Chapter 153 Spin Angular Momentum and Magnetic Moment
The Annals of Physics, Germany's most famous physics journal, publishes academic articles in the American physics community in the form of additional special issues, which is a high treatment for the American physics community.
The three articles "Matter Waves", "Experiments with Electron Diffraction of Nickel Crystals", and "Experiments with High Energy Electron Diffraction" constitute the series of material waves, which are first published in the English edition of the Physical Review and reprinted in the German edition of the Annals of Physics.
The publication of "Principles of Electron Spin and Incompatibility" in the Annals of Physics is of the nature of the first release, and the publication of these four heavyweight papers in German journals has given Li Kangping more room for operation.
In addition to periodicals, there are also letters written by Smekar.
"Dear Dr. Li: I will not comment on the three papers in the Matter Wave series for the time being, I have been working on your "Electron Spin and Incompatibility Principle" recently. I have read this paper more than once, and I have read your correspondence with Mr. Einstein. What Mr. Einstein meant was that even if we hadn't fully demonstrated the electron spin and incompatibility principle, we should let it be published first. That's why Mr. Einstein, after several letters with you, asked the Annals of Physics to publish "The Principle of Electron Spin and Incompatibility". ”
"As far as I know, the friends in Munich were more interested in The Electron Spin and the Incompatibility Principle, and one of them, a young man named Wolfgang Pauli, was almost in a state of madness."
"That's what Pauli said, oh my God, I used to have a similar vague concept, but he made it concrete! He conquered me and hit me too! I love him and I hate him too! ”
"Pauli is very good at math, but he has a very eccentric temper. You'd better never meet Pauli, because he's going to annoy you. ”
"For me, I would like to ask you a few questions, first, my calculation method is to use the Lorentz transform to find the magnetic field caused by a nuclear field as it appears to an observer sitting on an electron, and then to find the average perturbation energy along the distance according to the same method as the relativistic formula, but because of the cold attitude of the 'Zeeman effect experts' to this hypothesis, I don't know whether to continue the argument, so I can only trouble you. Second ......"
The academic standards of Einstein's students are quite high, and Li Kangping respects Einstein and gives Smekar enough respect.
Li Kangping replied to Smekar's doubts.
Now that the Principle of Electron Spin and Incompatibility has been published, let it work from now on.
It is written in the "Principle of Electron Spin and Incompatibility" that the nucleus of an atom has a spin angular momentum and a magnetic moment.
"The nucleus has spin angular momentum and magnetic moment" is only hypothetical, and no experimental evidence has been found.
Although hypothetical, "the nucleus has spin angular momentum and magnetic moment" provides a theoretical basis for a hypothetical form.
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) refers to the phenomenon of resonance transition caused by electromagnetic waves in a constant magnetic field of an atomic nucleus with a magnetic moment.
At this time, there was no academic term for "nuclear magnetic resonance", and people did not know the concept of "nuclear magnetic resonance" at all.
Tracing back to the source, the first "foreshadower" of "nuclear magnetic resonance" was Rutherford.
In 1911, after Rutherford proposed a model of the atomic nucleus based on the α particle scattering experiment, it was speculated that the nucleus had an electromagnetic moment because the nucleus was a charged mechanical system.
Rutherford did not put much effort into studying the "electromagnetic moment of the atomic nucleus", so he was the "foreshadower" of "nuclear magnetic resonance".
The people who made a substantial contribution to the "nuclear magnetic resonance" were Stern and Rabbi.
Stern was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1943 for his "contributions to the development of the molecular beam method and the discovery of the magnetic moment of the proton."
Rabbi was awarded the 1944 Nobel Prize in Physics for "inventing the resonance method for recording the magnetic properties of the atomic nucleus".
Physicists really understood the physics of "nuclear magnetic resonance" in the era? And made a "nuclear magnetic resonance" instrument.
Translating the results of physical research into medical applications? It's a huge project. It will be decades before the "nuclear magnetic resonance" technology is fully applied to the field of clinical medicine.
Right now? Professor Stern is not the inventor of the molecular beam method? Professor Woodgate, Dr. Lee are.
Rabbi was a Ph.D. student at Columbia University's graduate school, and his physics skills were not as good as Allen's.
Christmas is coming? It's snowing in New York.
Li Kangping walked through the snow to a tailor shop he frequented.
Is this a tailor shop owned by a Jew? There's a tailor in the shop named Libo? He is a Romanian Jew who immigrated to the United States ten years ago.
Libo tailor is Li Kangping's special tailor, and Li Kangping's clothes are all made by Li Kangping's tailor.
"Mr. Li, are you here? It's really cold today. "It's warm in the store? The tailor still rubbed his hands to keep warm.
"Are you okay, how are your family?" Li Kangping took off his coat and asked cordially.
"Thank you for always taking care of my business, my wife and son and I are doing well." The tailor of Libo held a tool to measure the size of Li Kangping's various parts, and he said, "Mr. Li? You're fat. ”
"I told myself I had to exercise every day, but I hadn't done sports in a month." Li Kangping shook his head and smiled? Can you help me make two sets of spring coats, one white? A set of silver, clothes made of the most upscale materials in your store. And bloomers? Do a dozen, right? Next spring? I think I'll be working my golf skills. You know, everybody plays golf in the U.S., so I had to pack some golf attire. ”
"Oh, okay! I think you should do it, you have to play golf, it's a good sport. After receiving the big order, the tailor Libo seemed very happy.
"How old is your son?" Li Kangping asked.
"Day, Stanley turns a year old." Tailor Libo said happily.
"Your son's name is Stanley? Very nice name, Stanley Libble. ”
"His full name is Stanley Martin Libble, I love him, and I'm willing to do anything for him."
"America is a good place, but it's not easy to live well in the United States. Have a merry Christmas with your family, and I'll have my secretary come and pick up the clothes and pants next January. ”
"Mr. Li, you know, we Jews are just Christmas, and our Jewish holidays are another day or a few days, just as you Chinese have festivals exclusive to China."
"I'm sorry, but I forgot that the Jews are only Christmas." Li Kangping took out seven hundred dollars and handed it to the tailor Libo, "Then I wish your whole family good health in the new year." ”
"Too much! That's too much! You don't have to give me seven hundred dollars so much! The tailor waved his hand repeatedly.
It is not in line with Jewish values to have money or not to make money, but if a Jew does something for you, you have to take money.
The tailor was an honest Jew who adhered to the principle that "Jews love money and take it wisely."
Li Kangping said: "I thought about it, I also need a set of formal ball clothes, and a set of 'young people's happy ball' clothes, do you understand what the 'young people's happy ball' is? ”
The tailor of Libo smiled: "I understand, I understand, I will help you do it." ”
"If there's $700 left, make it all into casual golf tops that go with the bloomers."
"Okay, Mr. Lee, let your secretary come to the store in January next year to get clothes and pants. Oh, no, no, no, there are too many of these goods for her to take by herself, so I'll send them to the King's Building, can you? ”
"No problem, I wish you and your wife and son happiness."
"Mr. Li, I wish you happiness too!"