Historical Bureau, under the Ministry of Secretaries. Guozijian officially set up one member of the sacrificial wine and one member of the priest as the chief and deputy prefects, who were in charge of the decrees of Guozixue, Taixue, Wuxue, and Law. There is also 1 member to participate in the supervisor; There are many doctors of Taixue in each school, and they teach various courses. At the beginning of the Southern Song Dynasty, Guozijian was merged into the Ministry of Rites, and Taixue was rebuilt, and the number of scholars in Taixue increased or decreased from time to time. When the Shenzong was restructured, except for the Guozi Prison, each prison had a supervisor and a young eunuch as the chief and deputy governors, and there were also Cheng and the main secretary under it, and at the same time, the functions and powers of the supervisor were restored.

◎ Ministry of Internal Affairs

The Inner Servant Province was the general body of the eunuchs in the Song Dynasty, and it was also set up in the Inner Servant Province to govern the eunuchs of his cronies. "History of the Song Dynasty - Career Official Six" said: "The number of the Inner Serving Province and the Inner Serving Province is the front and rear provinces, and the Inner Serving Province is particularly close. In the forbidden service, those who serve and prosphegate are subordinate to the introspection. In the arch palace, prepare the duty of sprinkling and sweeping, and serve the miscellaneous goods, and subordinate to the province. "The titles of eunuchs who enter the inner province are all governors, all governors, deputy governors, and guards, inner east head worship officials, inner west head worship officials, inner service palace heads, inner service high grades, inner service high class, inner service Huangmen, etc. The names of the eunuchs in the inner province are known as Zuoban and Deputy Governors; The right class is known, and the deputy is known; Charge class, the inner east head worship officer, the inner west head worship officer; The head of the inner servant, the inner servant high grade, the inner servant high class, the inner servant yellow door, etc. From the worship official to the Yellow Gate, 180 people are fixed. Those who make up for the beginning of the inner service are called the small yellow door, and those who are relocated to the end are the inner yellow door. The senior officials of the eunuchs are called the internal guest envoys, the Yanfu official envoys, the Xuanzheng envoys, the Xuanqing envoys, and the Zhaoxuan envoys. After the restructuring of Yuanfeng, it was changed to Tongshou Doctor, Zhengshou Doctor, Zhongshou Doctor, Zhongliang Doctor, Zhongwei Doctor, Gongwei Doctor, etc. The Song Dynasty did not allow eunuchs to participate in political affairs, so they set up special official ranks so that they would not be confused with scholars. The highest award is "posthumous", On weekdays, only 2 thin deer warriors are also not covered by the deer warriors, and the deer warriors are not spurred by the deer warriors. Lumpi sarcosamine is also a caramel, a carba, a carcas, a carcas, a cara, a cara, a cara, a cara, a car, a 艟Hui Mobei XiWhat is the story of a toad? br/>

◎ Bachelor of Hallym

The central civil institutions of the Song Dynasty included the Hanlin Academy, which also followed the system of the Tang Dynasty. In the Tang Dynasty, there were Hanlin scholars and intellectuals, who were officials of Gu Xiang, who were close contacts of the emperor, and their status was very important. In the Song Dynasty, he specified his seniority and became a kind of clean and noble official. In the Song Dynasty, those who could enter the Hanlin Academy were all literary scholars. The oldest of the bachelors is called the Hanlin Bachelor, and it is hereinafter referred to as the Hanlin Bachelor and the Zhizhi Decree. The undertaking is not permanent, and there is no fixed number of other bachelors. The Academy's functions and powers were to draft the imperial court's edicts, pardons, letters of state, and documents used in the court, and to serve the emperor on patrols and serve as advisors. In fact, it was the emperor's secretariat and staff officer. "General Examination - Vocational Official Examination VIII" cloud: "He is a bachelor of Hanlin, and his career is noble, and he is comparable to the head of the stage, and he is on the road to martial arts!" Other officials who are admitted to the hospital without being awarded a bachelor's degree are called "bachelors of the direct college". If there is a shortage of bachelors, other officials will temporarily write in Chinese, which is called "Academy Quanzhi" or "Hanlin Quanzhi". "History of the Song Dynasty - Zhi Guanzhi II" cloud: "Where he is admitted to the hospital, he has not removed the bachelor, he is called the bachelor of the direct academy, and the Chinese book of the provisional academy of other officials is called the right to be straight." From the beginning of the country to Yuanfeng, the official system was conducted, and the hundreds of divisions were lost, and many corrections were made, and the independent academy inherited the old classics of the Tang Dynasty and did not change. Those who have the name of Hanlin and do not belong to the academy and specialize in explaining the Confucian scriptures to the emperor are called "Hanlin Scholars" or "Hanlin Scholars", and those with lower official ranks are called "Chongzheng Hall Storytellers". After the Divine Sect, there were frequent changes, and he was called the official of the feast, which was generally a part-time job of other officials. In the early Northern Song Dynasty, those who were appointed to other positions, such as the Kaifeng Mansion and the three divisions, did not belong to the academy to serve, so they had to bring the people who knew the system to be in charge of the edict. Directly drafting the hemp system, the reply and the words used in the court for the emperor are called "internal systems"; If it is only called the knowledge system, and at the order of the emperor or the prime minister, the division of the room drafts the system of official promotion, grinding, and changing the dispatch, etc., it is called the "external system", and the general term is "two systems". After the reform of Shenzong Yuanfeng, although the Hanlin bachelor no longer held another position, he still brought knowledge of the system. In case of vacancies, they will serve in the middle of the service, give the matter, and the middle scholar and so on. During the Southern Song Dynasty, there were scholars who were also powerful Hanlin scholars, and did not carry knowledge to make a system.

◎Pavilion Bachelor

Pavilion bachelor, is one of the special systems of the Song Dynasty, in addition to a certain palace scholars, bachelors are mostly the honorary titles of the ruling ministers, there are Longtu Pavilion, Tianzhang Pavilion and other pavilion bachelors, straight bachelors, to be systematic, named Diansi cheats, for the literary attendant officer. In fact, all court officials who serve as foreign officials carry this kind of title, which is not part-time duty. There are also official titles such as the Secret Pavilion, which are called museum positions, which are subject to examinations and are called entrance to the museum. In the Ming and Qing dynasties, some of the Jinshi were admitted to the Hanlin Academy because of their excellent examinations, which was called the choice of the pavilion, which came from this. However, in the late Song Dynasty, the Zhiji Pavilion was a concurrent title for other officials, called Tiezhi, and was not valued. Song Hongmai's "Rong Zhai Essays" volume 16 says:

The choice of the pavilion of the national dynasty, are all handsome in the world, but must try and then life, once this position, then for the celebrity, its high said Jixian Hall repair, history museum repair, Zhilong Pavilion, Zhizhao Wen Museum, History Museum, Jixian Yuan Secret Pavilion; The second is called the school management of the Secret Pavilion of the Virtuous Pavilion. Those who are humble and humble say that the pavilion survey and the history museum review are all called the library duties. Note the lack of officials, must be taken here, without the revision of the note, there is no direct removal of the knowledge of the system, the official to the member of the Lang Lang is appointed, both Chinese and foreign are called bachelors. and the Yuanfeng official system, all those who take the post are moved to an official and dismissed, and the secretary and provincial official are placed, probably with the ministry officer, etc.

In addition, in the Song Dynasty, there was also a title of "palace scholar", including Guanwen Hall Scholar, Bachelor, Senior Scholar of the Palace, Bachelor, Duanming Palace, etc. The qualifications of the temple scholars are extremely high, they have no duties, no masters, they are just attendants in and out of the palace, in preparation for advisers, but they are very people. "General Examination - Vocational Official Examination VIII" says:

Guanwen Temple University Scholar, if he was not the prime minister, he will not be divided; Scholars and Bachelors of the Temple of Literature, Scholars and Bachelors of the Imperial Palace, and those who hold the position of Favored Ministers; Duanming Hall Bachelor, but the bachelor for a long time is divided.

See that the "palace scholar" in the Song Dynasty was a special title for high-ranking officials and favored ministers, and ordinary officials could not be "honored".

Let's talk about several kinds of civil and military officials who served in Beijing.

The civil officials who served in Beijing in the Song Dynasty were divided into two classes according to their ranks: Beijing officials and promoted officials. In the Tang Dynasty, those who served as officials in Beijing from the prime minister down were all called "Beijing officials". Among them, those who can often meet the emperor are called "permanent counselors", and they are also called "non-permanent counselors". The meaning of the Beijing official in the Song Dynasty was different, referring only to the low-level civil officials who did not often participate, which was actually similar to the "non-permanent officials" in the Tang Dynasty. In the early Song Dynasty, there were secretaries of the province's writings, Dali Temple, and the secretary of the provincial school, orthography, and the main book of the superintendent. Song Shenzong reformed the official system, from the bottom to the top of the Chengwu Lang, Chengfeng Lang, Chengshi Lang, Xuanyi Lang, Xuande Lang (Huizong Zhenghe was renamed Xuanjiao Lang) and other five ranks, and its official products were from the ninth grade, the ninth grade and the eighth grade. In the early years of the Song Dynasty, the Ministry of Officials was in charge of the dispatch of Beijing officials. During the time of Taizong, there was a dispatch court, and together with the promoted officials, they were appointed by the dispatch court. After the reform of the Shenzong, the title of Jingguan was abolished, and it was stipulated that in the law and in general official documents, it was called "Chengwulang" or above, but the current custom still followed the old custom of calling Jingguan.

The permanent staff of the Tang Dynasty were called "promoted officials" in the Song Dynasty. This is a general term for the middle and high-ranking officials who met the emperor and participated in the banquet. In the early Northern Song Dynasty, the civil ministers from the crown prince Zhongyun, and the military ministers from the inner temple Chongban and above were all promoted to the court. After Shenzong reformed the official system, Wenchen went from Tong Zhilang to Kaifu Yitong Sansi, and Wuchen cultivated Wulang from Wulang to Taiwei, and was promoted to the court. It was also changed to an official above the attendant officer who went to the vertical arch hall every day to see him, and was called a "regular (Japanese counselor) official"; The court officials of each department of the imperial court go to the Zichen Hall once every five days to meet the court, which is called the "Six Counselors (six times a month) official"; The other is to go to the Zichen Palace to see every Shuo (the first day of the new year) and Wang (fifteenth), called "Shuo Counselor".

Military attachés are divided into three classes according to their ranks: horizontal classes, envoys, and envoys.

At the beginning of the Song Dynasty, the military attache was punished with "three classes", called "only the officer", and there were left and right worship classes. Due to the lack of resources in Taizong, he successively created three classes of borrowing, three classes of service (the original palace in front of the order), the left and right classes of the palace straight, the left and right servants, and the east and west head worship officials, called "little envoys"; The inner temple is chongban, the inner hall is undertaken, and the cabinet door is waiting, called "ambassadors". Both the big and small envoys were ruled by the three classes. In the second year of Hui Zongzhenghe (1112 AD), other military attachés were renamed "Dafu" or "Lang", but the envoys still did not change. During the reign of Emperor Gaozong of the Song Dynasty, the military ranks were re-established, of which the small envoys were eight ranks, and the ambassadors were two ranks.

At the beginning of the Song Dynasty, after the old Tang Dynasty, the envoys and deputy envoys were set up above the three classes, and there were still officials serving as substantive positions, but later he served as the prime minister, calling himself "Taishi", and the general leader of the three provinces of the door, Zhongshu and Shangshu, and changed the left and right servants of Shangshu to "Dazai" and "Shaozai". During the reign of Qinzong Jingkang, Dazai and Shaozai were abolished, and they were replaced by Shangshu left servant shooting and right servant shooting.

The fourth time was the third year of Gaozong Jianyan in the Southern Song Dynasty (1129 AD), officially with the left servant and the right servant and the same Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi, as the prime minister, and the door of the servant and the Zhongshu Shilang changed to participate in the governor's political affairs, as the deputy prime minister. It also abolished the official titles of Shangshu Zuo and Youcheng, and largely restored the system in the early Song Dynasty.

The fifth time is the eighth year of Xiaozong's dry road (1172 AD), and the left and right servants are changed to the left and right ministers under the same book as the left and right prime ministers, and the governor's affairs remain the same. Remove the false names of Zhongshu Ling, Shizhong, and Shangshu Ling. The door is merged into the middle book, called the middle book door down. The left and right prime ministers are in charge of the book, and the head of Shangshu Province, the six ministries directly belong to the prime minister, and the system of Shangshu Province has been abolished invisibly, in fact, this is also the integration of three provinces. From then on, the prime minister became the highest chief executive in the country, and Shangshu Province only controlled six ministries and was ordered to carry out government affairs. At that time, the ministers Yu Yunwen and Liang Kejia were the first left and right prime ministers and concurrently privy envoys.

In addition to the prime minister, there is also the post of "Pingzhang Military Affairs". "History of the Song Dynasty - Zhiguan Zhi I" said that Zhezong Yuan Youzhong, put Pingzhang on the important affairs of the military state, and successively served as Wen Yanbo and Lu Gong. It is located above the prime minister, and is dedicated to the old ministers of high morality, in order to show favor, five or two days a day, and not to the capital hall (political affairs hall) on a non-morning day. However, this official position is only a position of the highest honor, and there are not many "important military affairs" to deal with. In the Southern Song Dynasty, the situation changed somewhat, in the first year of Ningzong's Kaixi (1205 AD), Han Yanxuan was appointed as a military minister of Pingzhang, "the foreshadowed are wide", "the person who is appointed is specialized", and he is good at government affairs. During the time of Li Zong, the power traitor Jia Nidao was also promoted to the position of "Taishi, Pingzhang Military Affairs", stealing the throne for a long time, and his favor was rising, and he was above the prime minister. As a result, the "important affairs of the military and the state of Pingzhang" monopolized the military and political power, and the custom of integrating the military and the government appeared, and the prime minister was relegated to the position of deputy.

At the beginning of the Song Dynasty, the prime minister was called Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi, which was inherited from the Tang Dynasty, and the number of prefects under Zhongshu was not fixed, roughly the same as Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi and the governor of the government at the same time. or three phases and one reference, or three phases without one reference. After Taizong, there were mostly three-phase and two-phase and two-phase and two-phase and two-phase.

In the Tang Dynasty, the governors of the three provinces were the prime ministers and worked in the government hall. The political hall was first set up in Menxia Province, then moved to Zhongshu Province, and finally simply changed its name to "Zhongshu Menxia". At the beginning of the Song Dynasty, although the names of the three provinces of Menxia, Zhongshu and Shangshu remained the same, these were very different from the system of the Tang Dynasty. First of all, the prime minister does not use the governors of the three provinces; The second is that the functions and powers of the three provinces have been transferred. The three provinces of the Tang Dynasty were divided into the power of decision-making, refutation and enforcement. But the power of the three provinces of the Song Dynasty was weakened. This weakening is related to the fact that "the prime minister does not use the governors of the three provinces". "Song Hui Yao Manuscript - Career Official One" recorded that before Yuanfeng reformed the official system, the power of the three provinces was sidelined, and the official office was deserted: "Those in Zhongshu Province and Menxia Province are in their names, and there are two houses outside the imperial city and several official houses. The province of Zhongshu is in charge of the book, the repetition, and the examination of the account, and the provincial master of the door is only in charge of the public opinion, the eight treasures, the court meeting, the newspaper edition, the flow outside, and the examination school. As for Shangshu Province, in fact, it has been gradually abandoned since the end of the Tang Dynasty and the Song Dynasty. Therefore, in the early Northern Song Dynasty, ministers often suggested that the status of Shangshu Province should be restored. For example, in September of the second year of Chunhua of Taizong of the Song Dynasty (991 AD), the right doctor Wang Huaji said five things, one of which was "Fushangshu Province". He suggested that "the three divisions should be abolished, and the six Shangshu provinces should be set up to take charge of their affairs." "The Shangshu Province of the Tang Dynasty was divided into six departments: officials, households, rites, soldiers, criminals, and workers, and held the power of administration, finance, justice, and etiquette. In the Song Dynasty, the selection of officials was also set up by the Inquisitor's Court, "except for those who give it, they are all published in the book, and they are no longer from the Ministry of Officials". The household department is under the three divisions. In this way, the executive power is vested in the government affairs hall, and the financial power is transferred to the three divisions. The establishment of the three divisions was one of the important measures taken by Song Taizu to recover his financial power. Wang Huaji's suggestion of abolishing the "three divisions to practice the book of the province" was naturally not adopted. However, in order to prevaricate public opinion, Song Taizong also gave some improvement to the status of the governor of Shangshu Province. In the third year of Chunhua (992 AD), he was promoted to the third division. However, this did not increase the authority of the Shang Shu Ling, not to mention that the Shang Shu Ling was rarely delegated. Therefore, in the period of Zhidao, Dazhong and Xiangfu (995-1061 AD), there were ministers who constantly raised the issue of restoring the provincial system of Shangshu, but there was no result, and this issue was debated until the reform of Shenzong Yuanfeng. In fact, the division of functions and powers in Shangshu Province was a reflection of the Song Dynasty's decentralization of the power of the central institutions and the strengthening of imperial power. It was this change that later contributed to the demise of the three-province system and its evolution into a one-province system.

◎ Three provinces and six departments

Menxia Province: also known as "Left Province". Its chief is nominally a subordinate servant, but he is rarely appointed, and in fact has no position. The deputy governor is a subordinate servant, and another person is appointed to "judge the affairs of the subordinates" (1) to really take charge of the province. Its subordinate officials include Zuo Sanqi Chang Shi, Zuo Counsel Doctor, Zuo Si Counsel, Zuo Zhengyan and Ministers. The functions and powers of the Ministry of Menxia are in charge of the Emperor's Treasure Seal, the Great Dynasty Society's Throne Edition, Praise and Worship, Xuanhuang, Examination of Foreign Officials and Exiled Foreign Officials, the transfer of the old Zhailang, and the signature of each division. When Shenzong reformed the official system, the actual status and powers of the three provinces were restored, and the Menxia Province was in charge of deliberations, but since the Menxia Shilang became the part-time or deputy prime minister of Shangshu Zuo (Prime Minister), it was no longer related to the ministry of the Menxia Province itself.

Zhongshu Province: also known as "Right Province". Its prefect is named Zhongshu Ling, but in fact he is also nameless. The deputy prefect is the Zhongshu Shilang. He also appointed a Zhongshu Sheren to "judge Zhongshu and save trouble" to truly take charge of the functions and powers of the province. Its subordinate officials include the right scattered cavalry attendant, the middle scholar, the right counselor, the living house, the right secretary, the right Zhengyan, etc. The functions and powers of Zhongshu Province are to be in charge of the suburbs, the emperor's canon, the state and county official examination classes, the recital of Zhailang and other old years, the civil officials to change the chapter uniform, the monks to give the purple cloth master, the origin of the people, and the number of temples and temples (2). After Shenzong reformed the official system, the Zhongshu Province was in charge of issuing orders. However, since Zhongshu Shilang became a part-time or deputy prime minister of Shangshu's right servant (prime minister), he was no longer related to the ministry of Zhongshu Province itself.

The left and right scattered cavalry attendants of the two provinces of Menxia and Zhongshu, the left and right counselors, the left and right counselors, and the left and right Zhengyan, are commonly known as "officials of the two provinces" (3). The living lang of Menxia Province and the Zhongshu House of Zhongshu Province are called "small provincial officials". ④。 The free riders, the attendants, and the doctors are called "the officials of the two provinces" (5). In the early Northern Song Dynasty, although the officials of the two provinces were called admonishers, they were not allowed to admonish unless the emperor specifically ordered to serve.

Shangshu Province: also known as "Capital Province". Its chief is nominally Shang Shuling, as well as the left and right servants, the left and right Cheng, etc., but Shang Shuling is never appointed. In fact, in addition, those who are above the third grade or a bachelor are appointed as "the right to judge the book and save trouble". The functions and powers of Shangshu Province are to govern the six departments of officials, households, rites, soldiers, criminals, and workers, and the 24 divisions of the division, including the division of seals, divisions, meritorious examinations, and degree branches, and are in charge of agreeing on the names of officials, ancestral sacrifices, taking oaths, giving gifts to civil and military attachés in Beijing, paying candidates for the first time, and moving and supplementing the officials of the 24 divisions. Shangshu Province has six departments and twenty-four divisions, which are divided into the left division and the right division, the left division is in charge of the official department (under the jurisdiction of the secretary, the secretary, the meritorious examination), the household department (under the jurisdiction of the branch, the gold department, the warehouse department), the ritual department (under the jurisdiction of the ancestral hall, the host and guest, the food department); The Right Division is in charge of the Military Department (under the jurisdiction of the Staff, the Driving Department, and the Treasury Department), the Xing Department (under the jurisdiction of the Metropolitan Officials, the Comparison Department, and the Division), and the Ministry of Industry (under the jurisdiction of the Tuntian, Yu Department, and the Water Department). The left and right divisions each have 1 Lang Zhong and 1 Wai Lang.

During the reign of Song Taizu, he set up the Liuneiquan (referred to as the Quansi) and appointed two members of the "Right to Judge Liunequan", who were in charge of the selection of candidates, the adjudication of cases, and the preparation of dispatches. In addition, a three-class academy was set up, and a "three-class court" was appointed to "know the affairs of the three classes" or "to act as the three-class court", and the number of members was indefinite, and it was responsible for the examination of military officials such as the worship officials of the east and west, and the preparation of dispatches (1). During the reign of Taizong, the Mokan Jing Dynasty Official Yuan and the Mokan Shogunate Prefecture County Official's Yuan, collectively known as the Mokan Yuan, were responsible for the assessment of the officials and the selection of people in the Jing Dynasty. Subsequently, the official court of the Beijing Dynasty was changed to the "Court of Judges" and the official court of the Prefecture of the Makushu Prefecture was changed to the "Examination Academy" (2). During the reign of Taizong, he also set up the "Beijing Dynasty Official Dispatch Academy", which was responsible for the dispatch of the Beijing Dynasty officials under the supervision of Shaoqing. In the fourth year of Chunhua (993 AD), it was also incorporated into the Inquisition. In the third year of Shenzong Xining (1070 AD), the Western Court of the Inquisitor was set up, which was in charge of the grinding and dispatch of the envoys from the Wuchen Pavilion to the envoys. It also changed the Court of Judges to the East Court of Judges, which was in charge of the evaluation of merits and demerits of officials below the level of Wenchen Jing, the description of their ranks, and the planning of dispatch. Each of the two courts has 1 member of the prefect and 1 member of the same court, and 2 members of the chief bookkeeper. In the fifth year of Yuanfeng (1082 AD), as one of the measures to comprehensively reform the official system, the law of Quanzhu was all attributed to the Ministry of Officials, and the Eastern Court of the Judge was abolished and changed to the left selection of the Ministry of Officials, the official in charge of sending Lu in Beijing and the Wenchen who was not awarded by the Zhongshu; revoke the flow of the Quanquan and change it to the left election of the servant of the ministry, and the minister in charge of the selection from the beginning to the election; The Western Court of the Inquisitor was abolished and replaced by the right election of the Ministry of Officials, in charge of the promotion of officials and above, and the military ministers whose positions were not removed from the Privy Council; The third class was abolished and changed to the right election of the servant of the Ministry of Officials, and the military minister in charge of the lieutenant and above from Yoshiro. According to the "History of the Song Dynasty - Career Officials III", from then on, the government decrees of the above and military officials, such as the selection, drafting, responsibility, promotion, resumption, shadow supplement, and examination of the above-mentioned and military officials, as well as the system of knighthood, policy honor, reward and punishment, and palace chief, were all under the control of the Ministry of Officials. The chief of the Ministry of Officials is the Secretary of the Ministry of Justice, with one member, and the deputy chief is the Servant of the Ministry of Officials, under which there are two members of Lang Zhong and Wai Lang, who are in charge of the left and right selection of Shangshu and the left and right selection of the Waiter. In addition, there are two members of Si Feng, Si Xun, Lang Zhong and Lang Wai Lang, and one member of the official in charge of the official court.

Household Department: At the beginning of the Song Dynasty, three divisions were set up to manage the national finance, and the household department had almost no duties, only appointing a member of the "Household Department" to accept local tribute, and display it in the palace at that time. During the reform of the official system of Shenzong, the three divisions were abolished, and the national financial plan was returned to the Ministry of Households. The household department is in charge of household registration, land, and money valley decrees, as well as tribute and conscription. There is a member of the household department, and one member of the left and right Cao Shilang. Lang Zhong and Wai Lang each have two members, and two members of the Degree Branch, the Gold Department, and the Warehouse Department. Zuo Cao is in charge of household registration, taxes, tribute, levy and other matters, and Right Cao is in charge of Changping, exemption, Baojia, Yicang and other matters. The degree is in charge of the national budget, and the income is within the means; The Ministry of Gold is in charge of the country's monetary receipts and expenditures, which are hidden in the treasury; The warehouse department is in charge of warehouse storage and revenue and expenditure.

Ministry of Rites: At the beginning of the Song Dynasty, Taichang Temple was established. During the time of Zhenzong, there was also a ceremonial institute in charge of ceremonial matters. The Ministry of Rites only appoints a member of the "Ministry of Rites" to be in charge of the imperial examination, and to make up for Taizhou Sailang and other matters. During the reign of the Emperor of the Gods, the Taichang Rite Temple was abolished, and its functions and powers were transferred to the Ministry of Rites. The Ministry of Rites has one member of the Shangshu and one waiter, and one member of the Lang Zhong and the Wai Lang. The Ministry of Rites consists of three divisions: the ancestral department, the host and guest, and the catering department. In charge of ceremonies, sacrifices, court meetings, banquets, schools, and imperial examinations.

Military Department: At the beginning of the Song Dynasty, the Privy Council was set up to be in charge of military decrees, and the selection of military ministers was under the responsibility of the Third Class Court and the Western Court of the Judges. At the time of Shenzong, there was a member of the military department Shangshu and Shilang, and one member of the four divisions of the staff, the driving department, the treasury department and the headquarters, and one member of the outer department, whose powers were slightly expanded, and were in charge of the militia, archers, box troops, soldiers, and leftovers, and the martial arts of the samurai school to test their martial arts, and the inheritance of ethnic minority officials.

Criminal Department: The Criminal Department of the early Song Dynasty is one of the highest judicial bodies, in charge of the national criminal administration, and hears and restores the Dali Temple's Dabi cases. During the reign of Emperor Taizong, the trial and criminal court was established, and the trial and review power of the criminal department was transferred to the trial and criminal court, and the trial and criminal court became the other highest judicial body in the country. During the reign of Emperor Shenzong, the Criminal Court and the Department of Pickets in Beijing were abolished, and the power of trial and review was returned to the Criminal Department, and since then, the functions and powers of the Criminal Department have been greatly expanded, and it is in charge of the national criminal law, prison proceedings, recitals, pardons, and repetitions. set up one member of the criminal department and two servants; Lang Zhong and Wai Lang, two members of the headquarters, one member of each of the Metropolitan Officials, the Ministry of Comparison, and the Division. The headquarters of Langzhong and the staff of the Lang Lang, and divided into two halls, the left hall and the right hall, each with two members, the left hall is in charge of the detailed recovery, and the right hall is in charge of Xuxue.

Ministry of Industry: At the beginning of the Song Dynasty, there was only one member of the "Ministry of Judgment", and the functions and powers of the Ministry of Tuntian, Yu and Water were all assigned to the "Three Divisions", and the Ministry of Industry had very few powers. During the reform of the official system of Shenzong, the "three divisions" were abolished, and the Ministry of Industry resumed its powers. There is one member of the Ministry of Works, one member of the Ministry of Works, one member of the Ministry of Tuntian, one member of the Ministry of Yu, and one member of the Ministry of Water, and one member of the Ministry of Foreigners, who are in charge of the national city walls, palaces, boats, vehicles, instruments, coins, canals, and other government decrees. During the Southern Song Dynasty, the Military Weapons Supervision and the Capital Water Supervision were merged into the Ministry of Industry, and the functions and powers of the Ministry of Industry were further expanded. The Ministry of Industry is also in charge of the Ordnance Institute and the Wensi Academy; During the reign of Emperor Gaozong, he also set up a manufacturing institute for the manufacture of imperial weapons, and appointed two officials and several officials to supervise and supervise the manufacture of weapons. Wensi Yuan is responsible for the manufacture of gold, silver, rhino jade and other utensils, and has one magistrate and three supervisors.

◎ The Privy Council and the Three Offices

The Privy Council is the highest body of the Prime Minister, referred to as the "Privy Council". In the Song Dynasty, the Privy Council and the Zhongshu Sect jointly held the power of literature and martial arts, and were called the "two mansions" in the east and west. "History of the Song Dynasty - Zhiguan Zhi II" says:

At the beginning of the Song Dynasty, following the system of five dynasties, the Privy Council was placed, and the Chinese book was on the palm of the text and the two handles of Wu, and it was called "Erfu".

and "General Examination - Vocational Official Examination IV" said:

At the end of the Tang Dynasty, all the envoys were led by the ministers, and the privy envoys began to share power with the prime minister. Descended to five generations, changed to scholars, and the privy envoys were all ministers of the heart of the Son of Heaven...... Its weight is higher than that of the Prime Minister. Taizu was appointed to be the prime minister in charge of civil affairs, the governor of political affairs, the privy envoy in charge of military affairs, and the deputy envoy.

The Privy Counsellor shall be the Chief Privy Councillor or Privy Councillor, and the Deputy Counsellor shall be called the Deputy Privy Councillor or the Privy Councillor, and shall sign the Privy Council or the Privy Council. It consists of the capital and the deputy commander, who are responsible for "announcing the decree and leading the affairs of the hospital", which are served by the military attaché. There is also an editorial officer, who is not fixed. The Privy Council "holds the military register, the tiger charm", and if it is approved by the emperor, it has the right to mobilize troops and horses. The status of the privy envoy is slightly lower than that of the prime minister, and he is collectively referred to as the "consul" along with the governor of the council, the servant of the men, the servant of the middle book, and the squire of the scholar. The official title of privy envoy was set up in the time of Taizong of the Tang Dynasty, but the privy envoy of the Tang Dynasty was only responsible for managing military intelligence, confidential information, etc., which was concurrently held by eunuchs, and this official title was retained until the fifth dynasty. The reason why the privy envoys of the Song Dynasty raised their status so high and their power was so great was related to the class contradictions and political situation at home and abroad at that time. The class contradictions in the Song Dynasty were quite acute from the beginning. In the early years of the Northern Song Dynasty, Wang Xiaobo and Li Shun rebelled. On the border, there is also the juxtaposition of ethnic minority regimes such as the Khitan and the Western Xia, forming an urgent situation of border defense. Internal and external troubles made the Song Dynasty need a fairly large army to resist the invasion of ethnic minorities and suppress the resistance of the people at home, so a strong institution was needed to manage this army, which is why the Song Dynasty established the Privy Council. At the same time, the establishment of privy envoys to weaken the power of the prime minister was also an important measure to strengthen the imperial power. Therefore, after the restructuring of Yuanfeng, the Privy Council was still preserved. However, the relationship between the privy envoys of the Northern Song Dynasty and the Zhongshu was extremely abnormal. Wang Mingqing's "Wave Lu-Houlu" said: "The privy envoy performs every dynasty, and the Chinese book is successively published, and the two do not know each other, so they are often suspicious. "Song Shenzong's Imperial Stenda Dao also said that the battle guards the safety of the government, the book is the main fight, and the privy envoy is the main guard, so how can you win? It is clearly pointed out that the disadvantages of this kind of mutual containment have caused by the distortion of the major policies of the militaristic state. The rulers of the Southern Song Dynasty accepted this lesson, and in order to deal with regular foreign wars, they had to implement the integration of military and political affairs, and set up the official title of "Pingzhang Military Affairs".

In the early years of the Northern Song Dynasty, the system of the Later Zhou Dynasty was still followed, and all the forbidden troops were led by the front division of the palace and the division of the guards. However, Zhao Kuangyin made major adjustments to the personnel arrangements, organizational establishment, and deployment of the forbidden army. According to the record of volume 2 of the "Long Edition": One night in the second year of Jianlong (961 AD), Zhao Kuangyin invited Shi Shouxin, Wang Xianqi, Gao Huaide and others, the main generals of the forbidden army, who had helped him seize power, to drink, and told them that he was worried all day after becoming emperor, and it was better to be modest. Shi Shouxin and others said that now that the destiny of heaven has been decided, who would dare to have different intentions? Zhao Kuangyin said, although you have no dissenting intentions, if your subordinates are greedy for wealth and nobility, once the yellow robe is added to you, you can't do it if you want to! Shi Shouxin and others understood Zhao Kuangyin's meaning, and were shocked, and the next day they became ill and took the initiative to ask for their military dismissal. Zhao Kuangyin promised to give them preferential treatment and form a family with them to form a family of children and daughters, saying that in this way, "there will be no suspicion between the monarch and the minister", Zhao Kuangyin transferred Shi Shouxin and others to other places to serve as envoys and break away from the army they originally controlled. After Zhao Kuangyin relieved Shi Shouxin and others of military power, he promoted a group of people with relatively young qualifications and easy control to be generals of the forbidden army. But even these people are strictly controlled and guarded against everywhere.

At the same time, Zhao Kuangyin also canceled the two positions of the front of the palace and the deputy of the palace, and the front of the palace was commanded, the guards and horses were commanded, and the guards and infantry were commanded, respectively, leading the forbidden army, collectively known as the "three ya", and they did not belong to each other. From then on, the forbidden army had no commander, and the generals were under the orders of the emperor himself. Under the command of the "three ya" chiefs, each has a deputy commander, and the deputy commander is one member each. During the Zhenzong period, the position of the two guards was abolished. During the Southern Song Dynasty, the front division of the palace was in charge of the names of the commanders of the classes, straight and infantry, and cavalry in front of the palace, and the names of the commanders of the guards and horses and the infantry army division. He is also responsible for the management, training, garrison, promotion, reward and punishment of the subordinate army. The "three ya" is different from the military power held by the privy envoy: the privy envoy has the power of the army, but does not have the weight of commanding the army; Sanya has the weight of commanding troops, but has no right to soldiers.

◎ Three envoys

The Third Division was the highest financial institution in the early Northern Song Dynasty and was known as the "Ji Province". At the end of the Tang Dynasty, the tax law was chaotic, and the revenue from the field and ding taxes could not sustain the huge expenses of the dynasty, and the country's fiscal revenue mainly relied on salt and iron and degree expenditure. Five generations later, Tang Mingzong began to set up the "three divisions" of salt and iron, degree branch and household department, and followed it in the early Song Dynasty. The functions of the three divisions are to oversee the tribute of all parts of the country and the finances of the state. The chief is the three envoys, and his power is no different from that of the government, and he is known as the "plan". "History of the Song Dynasty, Career Official Chronicles II" says:

At the beginning of the country, along the system of five generations, the envoy was calculated by the total country, and it should be four

The entry of tribute, the imperial court is not predetermined, one belongs to the three divisions, and the salt and iron, the degree branch, and the household department are in charge, and the name is "counting the province", and the sub-government is in power, and the purpose is "counting the phase".

The deputy chief of the three divisions is the deputy envoy of the three divisions. During the time of Taizong of the Song Dynasty, he dismissed the three envoys, and set up three envoys of salt and iron, degree branch, and household. During the Zhenzong period, the three envoys were dismissed, and one of the three envoys was re-established, and the deputy envoy of salt and iron, the deputy envoy of the degree branch and the deputy envoy of the household department were set up. There are seven cases under the salt and iron, namely, the military case, the case of the army, the case of commercial tax, the case of salt, the case of tea, the case of iron, and the case of establishment, etc., which are in charge of the national mining and metallurgy, tea, salt, commercial tax, canals, and weapons. There are eight cases under the degree of support: the reward case, the money and silk case, the grain case, the Changping case, the transportation case, the riding case, the Hudou case, and the Baiguan case, which are in charge of the number of national financial endowments. There are five cases under the household department: the household tax case, the upper supply case, the repair case, the song case, and the clothing and grain case, which are in charge of the national household registration, two taxes, and liquor tax. The subsidiary bodies of the three divisions, according to the "History of the Song Dynasty - Zhi Guan Zhi II", include the Grinding and Exploration Division, the Revenue and Expenditure Division, the Detention Division, the Metropolitan Debt Division, the Metropolitan Reliance Division, the Opening and Folding Division, the Letting Division, the Hooking Division, the Urging Division, and the Receiving Division. This shows the breadth of the powers of the three divisions and the complexity of their affairs. In the early Northern Song Dynasty, most of the country's financial expenditure relied on the three divisions, which actually replaced many positions in Shangshu Province. When Yuanfeng reformed the official system, although the three divisions were abolished, they were still under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Household and the Ministry of Industry, and the case was changed to the Ordnance Supervisor, and these reforms seemed to be more reasonable. However, after all, the financial plan is not something that the household department can do, so at the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, there were general financial officials and general envoys to take charge of it.

In the early Northern Song Dynasty, the Zhongshu Sect was in charge of civil affairs, the Privy Council was in charge of military affairs, and the three departments were in charge of finance. After the reform of the Divine Sect, the prime minister was actually in charge of finances. During the Southern Song Dynasty, the prime minister concurrently served as a privy envoy and was also in charge of part of the military and political affairs. In this way, the prime minister regained the power of civil affairs, finances, and part of the military administration.

◎ Supervisory Bodies

The Song Dynasty supervision organs, following the Tang system, set up the imperial history platform in the center, and set up three courtyards under it, "Song History-Zhiguan Zhi IV" said: "It belongs to three courts: one is called the Taiwan Academy, serving the imperial history of the Yan; The second is the palace, and the palace serves the imperial history; The third is called the procuratorate, supervising the imperial history. "The Imperial Historical Observatory has the Imperial Historian and the Imperial Historian. The Imperial Historian was nominally the highest official of the Imperial Historical Observatory, but at the beginning of the Song Dynasty, he did not remove the main officer, but only awarded it to other officials as an additional official. If the inspector has a constitutional title, there is a doctor who inspects the school. After Yuanfeng changed the official system, it was removed together. Therefore, the Imperial History Zhongcheng became the real prefect of the Imperial History Observatory, called the Chief; The deputy prefect is the governor of the imperial history. The duties of the imperial historian are "to picket the evil of the officials and to correct the discipline." The big things are distinguished, and the small things are played. "From the prime minister to the ordinary petty officials, they are all among the impeachments of the imperial history supervision. Those who have a low official rank and serve as the palace servant of the imperial history, or supervise the imperial history, are called "supervising the imperial history". In addition, there are also two magistrates who are in charge of hearing criminal cases. In the imperial history of the three courts, comments on the government or impeachment of officials, according to the regulations, they must first report to Zhongcheng. During the reign of Renzong, after Liu Yun served as Zhongcheng, there was no need to consult the chief of the station for the words of the imperial history (1).

The magistrate is responsible for the supervision of the magistrate. At the same time, the emperor also often sent transfer envoys, inspection envoys, and observation envoys to various places to supervise, all of which belonged to the foreign imperial history. The envoy was originally in charge of finances, but he also served as a supervisory officer. During the Southern Song Dynasty, the powers of the local supervisors were increased, and the pacification envoys were called marshals, and when the prime minister went out to patrol, although it was Dianzhou, he must also hold this position. Later, he set up two envoys to pacify the envoys, and he did not lead the state but was above the marshals of the roads, and became the governor of the road. Kaiyuan Dynasty Province undertook to announce the political secretary, and the Kaiyuan Dynasty was the forerunner of the judicial system.

The number of imperial historians in the Song Dynasty was not customized, and the number depended on the emperor's will.

The officials of the Song Dynasty were called Si Zhi and Zhengyan. The duty of the counselor was to criticize and advise the emperor, but in reality he failed to perform his duties in vain. In the end, it was mixed with the imperial history and specialized in supervising officials. According to the regulations, the counselors had to report to the emperor once a month, which was called the "monthly class". They reported to the emperor what they usually heard casually, and there was no need to have evidence, and they were called "wind bombers" at that time. If the performance is false, the admonitor does not have to be punished. If the advisor of the Imperial Historical Observatory does not correct the bullet within 100 days after taking office, he will be dismissed as a foreign official or fined "insulting Taiwan". This kind of provision further encourages the abuse of the power of impeachment by the imperial historian. For example, when Song Shenzong was in the imperial history Tang Yuan (d^ng, sound cave), he once played Wang Anshi and talked nonsense, but Shenzong did not blame him. Therefore, the prime minister of the Song Dynasty was greatly restrained and helpless. According to the regulations, the post of Taiwan adviser cannot be held by a person who has a relationship with the prime minister, let alone be nominated and recommended by the prime minister, so the relationship between the Taiwan adviser and the prime minister is extremely tense. At that time, it was said that the prime minister and the imperial history platform were hostile strongholds, and they hated each other. Regarding this relationship, Wang Fuzhi commented in volume 4 of the "Song Treatise":

The prime minister uses the son of heaven to listen, the prime minister who gives the official to listen, and the son of heaven who listens to the gains and losses; The ring phase is the rule, and the work is the work. Those who advise officials are also ...... The edict of Renzong that the prime minister should not be hired as a Taiwan official, and those who are not the sponsors of Zhongcheng and miscellaneous officials should not be removed, saying: "If the prime minister uses the Taiwan officials himself, the prime minister will not dare to speak of his mistakes." "Woohoo! The Song Dynasty prospered with words, and the government was disordered in the court, the people worked in the wilderness, the situation was in Xinjiang, and the day was reduced to death, and it began to exist. Before the Song Dynasty, the imperial historians were separated from the Taiwanese officials, and the Song Dynasty was actually merged into one, mainly used to supervise officials to see whether they were loyal to the emperor, but not to check whether they were loyal to their duties. Although this has been the case in all dynasties, the Song Dynasty is particularly prominent. In the Song Dynasty, with the strengthening of the imperial power, the officials did not dare to persuade the emperor's mistakes, so there was actually no difference between the officials and the imperial historians, and they were all responsible for impeaching the officials.

From the above, the four major powers of the central organs of the Song Dynasty are very clearly divided, and in short, they are divided between the emperor. These centralized measures of the rulers of the Song Dynasty became more and more stringent, even reaching the level that "the more detailed the details, the denser the denser, the shaking of hands and feet, and the law prohibited". Yang Wanli's "Chengzhai Collection" volume 69 records such an event: Song Taizu once ordered Houyuan to build a lavender cage, a few days did not succeed, Taizu angrily blamed the left and right, the ministers replied that this matter must go through Shangshu Province, the headquarters, the temple, the bureau and many other passes, and wait until the procedures are completed step by step, and then the emperor's approval of the word "Yi", and then the party is made, Song Taizu was furious after hearing it, and asked the prime minister Zhao Pu and said: "When I am in the people, I use dozens of dollars to buy a lavender cage." This is the Son of Heaven, but not for a few days, why not? Zhao Pu replied: "This is a self-contained system, not for Your Majesty, but for Your Majesty's descendants, so that future generations if they are unreasonable to create extravagant things, destroy money and goods, and send them everywhere, they must have a Taiwan counsel, and this rule is also profound." After hearing this, Taizu turned his anger into joy and said: "This is wonderful! See, the rulers of the Song Dynasty enacted various "legal systems" for two purposes, one was to make "the government come from one", "the power belongs to the top", and "the registration of a soldier, the source of wealth, and the defense of a place are all done by the masters themselves." (1) Hundreds of officials are just "obeying the law". As a result, from the central to the local, "the upper and lower dimensions are mutually dimensional, such as the body makes the arm, and the arm makes the fingers", achieving unprecedented concentration and unity; The second is to set it as the "law of the ancestors", requiring the descendants to "abide by it" to ensure the long-term peace and stability of the Zhao dynasty.

◎ Temples

Nine Temples: refers to Taichang, Zongzheng, Guanglu, Weiwei, Taifu, Taili, Honglu, Sinong, Taifu and other temples. In the early period of the Northern Song Dynasty, although the name of the nine temples was retained, most of them had become idle officials, and one or two members of the court officials were appointed to serve as "judge the affairs of the temple". Among them, only Dali and Taichang temples still have some powers. During the time of Shenzong, the nine temples each had their own duties, and set up 1 member of the chief secretary and 1 member of the young secretary of the temple, as well as 1-2 members of the chief secretary and the main book. But the temple positions are uneven, when Huizong of the Song Dynasty, Wang Dechen has such an account in the "Scherzo" under the volume of "History of the Emperor": Taifu Temple has many field affairs, known as "busy Qing" Sinong Temple is in charge of the warehouse, known as "going Qing"; Guanglu Temple is in charge of the sacrifice and supply of wine and food, known as "full Qing"; Honglu Temple is in charge of the tributaries of the neighboring countries and is known as the "sleeping king". During the Southern Song Dynasty, the two temples of Guanglu and Honglu were merged into the Ministry of Rites; The two temples of Weiwei and Taifu were merged into the military department.

Eunuchs: The Song Dynasty successively set up six eunuchs, including Guozi, Shaofu, Jiangzuo, Military Weapons, Dushui, and Sitian. The basic situation of the prisons in the early Song Dynasty was that Guozijian was the highest institution of learning in the country, and after Renzong, it became the general body in charge of schools across the country. The main ministry of the Shaofu Supervisor was assigned to the Wensi Yuan and the Houyuan Workshop, and the Supervisor was only responsible for the manufacture of door halberds, sacred clothes, and festivals. The superintendent was also only in charge of sacrifices, supply of cattle cards, town stones, incense, water and other matters, and the decrees related to civil craftsmen and the renovation of the capital were all under the control of the "three divisions" construction case. In the third year of Renzong Jiayou (1058 AD), the "Three Divisions" river canal case was revoked, and the capital water supervisor was set up to take charge of the repair of the river. In the sixth year of Shenzong Xining (1073 AD), the "Three Divisions" case was revoked, and another weapons supervisor was set up to take charge of the manufacture of weapons. Si Tianjian is responsible for observing astronomical auspiciousness, missing bells and drums, and compiling almanacs. In addition to the Si Tianjian supervisor, each supervisor has 1-2 members of the "judgment supervisor", or 1 member of the "same judgment supervisor", as well as the secretary and the chief bookkeeper. When Shenzong reformed the official system, he abolished Si Tianjian and gradually became a rank official. From the envoy of the imperial city to the envoy of the treasury, a total of forty envoys, are the envoys of the divisions; His deputy is the deputy envoy of the various departments. "History of the Song Dynasty - Zhiguan Zhi IX" cloud: "The Imperial City makes the following twenty names called the East Class, and Luo Yuan makes the following twenty names called the West Class." At the beginning, there were still those who were officials, and then they were prosecutors. "The East and West classes are named after the direction in which they are aligned. The envoys and deputy envoys changed their names to the second year of Hui Zongzheng and the second year (1112 AD), "History of the Song Dynasty - Zhiguan Zhi IX" cloud: "In the second year of Zhenghe, it was Zhao Yi with a new name, and the main envoy was the doctor, and the deputy envoy was Lang. "The officials of the eastern and western classes are all positive and seven-grade.

The higher martial rank than the envoys is the horizontal class, or the horizontal line, and there are also main and deputy envoys. The main envoy is the envoy of the guest province, the envoy of the guest province, the introduction of the envoy, the envoy of the Quartet, the envoy of the east cabinet, and the envoy of the west cabinet; The deputy envoy is the deputy envoy of the guest province, and the deputy envoy is introduced, the deputy envoy of the East Cabinet Gate, the deputy envoy of the West Cabinet Gate, etc., a total of ten orders. At the time of the pilgrimage, it was located in front of the eastern class and lined up in a horizontal row. In the second year of Zhenghe (1112 AD), he also corrected the envoy to the doctor, and the deputy envoy to the lang, a total of 12 orders. In the sixth year of Zhenghe (1116 A.D.), ten orders were added, such as Xuanzheng Doctor, Xuanzheng Lang, Doctor Xuanzheng, Doctor Xuzhenglang, Doctor Xiezhong, Doctor Yiwei, Doctor Yiweilang, Doctor Qinwei, and Doctor Qinweilang, which are commonly known as Hengban. The main envoy is the official from the fifth rank to the sixth grade, and the deputy envoy is from the seventh rank official.

In the sixth year of the dry road (1170 A.D.), Xiaozong wanted to clear the choice of the pavilion door, and put ten members of the pavilion door, in order to wait for the martial arts to enter the official, the picket of the palace etiquette is out of control, and also serve, if the emperor is lucky, as an entourage, called "cabinet job", such as the civil official of the pavilion. This position was first summoned by the Ministry of Books and then appointed. Chunxi, and put the ban on the waiting, from the Zhongxun Lang below, Bingyi Lang above the fill; The cabinet must be filled by a person who is strategic, good at arching horses, and has served in the frontier. During the Song Ningzong period, special attention was paid to the selection of such officials, and the "History of the Song Dynasty - Zhiguan Zhi VI" said: "At the beginning of the Qing Yuan Dynasty, the chief of the Shenyan Pavilion chose his subordinate order, and the people who were not famous in the right department did not call for the examination in advance, and they thought that the right column was clear and elected." Those who take the office of the cabinet door are called "cabinet positions".

The military position is to serve as the closest attendant of the most trusted to bring imperial equipment, this is because the emperor was mostly in the army in the fifth dynasty, so there is this habit. In the Song Dynasty, people who are not very close to them are not allowed to carry weapons as guards on the left and right. "History of the Song Dynasty - Zhiguan Zhi VI" said: "At the beginning of the Song Dynasty, those who were close to the military cadres of more than three classes were selected to wear a sword, a sword, or a minister, and the name was "royal belt". In the first year of Xianping (998 AD), it was changed to "with imperial equipment." "In the second year of Song Renzong's reign (1035 AD), it was determined that the number of its people should not exceed 6. "Career Official Zhi VI" also contains the Privy Council speech in the seventh year of Shaoxing (1137 AD): "The official with the imperial instrument should be inserted." Song Gaozong said: "This official was supposed to be safe, but now he is wearing a number of arrows, and I don't know what to do." Fang Chengping, to decorate with pearls and jade, every time the car is driven, it is just for the beauty of the view. He will be restored in the day, and all these things shall be gone. Although Shaoxing in the 29th year of the edict again with 4 members of the imperial equipment, in fact, it was only used as decoration.

There are also several kinds of foreign officials sent by the central government, which are different from the previous generation, and it must be explained:

In the Song Dynasty, the festival envoy and the observation envoy were collectively called the "two envoys". Since the end of the Tang Dynasty, the festival has made its power heavy and extremely indiscriminate. The Song Dynasty sent Wenchen to know the military state affairs and replace the Jiedu to make the post, so the Jiedu made the power exhausted, and the official position was improved, only the prince's relatives and the former generals and ministers had special qualifications, and they were awarded this official. However, the name of such and such a way or such and such a military festival envoy does not actually perform his duties. For example, in Yuanfengzhong, the Zhenjiang Military Festival made the inspection school Taifu Han Jiang as the Kaifu Yi and the three divisions and sentenced the Daimyo's Mansion, among which the Zhenjiang Military Jiedu made the false title, and the Daimyo's Mansion was the actual position. Those who make the Zhongshu order or serve the Zhongshu or Zhongshu Men are called the envoys, and the inspectors and school officials add the festival degrees to judge the prefecture, which is also called the envoys. The observation of the festival was originally the name of the Tang Dynasty domain town with its cronies to stay in the rear affairs, as the official name of the second level of the festival envoy, and later changed to the Chengxuan envoy. In addition, observation, defense envoys, regimental training envoys, and assassin history are all used as fictitious titles, although they carry the name of a state, but they do not perform the duties of a state, and are called "Yao County".

In the Song Dynasty, the festival envoys and observation envoys existed in name only, but the judges, envoys, secretaries, and officials under the two envoys were still the same, and even the defense, regimental training, and military states still had shoguns, as the initial level of entering the official, which was a peculiar system. The judge is also referred to as signing the judge's office, which is referred to as signing the judgment. The officials under the signing of the judgment are actually idle positions.

◎ Military system

The military system of the Song Dynasty was very complex, with the forbidden army, the box army, the township soldiers, and the Fan soldiers. The main military force that maintained the feudal regime of the Song Dynasty was the Forbidden Army. The defense of the capital, the garrison of the borders, the external war, and the internal suppression of the people mainly relied on the forbidden army. The forbidden army turned out to be the emperor's guards. The name of the forbidden army began in the Tang Dynasty, when there were few of them. Many of the emperors of the five dynasties were climbed up by the Jiedu envoys. After they ascended the throne of the emperor, they often transferred the army they had commanded to the central government as a forbidden army as their own personal soldiers. When Zhu Wen of the Later Liang Dynasty, he already had the name of "Guarding the Army". In the Later Han Dynasty, the commander of the guards and pro-army, the commander of the guards and the pro-army, and the Ma Bu army, all held great power. Later, in order to strengthen the power of the central government, in addition to retaining the guards and pro-army, he also ordered the selection of strong men from all over the country to Kaifeng, and Zhao Kuangyin, who was in charge of the palace at that time, selected the strong martial arts to be organized into the classes in front of the palace, and also as a forbidden army, and more credible than the guards and pro-army. The Song Dynasty set up a palace in the capital, and placed one person in charge of the capital, the deputy commander of the capital, and one person in charge of the capital, according to the "History of the Song Dynasty - Career Official Zhi VI": "The name of the commander of the front of the palace and the infantry and cavalry, all the control, training, guarding, guarding, moving, rewarding and punishing, are all general decrees. "Five generations after the Zhou Dynasty, there was a capital inspection, deputy capital inspection, the official of the capital inspection, located above the commander, because Zhao Kuangyin in the Northern Zhou Dynasty served as the "capital inspection", so after the throne is not replaced. In addition, there are sanitation officers, a total of 16 guards (such as the left and right guards, the left and right Jinwu guards, etc.), each guard has generals, generals and other officials.

The Xiang Army, the Township Soldiers, and the Fan Soldiers are all local troops, and generally do not leave the locality, and the Township Soldiers are mainly set up in Hebei, Hedong (Shanxi), Shaanxi and other places to defend Liao and the Party; The soldiers were recruited from the ethnic minorities in the northwest region. These two armies were small in number and scattered in force. The Xiang army is all over the place, and the number is very large, but it does not carry out military training, has no combat effectiveness, and is mainly used by local military envoys, which is actually a kind of conscription.

(1) "Song Hui to Compile Manuscripts - Career Officials No. 2 I".

(2) "Song Hui to Compile Manuscripts - One of the Three Officials".

(3) See "History of the Song Dynasty - Zhiguan Zhi I".

(4) See General Examination of Literature, vol. 50.

(5) Hong Mai: "Rong Zhai Three Strokes - Both Attendants".

(1) See volumes 26 and 28 of the "Continuation of Capital and Governance Tongjian".

(2) Ibid., vols. 33 and 34 and "Song Hui Yao Manuscript - Career Official No. 1 I".

(1) See "History of the Song Dynasty - Biography of Liu Yun".

(1) Ye Shi: "Mr. Shuixin's Separate Collection" Volume 10, "The Second Discussion"