After returning to Hejia Town for dinner, he asked his subordinates to make the fire in the house prosperous. After that, I took out the tools in the room and began to design the bearings.

Bearing is an indispensable spare part in industrial production, which can greatly reduce the rotational friction at the mechanical connection, improve the operation efficiency of the machine, and enhance the stability of the mechanical operation. If there were no bearings, modern machinery would not be able to do it at all.

He Zhiyuan was an engineering major in his previous life, and the production and design of bearings can be regarded as basic skills. Before the crossing, he had understood the structure and principle of bearings, and later he had also consulted some simple methods for making bearings, and now he is just taking them out for use.

It took a whole night for He Zhiyuan to draw a few drawings and completely draw the three views and assembly drawings of the bearing. Although the semi-literate craftsmen could not read the drawings, he drew them as teaching materials for the students of the vocational and technical colleges. In the future, the inheritance of technology cannot always rely on the master's words and deeds to the apprentice, and it must be passed on by word of mouth, and a complete technical system must be formed. There's never been a better time to do that.

Early the next morning, He Zhiyuan came to the firearms factory again. He was prepared to give the task of making bearings to the craftsmen of the firearms factory, rather than to the craftsmen of the steelworks, which were joint ventures with the authorities. Although the firearms factory is under the name of the Thousand Households of Ma Qi Mountain, he can completely control it, so he is the most relieved to put it here, after all, it is his own people.

Despite this, he decided to transfer ten craftsmen from the firearms factory to set up a mechanical workshop specializing in the production of some general mechanical parts, such as screws, gears, bearings, etc.

Liang Wensheng is a partner at best, but he cherishes his feathers too much, as long as it damages his official reputation, he will never do anything. Since the last cement road opening ceremony, he feels that his relationship with Liang Wensheng has begun to drift away.

After finding Ding Kui, he told him his requirements, and asked him to find ten blacksmiths who could make steel tools, and to choose the kind of honest and honest young man.

After a while, Ding Kui found ten young craftsmen, and He Zhiyuan took them directly to the Institute of Things of the Academy of Sciences. First of all, the 10 of them were educated on the conditions for confidentiality, and they were required to keep their future work strictly confidential. Then he said to them, "I will ask you to make a new thing, and after this thing is made, your monthly income will be doubled, and you will be the leader of each section from now on." ”

Hearing He Zhiyuan's words, the craftsmen were very excited. He Gongzi is going to do something new again, and this time he has found himself, and they are all going to get rich! All ten craftsmen are thinking about it here.

He Zhiyuan made them excited for a while, and then said slowly: "But your high salary, what you want is for you to keep it a secret." If I find out who leaked the secret of producing this thing, it's a capital offense! Glancing at them coldly, He Zhiyuan said again: "Know what the fate of the traitor is, if any of you leak out, then the traitor of Hejiazhen, he just ran to the ends of the earth, I will also find him out!" ”

The ten craftsmen hadn't been happy for a while, and they were frightened and nervous by He Zhiyuan's words. At the same time, I am aware of the importance of the work to be done.

One of the older craftsmen hurriedly replied, "Gongzi He still can't trust me Ding Sihai?" It's a knife

With it on my neck, I Ding Sihai will not leak a little secret and go out! ”

The other craftsmen also said: "Don't worry, Gongzi He, we are all honest blacksmiths and will not reveal secrets!" ”

"Don't worry, Mr. He, we are all honest people who do things honestly, and we won't leak secrets."

He Zhiyuan continued: "The next step is to set up a general mechanical parts workshop, you are the person in charge of each section of this workshop, and the salary is high and the responsibility is heavy. If something goes wrong, your punishment will be severe. The level of secrecy of this new workshop is even higher than that of the soap workshop, almost the same level as the Academy of Sciences, and special soldiers are assigned to protect it. At the same time, this workshop implements a side-sitting system, one person leaks secrets, and ten of you will be punished! The leaker is killed, and the others will also have their wages deducted for one year. So if you see someone else leaking secrets, you have to go up and stop it and report it! ”

Ding Sihai patted his chest and said: "Don't worry, Master He, if anyone leaks secrets, I, Ding Sihai, will be the first to get along with him." ”

He Zhiyuan looked at the ten craftsmen, and saw that they all looked serious and were shocked, so he said: "This thing I want to make is called a bearing!" This requires eight steel balls to be made from the most wear-resistant crucible steel produced by the steel mill, which is polished and rounded. Then two steel rings will be cast, one large and one small, and the steel rings will leave a track of two steel balls, one inside and one outside. These eight steel balls then rotate on the track of the steel ring. Finally, make an iron cage and fix these steel balls on the inside of the steel ring so that they do not collide with each other. ”

Hearing He Zhiyuan's words, the ten craftsmen were stunned. They hadn't seen a rolling bearing, and they didn't know what He Zhiyuan was talking about when he said this.

Seeing that these craftsmen were in a fog by what he said, He Zhiyuan took them to the five empty rooms in the research institute, which were originally prepared for the study of steam engines, and each room had a furnace for finding iron and burning steel, as well as tools for turning sand, molding, polishing, and grinding.

These five rooms are temporary places for the ten of them, and now it is freezing outside, and there is no way to build a house, and only after the spring of next year can they find a place to build a factory and let them move there.

He Zhiyuan divided the ten of them into five groups, two people in each group, and began to teach them in groups.

In the same way, he divided the production of bearings into five processes.

The first process is to make two steel rings, one large and one small. The second process is a small cut steel rod, as the raw material for making rolling balls, and then the raw materials are heated in the furnace, and then the raw materials of the steel balls that are burned soft are put on the steel mold and beaten, and the small sections of steel are beaten into rolling balls. The third step is to polish the ball with a good porcelain clay grinding wheel and a stainless steel disc to eliminate burrs and polish the steel balls. The fourth step is to make two cages with iron sheets, clamp the balls on both sides, and fix the steel balls to the predetermined position of the track. The last step is to assemble the bearing, that is, put the inner ring and outer ring of the bearing and the steel ball fixed on the cage together, and use a hammer to knock the steel ball between the inner and outer rings with the assistance of special tools.

The machining process of the whole bearing requires very high precision, especially the size of the inner and outer rings of the bearing and the steel ball, which requires a very small dimensional error.

He Zhiyuan assigned these five groups of people to the corresponding processes, and asked each group of personnel to focus only on their own processes, not to care about other processes, and not to understand the operation of other processes.

Then, He Zhiyuan took it again

I drew my own drawings and gave them to the five groups of craftsmen in each process for careful viewing.

After reading the drawings, the ten craftsmen understood a little bit and knew what they had to do.

At this time, a craftsman asked a question: "He Gongzi, the size of this part is so accurate, how should we measure it?" And there are units of these sizes that we haven't heard of. ”

It turned out that He Zhiyuan used modern units of measurement in these drawings, and these units of measurement were only used by people from the Academy of Sciences, and these traditional craftsmen had never even heard of them. As for the question of measurement, in the Institute of Physics this has long been no problem. He Zhiyuan imitated the vernier calipers of later generations, instructed the craftsmen to make several vernier calipers of the Ming Dynasty, and taught them to use vernier calipers.

So He Zhiyuan told them in detail about the new length unit, after all, they were all experienced craftsmen, and they immediately understood such a small problem. Then, He Zhiyuan went to the Institute of Physics to get a few calipers and told them how to measure the inner and outer diameters of steel rings, and how to measure the diameter of steel balls.

Next, He Zhiyuan began to guide them how to build bearings one by one. In fact, He Zhiyuan can let them do it by themselves, but it will take a lot of time and many detours. The bearing is an important mechanical part, which will be used in the next steam engine and cannon, and must now be developed in advance.

The first is to cast the steel ring, this process is simple, and the molten steel is formed by making a mold with fine sand. However, in order to reduce the pores on the steel ring, He Zhiyuan asked the craftsmen to first use fine sand to make a mold, cast a mold of a steel ring with molten steel, and then use this iron mold to cast the steel ring.

Next, a round steel rod is burned red and soft, and a section of steel is cut out with iron tongs as a raw material for making beads.

Next, put the cut raw materials into a furnace and heat them red, then take out the raw materials with pliers, put them on a steel anvil with a semi-circular hole, use a steel stick with a semi-circular hole on the steel ball raw material, beat the steel rod with a hammer, and squeeze the raw material into a ball.

After obtaining the rough steel balls, the steel balls are screened with multiple ball sieves to remove the steel balls that are too large or too small, and then the steel balls are deburred and polished with a grinding wheel and grinding disc. After obtaining the smooth steel ball, the steel ball is tempered and heated, and finally poured into the heated oil for quenching to improve the hardness of the steel ball.

Then there is the cage for the production of steel balls, which is cut into rings with iron sheets about one millimeter thick, and then placed on a steel cutting board with semicircular protrusions, and the semicircular grooves are made with a hammer.

Next, the steel balls are placed in the grooves of the two cages, and the two cages are riveted with steel nails, so that the steel balls are fixed in the cage.

The final step is assembly. Since the diameter of the steel ball is 0.1 to 0.5 microns larger than the diameter difference between the two steel rings, it is technically called "interference fit", so it is impossible to insert a fixed cage between the two steel rings by hand. At this time, it is necessary to use special tools to fix the inner and outer steel rings and the cage containing the steel balls, and then use a hammer to knock the cage into the middle of the inner and outer steel rings.

At this point, a bearing is ready.

(End of chapter)

The little people of the Ming Dynasty

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