light sources, and the difficulty is to obtain an accurate value of the transition probability and accurately determine the relative intensity of the spectral lines. Due to self-absorption, resonance lines cannot be used.

The flame temperature can also be measured by measuring the relative atomic absorption strength.

When all the heat released by combustion is used to heat the gaseous product, the temperature of the product is the adiabatic flame temperature. The actual temperature during combustion depends on both heat release and heat dissipation. Although the adiabatic flame temperature does not take into account heat loss, it is a measure of the characteristics of combustibles, and it also has an impact on flame propagation characteristics, etc. Therefore, adiabatic flame temperature is often regarded as a very important thermodynamic quantity in many combustion problems. Some literature defines an exothermic reaction in an isolated system, such as the chemical equilibrium of a mixture from a defined initial pressure and initial temperature through a constant pressure and adiabatic process, and the final temperature reached by the system is called the adiabatic flame temperature T. Since heat loss is not considered, it is also called "theoretical flame temperature"; It is also called the "maximum combustion temperature" because the temperature reached at this time will be the highest compared to various situations where there is heat loss. However, this definition does not take into account the ratio of air to fuel and the influence of inert additives, so it does not represent the maximum temperature that can be achieved at the optimal air/fuel ratio.

If the composition of both the reactants before combustion and the final product after combustion are known, the adiabatic flame temperature can be found according to the principle of conservation of energy.

Because flame temperature plays a role in the rate of chemical reactions, flame temperature is probably the single most important property of combustion. The flame temperature can be measured experimentally or calculated. For convenience, the concept of adiabatic flame temperature was introduced. Adiabatic flame temperature refers to the final temperature reached by a given fuel (including fuel and oxidizer) under isobaric adiabatic conditions under a certain initial temperature and pressure, and the combustion system (which belongs to a closed system) undergoes a chemical reaction. In practice, part of the heat of the flame is lost by thermal radiation and heat convection, so the temperature of the adiabatic flame is basically impossible to reach. However, the adiabatic flame temperature plays an important role in the calculation of combustion efficiency and heat transfer. For high-temperature flames (above 1800 K), the combustion products undergo a decomposition reaction, which not only increases in volume, but also absorbs a large amount of heat. At low temperatures, only CO2 and H2O should be produced after combustion of chemical equivalent ratio mixtures or lean fuel mixtures, but these products are very unstable and may be partially converted into simple molecular, atomic, and ionic forms at slightly higher temperatures. Correspondingly, during the transition, the energy is absorbed and the maximum flame temperature is reduced accordingly.

The essence of a flame is a high-temperature gaseous or plasma substance. There are two factors that determine the color of a flame: one is that the temperature of the flame determines the color of the flame, and the flame is a reaction. When the temperature rises, the flame changes from red-orange (3000 degrees) to yellow-white (4000 degrees) to cyan blue (5000~6000 degrees) to purple (7000 degrees or more) to the last invisible ultraviolet rays (tens of thousands of degrees). From the perspective of high-energy physics, the flames in the infrared and colored spectral bands are all low-energy flames, and the temperature continues to be high, and the color of the flame ranges from ultraviolet rays to X-rays to gamma rays, etc., which are indescribable "colors".

The second is that the elemental composition of gaseous and plasma substances determines the inherent spectrum of flames, and each element in the element table will emit its own specific light color at high temperatures, such as sodium will appear yellow, potassium will be purple, copper will be green, and the light color of the compound is a variegated color, because there are many kinds of elements that are emitting. This is also the reason why the colors of the various flames are different. (See Flame Reaction for details)

The temperature of the flame of complete combustion of hydrocarbons is related to the magnitude of the combustion heat, but it is not completely related. For example, the heat of combustion of ethylene is higher than that of acetylene. But the temperature of the oxyalkyne flame is higher than that of ethylene.

The thermochemical equations for ethylene and acetylene combustion are as follows: the heat of combustion is ethylene > acetylene, but the flame temperature is high when acetylene is burned. Acetylene burns in air or oxygen, and its flame temperature can be as high as 3200°C. Although the heat of combustion of acetylene is slightly lower than that of ethane and ethylene, it has the least oxygen consumption during complete combustion, the water content in the product is relatively low, and the heat loss required for water evaporation is less, so acetylene can obtain a higher temperature when burning.

As a result of the increased flame intensity (i.e., the same total heat is released in a smaller volume) and a decrease in nitrogen content, the flame temperature is increased, which enhances the heat conduction of the flame to the surrounding area by radiation and convection. According to foreign literature, when burning heavy oil, if the concentration of oxygen in the air is increased from 21% to 22%, the theoretical combustion temperature can be increased by 80 °C.