"The books of the Tessie countries, the sentences are outlined and explained, and the explanations are very annoying. If the meaning of the sentence is sufficient, then remember'. ’； If the intention is not enough, then remember ','; Although the meaning is insufficient, and the righteousness is glued to the previous sentence, it is remembered'; ’； If the meaning is not enough, add a sentence, then remember':'; ’； The question is written ''; Quoting the classics, preceding the sentence with the postscript '""'; Add additional annotations, preceding the sentence with a postscript ''; And where the two sections are connected, add a horizontal such as '——'. ”

This is a passage written by Zhang Deyi, a student of the Tongwenguan in the late Qing Dynasty, introducing Western punctuation. He was also the first to introduce punctuation from abroad.

In the late Qing Dynasty, the east of the west wind gradually became more and more serious, and the Western language became more and more familiar to Chinese intellectuals, and the convenience of its punctuation marks also stimulated everyone's enthusiasm for reform from time to time.

In 1897, a Dongguan man surnamed Wang drafted 10 kinds of punctuation marks based on the original Chinese "circle" and "dot", as well as the Western "sentence reading outline". Because it is practical and accepted, it is welcomed and applied by famous professors and writers such as Hu Shi, Chen Duxiu, Lu Xun, Qian Xuantong, and Liu Bannong.

On February 2, 1920, the Ministry of Education of the Beiyang Government issued Instruction No. 53——, which approved the joint proposal by the six professors of Peking University. The birth of the first set of legal new punctuation marks in China has become a worthy record in the history of language and cultural development.

Especially after the May Fourth Movement, the rise of the New Culture Movement, and the revolutionary pioneers played a major role in the development and promotion of the use of punctuation.

In ancient Chinese texts, punctuation marks are generally not added, but sentences are broken through the sense of language, mood particles, grammatical structures, etc., which often cause ambiguity and misunderstanding of the words and sentences of the article.

For example, the Qing Dynasty poet Zhao Tianyang's sentence "Stay a guest on a rainy day, leave me without a stay" has seven ways to interpret it. There was no universal punctuation in ancient Chinese until the 19th century." As a broken sentence, other punctuation marks have not been touched.

In fact, there were punctuation marks in ancient China, but there was no uniform standard for these symbols, and they were not the same as the punctuation marks commonly used in later generations.

"Li Gong, Sister Xian, what do you think of my idea, if it is applied to the article?"

Wang Song originally wanted Li Ruoxu and Guo Yong to discuss with him to see how to compile this introductory textbook for elementary Chinese studies, but he didn't expect Huang Xin to come over and have to join in.

Since Huang Xin stayed in this famous mansion, all the Huang family's northland business has been taken care of by her.

Huang Shishun's "office" of the Daimyo Mansion, because Huang Shishun went south, took a large amount of glass and porcelain products, and it also took a while to digest, and there is not much business at present. Huang Xin didn't have much to do, so she often came to Wang Song's "string of doors" to discuss poetry, talk about ancient gold, and be a proper "fan girl".

Anyone with a discerning eye can see that this charming and polite Fujian woman is quite interested in Wang Song, and everyone is also happy to do it, which also makes Huang Xin come and go frequently in the Yamen of the Xuanfu Division, and come and go without hindrance.

Their own father-in-law has no objection, why should they, the subordinates, be an eyesore big turnip.

In this new textbook for elementary Chinese, Wang Song wants to apply the punctuation marks of later generations to the teaching of passages. He changed Zhang Deyi's notes slightly so that he learned the same as what he had learned in his later language courses.

Originally, there was no pinyin alphabet in Zhonghua, and the method of straight pronunciation or reverse cutting was used to phonetize Chinese characters. Both of these methods are inconvenient to use.

Since the Warring States period in China used punctuation marks, the use of punctuation marks in the Song, Yuan, and Ming dynasties has entered a mature period, but there are still many deficiencies, there are serious multi-number, multi-use phenomenon, and there are many banknote engravings that do not use or rarely use punctuation.

The formal perfection and widespread use of Chinese punctuation marks are only a hundred years old, and they are the product of "the combination of earth and foreign". The earliest written language of our ancestors was basically devoid of punctuation.

Wang Song received compulsory education and higher education in later generations, so he was familiar with the popular Chinese pinyin. 24 finals and 23 initials, 16 syllables as a whole. One, two, three, four, four tones, all of them are cooked and cannot be cooked. And it makes the Latin alphabet and Chinese pinyin perfectly combined.

"Xianggong, this is very easy to apply, and when it comes to the article, it is also a subdued and frustrating, quite flavorful, which is a very good fill in the article. It's just that in this way, I'm afraid it will cause Shilin to be uneasy. ”

Li Ruoxu read a paragraph with punctuation, and sure enough, it was effortless to read, straightforward and easy to understand, and quite a sense of comprehension.

"If this punctuation mark can be used directly in the school, after three or five years, no one will object to it. If it can be sold as a book, it must be quite popular, after all, not everyone is rich. ”

Huang Xin said softly, but she was very shocked by Wang Song's new rules for this set of articles, and the eyes of the "fan girl" were even hotter.

Jiangnan, Zhejiang, and Fujian are all places with large populations, wealth and prosperity, and if they take the lead in printing a batch of books with punctuation marks and sell them in Jiangnan, they will definitely be able to sell well.

"Xianggong, I think there are some poems and songs in this that can be adjusted. For example, this should be placed later, after the textbook in Book 3. And this one should be placed in the first one or two volumes. ”

Hearing Li Ruoxu's words, Guo Yong also nodded and said: "Now that the Jin people are going south, the people are displaced, and they are miserable. At this time of national crisis, it seems more appropriate to arouse the people's sense of resistance and put more patriotic chapters. ”

Huang Xin said with a smile: "When it comes to patriotic chapters, Xianggong is a masterpiece that can be famous for eternity." The virtuous do not avoid relatives, and the addition of these poems is understandable, and it is quite convincing. ”

Li Ruoxu said: "This set of national textbooks, patriotism and loyalty and filial piety and chivalry must be popular. My Great Song Dynasty emphasized literature and suppressed martial arts, and the people's blood and qi were all lost, which is the regret of the six arts of the gentleman, and I must regain the way of martial arts, martial arts, and martial arts, so as to ensure that my Great Song Dynasty is forever. ”

Wang Song nodded secretly. Just like the militarism of the island nation in later generations. In order to be strong, the people must have a sound physique, and the soldiers must be martial and not afraid of death.

As for education, it is naturally supplemented by military training, aimed at promoting national pride and patriotism.

"Confucianism sacrifices life for righteousness and puts the people first. As soon as this punctuation mark comes out, the prime minister wants to fool the people and make a "people can make it happen, but they can't make it known", I'm afraid it will be even more difficult. ”

Huang Xinqiao smiled, her eyes flowed, and she couldn't say the love in her heart.

"Sister Xian, you're laughing. I am not the lord of the world, and I am afraid of "people-oriented". It's those ill-intentioned imperial politicians, they should be worried in their hearts. ”

"Politician ......"

Li Ruoxu's face flushed again and smiled bitterly.

"Xianggong, you use this word well, you can't be talking about it, right?"

Everyone laughed, and everyone looked at Wang Song, with an extra layer of meaning in their eyes.

The phrase "the lord of the world" made everyone in the hall think differently. The loyal and righteous soldiers are strong and strong, and the Central Plains deer is fattening, winning the world, and it is far away.

"Xianggong, the numbers on your "mathematics" textbook seem to be very novel, and some merchants who eat big food seem to have used them. ”

Huang Xin picked up the math textbook and read it with relish.

Li Ruoxu also shook his head and said: "I have seen the use of this number, and it is indeed very simple to use." This word is introduced from the big food, Wang Xianggong is really well-read, well-informed, and admired by the officials. ”

Wang Song's face turned red and said with an embarrassed smile: "Absorbing foreign culture and absorbing the strengths of others is also one of my Chinese virtues, which is called take-it-or-leave-it."

Mathematically, Wang Song improved on the basis of nine chapters of arithmetic, and in numbers, he quoted Arabic numerals.

Arabic numerals were introduced to China around the 13th and 14th centuries and have not yet been introduced. Historically, Arabic numerals have not been popularized and used in China in a timely manner. It was not until the beginning of the 20th century that Arabic numerals began to be slowly used in China.

Arabic numerals are naturally ubiquitous in later generations, and the frequency of Arabic numerals in various disciplines can be said to be extremely high.

Everyone thought it was novel, but they couldn't raise any objections. It's just that these Arabic numerals are very easy to use and write, and they are much more convenient than Chinese characters.

The content is very rich, the whole book adopts the form of a problem set, and contains 246 application problems related to production and life practice, in which each question has questions and answers, and there are techniques, that is, the steps to solve the problems. These problems are subordinated to Fangtian, Corn, Decay, Shaoguang, Shanggong, Average Loss, Surplus Deficiency, Equation and Pythagorean according to their nature and solution.

Wang Song began to write textbooks based on the addition, subtraction, multiplication and division, multiplication formulas, mixed operations, fractions, percentages, etc., which he knew in later generations.

Then there are integers and decimals, positive and negative numbers, equations; Area, perimeter, volume, etc. of individual figures. Then add the coordinate system, quadrant, Pythagorean theorem, functions, etc.

In addition, Wang Song also drew a rough map of the world and a map of China, and made a rough introduction to China's rivers, mountains, and regional characteristics, as well as the geography of the world's continents and oceans, which can be regarded as a brief world geography textbook.

Wang Song was silent for a moment, and said loudly: "This set of textbooks is brainstorming, and after correction, it can be bound into a book." However, in the preface to this set of Chinese studies textbooks, the official wants to write a message to encourage students to study hard and revitalize the country. ”

Although he was born in chemistry, based on the basic conditions at this time, he really did not dare to compile a "chemistry" textbook.

Just because everyone knows that chemistry is an experimental science. Without experimental equipment, especially without experimental drugs and reagents, chemistry classes would exist in name only.

He could add some basic physical chemistry knowledge to his mathematics textbook to arouse students' interest and explore slowly, hoping that there will be surprises in the future.

Huang Xinqi said: "I don't know what Wang Xianggong is going to write, poems or songs, as a preface to Chinese culture"

Wang Song looked at the people in the room, and said: "It's not poetry, it's not rhyme, it's not a prose, it can be said to be a prose, but it was made for thousands of Chinese teenagers, and the article is called Juvenile China."

Needless to say, he was going to plagiarize again.

Wang Song slowly wrote on the paper, Li Ruoxu and others watched carefully, and Huang Xin watched and read slowly:

"If you want to talk about the old and young of the country, please speak about the old and young of the people. The elderly often think about the past, and the young people often think about the future......"

Soon, Li Ruoxu also read it.

“…… The cadres will be hairy, and there will be a man. The sky wears its blue, and the earth wears its yellow. Through the ages, there are eight wildernesses......"

Guo Yong looked impassioned and bloody, and the heart in his chest seemed to be about to jump out.

"If my Great Song Dynasty can have thousands of eternities and eight wildernesses, it is enough for me to die!"