Chapter 291: History of Goryeo

It is said that Yuan Shao attacked Kong Beihai, and Cao Cao had coveted Qingzhou for a long time, so he naturally watched it. After Chen Long went north to Jizhou, the self-reliance of Tian Feng and Koji Yi brought a series of butterfly effects.

The dragon ball played by Long Chen, as the wings of the butterfly, is of course the key to it. Unexpectedly, the praying mantis catching cicadas and yellow finches followed, and they were transmitted layer by layer, and they went all the way to Gongsun Du in Liaodong County. As the messenger of Gongsun Ji, Gongsun Zhi gave Gongsun Du and Gongsun Yuan, who had been entrenched in Liaodong for many years, a shot in the arm.

Gongsun Du's subordinates, in addition to their closest relatives Gongsun Kang, Gongsun Gong, Gongsun Huang, and Gongsun Xiu, Yang Yi, Liu Yi, Liang Mao and other cronies. Among them, Liang Mao was detained by Gongsun Du in Liaodong, although he did not serve the Gongsun family at first, but finally gave advice at the meeting of the Gongsun family to discuss who could resist Cao Cao's army during Cao Cao's northern expedition, and the generals at that time said that they could resist Cao Cao; However, Liang Mao said that Cao Cao would set the country and secure the country, and if the Gongsun family resisted, they would rebel against the Eastern Han Dynasty and would be killed, and then they were approved, so the Gongsun family bowed to Cao Cao.

In addition, Gongsun Mo, Han Hao, Zhang Chang, etc. are all confidants, among which Han Hao is strong, the county cannot be restrained, and most of the people follow him into the Korean Peninsula. Later, Gongsun Kang divided the wasteland south of Tunyou County into Daifang County, and sent Gongsun Mo, Zhang Chang and others to collect displaced people from all over the country and raise troops to attack Han Hao, and the original residents left slightly.

In addition, Guo Xin is Gongsun Yuan's subordinate Sima Changshi, once under the instruction of Gongsun Yuan and the ministers to write to Wei Weiyuan to ask for the country, Liu Pu is Gongsun Yuan's subordinate military ministers, once under the instruction of Gongsun Yuan and the ministers to write to Wei Weiyuan to ask for the country, Beiyan is Gongsun Yuan's subordinate general, once faced the defeat of Sima Yi's army, was beheaded by Xiahou Ba after the defeat in Romance, Yang Zuo is a general under Gongsun Yuan, faced Sima Yi's army, surrendered after defeat; When Lun Zhi rebelled against Gongsun Yuan, he admonished Jia Fan, but was killed by Yuan. Jia Fan directly advised Gongsun Yuan not to rebel against Cao Wei, and was also beheaded by Gongsun Yuan.

Wang Jian is Gongsun Yuan's Xiangguo, when Sima Yi attacked Gongsun Yuan, Gongsun Yuan sent him and Liu Fu, the imperial historian, to beg Sima Yi to surrender, Sima Yi did not allow it, beheaded the two, and the head was paid to Gongsun Yuan.

Liu Fu is Gongsun Yuan's imperial historian, Sima Yi cut down Gongsun Yuan, and Gongsun Yuan ordered him and King Xiang to build Wei Zhai to surrender. Yi didn't allow it, beheaded the two, and paid the head to Gongsun Yuan.

Wei Yan was Gongsun Yuan's subordinates, Sima Yi besieged Gongsun Yuan in Xiangping City, and sent Wang Jian and Liu Fu to ask for surrender, so he had to order Wei Yan to go to Wei Ying to ask for surrender, and expressed his willingness to send Gongsun Xiu as a hostage. Sima Yi said: "There must be five major military affairs, if you can fight, you can fight, if you can't fight, you can't defend, you can't go, and the remaining two things can only be surrendered and dead." If you refuse to be bound, you will die if you make a decision, and you don't need to be sent to office. "Repel Wei Yan.

Gongsun Mo and Goguryeo were the best, so the news of Gongsun Zhi's arrival in Xiangping leaked again. Han Hao had already entered the northern part of the Korean Peninsula, and when he heard the news of Gongsun Mo, he was very excited, and if Xiangping was empty, then Liaodong would be better than the empty Goguryeo.

Goguryeo was a national regime that existed in Northeast China and the Korean Peninsula from the 1st century BC to the 7th century AD. Its people are mainly the people of the Sho and the Fuyu, and later absorbed some of the Ya people, the remnants of ancient Korea and the Samhan people. Due to the special geographical location of Goguryeo, and the fact that its territory spans today's China, South Korea, and *, they all claim that Goguryeo is the original people of their own country.

Goguryeo, recorded in historical books as "Goguryeo", abbreviated as "Guli" or "Juli", was an ancient ethnic group that lived in northeastern China from the 1st century BC to the 7th century BC. In the second year of Emperor Jianzhao of the Han Yuan Dynasty (37 BC), Zhu Meng, a remnant of the Fu people, founded a state in Goguryeo County, Xuansu County, Western Han Dynasty (now in Xinbin County, Liaoning Province), so it was called Goguryeo. [1]

History

Founding

(37 B.C.e. - 52 A.D.)

In 37 B.C., the Goguryeo people of Northern Buyeo, Jumeng, founded the country. [2]

Jumong is a member of the royal family of Fuyu. The struggle for power within the Fuyu royal family forced Jumong to run south, and in 37 BC he established the Goguryeo Kingdom in the south of Yongling Town, present-day Xinbin County. [3] [4]

It is speculated that the Goguryeo people may have consisted of the Buyeo people who had migrated to this area in the early days of their existence. The term "濊貊人" was not originally intended to refer to a definite ethnic entity, but was simply a general term for some ancient tribes that appeared in this particular region of the Northeast by ancient historians of the Central Plains. At the beginning of the establishment of Goguryeo, it was in a military confrontation with Buyeo for a long time. The relationship between Buyeo and the Central Plains Dynasty was very friendly, and in order to contain the aggressive Goguryeo regime in the growth period, the Central Plains and Buyeo often coordinated militarily to attack Goguryeo, and relevant records appear from time to time in the "Chronicles of the Three Kingdoms" and "Book of Han".

Centralization vs. early expansion

(53-243 AD)

During the reign of King Taejo of Goguryeo during the Three Kingdoms period, Goguryeo quickly expanded from a few early tribal states to the Han River Valley. In 53 AD, King Taejo of Goguryeo set up the five scattered tribes of Goguryeo into five provinces and implemented centralized control. In 56, King Taizu annexed Dongwofu. Later, it annexed part of the territory of Donghao. Subsequently, Goguryeo launched an offensive against Lelang County, Xuansu County and Liaodong. Completely free from the control of the Han Dynasty. Goguryeo's expansion and centralization led to a direct armed conflict with the Han Dynasty. The military pressure of the Han Dynasty forced Goguryeo to move its capital to Maruducheng.

War with Cao Wei

(244 A.D. - 299 A.D.)

After the fall of the Han Dynasty, Liaodong County was controlled by warlike local tyrants. Goguryeo took the initiative to attack Liaodong County in an alliance with the newly established Cao Wei. After Cao Wei captured Liaodong, Goguryeo terminated its cooperation with Cao Wei and sent troops to attack eastern and western Liao. In 244, Cao Wei counterattacked and destroyed the castle of Marudu. King Dongcheon of Goguryeo fled to Wofu.

Revival and expansion

(300 A.D. - 390 A.D.)

Cao Wei thought that Goguryeo had perished after destroying the capital of Maru, so he quickly evacuated. However, in just 70 years, Goguryeo rebuilt the city of Marudu and began to attack Liaodong, Lelang and Xuansu.

In 311 AD, Goguryeo took advantage of the chaos in the Central Plains to attack Anping in the east and west of Liaodong in "autumn and August", cutting off the water and land passage from the Korean Peninsula to Liaodong, and then in 313, "invaded Lelang County in winter and October, capturing more than 2,000 men and women", and in 314, "invaded Obifang County in the south in autumn and September", and achieved rule over the northern part of the Korean Peninsula. [5] [6] During the reign of the 19th king of Goguryeo, King Tan Deok (reigned 392-412 AD), the momentum of outward expansion became more and more fierce, except for the southern expedition to Baekje, the northern conquest of Khitan, and Fuyu, around the thirteenth year of the reign of King Guangkai (404 AD), all of them occupied Xuansu and Lelang, so that a large area of land east of Liaoshui was incorporated into the territory of Goguryeo, and the territory of Goguryeo was unprecedentedly expanded. [6]

Goguryeo's expansion was not without its challenges. In 342, Maruto Castle was attacked by the former Yan. [7] In 371, King Baekje Jinshogu led an army to attack the city of Pyongyang in Goguryeo, and the former king of Goguryeo's homeland sent troops to fight, but was shot by a stray arrow, and died on the 23rd of the same month. [8]

After King Lin of Goguryeo succeeded to the throne, he began to strengthen the stability and unity of Goguryeo. New laws are introduced. In 372, Buddhism introduced from the Central Plains was established as the state religion, and the national educational institution "Taixue" was established in accordance with the Central Plains system. The Little Beast King Lin also reformed the Goguryeo army.

Heyday

(391–531 AD)

In 404 A.D., the 19th Dynasty opened the earthen mirror, and the king of peace plundered the land of Liaodong. [2]

At the end of the 5th century, the territory of the Three Kingdoms period of Joseon began to enter its heyday with the succession of King Goguryeo Haotae. According to the inscription of King Haotai, who was erected for him by King Changshou, the son of King Haotai, King Haotai conquered 64 cities and 1,400 villages in Buyeo in a single battle with Buyeo. Later, King Hao Tai annexed the Buyeo Kingdom and the Ya tribe in the north; militarily formed an absolute superiority over Baekje; and forced Silla to submit in its wars with Baekje, Gayage, and Wa.

In 413, King Changshou of Goguryeo ascended the throne. Due to the confrontation between Baekje and Silla, King Jangsang moved his capital to Pyongyang in 427 to strengthen his control over Baekje and Silla. King Changshou continued the expansionist policy of his father, King Haotai. At the end of the 5th century, King Changshou annexed some Buyeo, Jin and Khitan tribes; confrontation with the Northern Wei Dynasty; and maintained control over Silla.

Internal strife

(531-551 AD)

After reaching its peak in the 6th century, Goguryeo began to gradually decline. After the assassination of King Anzao of Goguryeo, his brother King Ahwon succeeded him. During the reign of King Yasuhara, disputes between the royal families intensified. The two political blocs fought over the succession to the throne. Finally, the 8-year-old King Yangwon ascended the throne. But the struggle for power is not over. The opposition operatives began to build up their own armies and exercise de facto control over their territories. In the 50s of the 6th century, the northern part of Goguryeo was attacked by nomads. However, the competition for staff within Goguryeo continued. In 551, Baekje and Silla began a joint attack on Goguryeo in order to get rid of their enslaved status by Goguryeo.

In 551 AD, Baekje and Silla joined forces to attack Goguryeo. Goguryeo lost the strategically important and fertile Han River basin in the central part of the Korean Peninsula. Baekje, the main combatant of the Baekje Silla Alliance, was almost exhausted in the war against Goguryeo. In 553, Silla sent troops in the name of helping Baekje. However, they launched an offensive against Baekje and finally took the entire Han River basin into their pockets. Angry at Silla's betrayal, the Baekje King attacked western Silla the following year to retaliate, but was captured by Silla and later executed.

War with Sui

In 597, the king of Pingyang actually united with the Yan Ya to preemptively attack the military garrison in western Liao, but was counterattacked by Wei, the governor of Yingzhou. [9] In the eighteenth year of Kaihuang (598 AD), Emperor Wen of Sui ordered Yang Liang, the king of Han, and Shiji, the king of Shangzhu, to be the marshal of the marching army, and Zhou Luoyu to be the head of the naval army, leading an army of 300,000 to attack Goguryeo by land and water. [10] [11] Yang Liang, the king of Han, led the Sui army by land out of Linyu Pass (now Shanhaiguan). During the rainy season, the roads were muddy, the supply of food and grass was insufficient, there was a lack of food in the army, and epidemics were encountered. The Sui army by waterway, led by Zhou Luoyu, went out to sea from Donglai (now Ye County, Shandong) and approached the city of Pyongyang. On September 21, both land and water routes were forced to return. Eight to nine-tenths of the Sui army died. [12] [13] The Sui army retreated. Gao Yuan, the king of Yingyang, was called "Liaodong Dung Tuchen Yuan", and Emperor Wen of Sui dismissed his troops and treated him as before. [14]

The king of Goguryeo, Gao Yuan, did not obey the ceremony, and Emperor Yang of Sui decided to conquer Goguryeo. [15] Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty issued an edict to gather the world's troops, regardless of the distance between the north and the south, to converge in Zhuo County. In addition to the army, there were hundreds of thousands of people who had been on the road for a long time, crowding the roads, day and night, the dead pillowing each other, the stinking roads, and the world was in turmoil. [16]

Before the first conquest of Goguryeo, Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty in order to conquer Goguryeo, excessively brutally conscripted the people, resulting in the poverty of the people, and the people's materials and people's strength were exhausted. [17] Wang Bo, Dou Ziying, Dou Jiande and other common people and peasants revolted, and from then on, the common people and peasants revolted and swarmed, innumerable, and captured the city. Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty ordered Duwei and Yingyang to know each other and pursue each other, and kill them if they were captured, but there were still more peasant uprisings, and they still couldn't stop the peasant uprisings. [18]

In the first month of the eighth year of the Great Cause, all the soldiers of the Sui Dynasty who enlisted were concentrated in Zhuo County, with 1,133,800 soldiers, and the number of people who transported supplies for them was twice the number of soldiers. [19] At the end of March of the eighth year of the Great Cause, the Sui army arrived at the Liao River. Because the bridge built by the Sui army was still a few meters away from the shore, the Sui army went to the water to engage the Goguryeo army on the opposite bank, and as a result, the Sui army died a lot, and the Sui Dynasty's Zuotunwei general Mai Tiecane and Hu Benlang generals Qian Shixiong and Meng Cha were all killed. After that, the Sui army lengthened the bridge, finally crossed the Liao River, and defeated the Goguryeo army on the east bank. [20] At the beginning, when Emperor Yang of Sui met in Liaoshui, Emperor Yang of Sui ordered them to be divided into three provinces in order to prevent the generals from covering the attack of the light army and fighting alone to win the reputation of the meritorious service, so he ordered them to be divided into three provinces. [21] Emperor Yang of Sui ordered his generals that if Goguryeo wanted to surrender, they should be appeased and accepted, and no more attacks should be made. When the city of Liaodong was about to be captured, the Goguryeo army in the city claimed to surrender, and the generals of the Sui Dynasty did not dare to continue the attack under the order of Emperor Yang of Sui, but played Emperor Yang of Sui first