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In the ninth year of Hongwu (1376), Zhu Di was sixteen years old and was ready to go to the fief to take up the domain. Zhu Yuanzhang felt the need to let the princes experience folk life, and Zhu Di and his brothers came to Fengyang's hometown, which is called "Zhongdu". Zhu Di lived in Fengyang for three or four years, and the folk life had a profound impact on his ideology. Zhu Di's life in Fengyang can be regarded as the internship stage of court education, and after returning to Nanjing, he will prepare to go to other places to become a vassal. [12]

On the domain of Beiping

In the thirteenth year of Hongwu (1380), Zhu Di took Beiping. The division of the kings was decided by Zhu Yuanzhang after careful consideration. He believes that an important reason for the demise of the Yuan Dynasty is that the lord is weak and the minister is strong, and the emperor cannot be helped. Therefore, Zhu Yuanzhang wanted all his descendants to contribute to maintain the Zhu dynasty. Each prince had a small army called a "guard," ranging from 3,000 men to 15,000 men. Nominally, the prince is not allowed to interfere in local affairs. However, in case of emergency, the prince may dispatch the garrison of the seat of the kingdom. Every time there was a military campaign, the kings had to lead their guards to go out with their troops, and those generals who were powerful on the battlefield were subject to the restraint of these young princes, even though they were great generals. Among the kings, the King of Jin and the King of Yan are the most relied on. [13]

In the first month of the twenty-third year of Hongwu (1390), Zhu Yuanzhang ordered Fu Youde to be the general, and led the marquis Zhao Yong, Cao Xing, Wang Bi, Sun Ke and others to Beiping, train military horses, listen to the temperance of King Yan, and set out to conquer Mobei. The army of Shanxi was under the control of the Jin king. King Yan led Fu Youde and others out of Gubeikou, and found out that the Yuan general Naier Buhua and others were stationed in the pastor's capital, so he led his division forward. At this time, it was snowing heavily, and the generals wanted to wait for the snow to stop before marching. Zhu Di said: "When it rains and snows, I don't want to go, so I should take the snow to move quickly." "The army entered the capital, and it was only separated from the Yuan army by a sand moraine, and it was not discovered. Although he was overwhelmed by heavy troops, Zhu Di still wanted to outwit him. So he sent his general Guan Tong to the enemy camp to persuade him to surrender. Guantong and Nai'er Buhua are old acquaintances, and when the two see each other, they can't help but hug each other and cry. At this time, the Ming army was already encircling the enemy camp. The Yuan army was defeated, and Naier didn't want to flee on horseback. Guan Tong told him that this was King Yan's army and that there was no need to be afraid. So, Naier didn't spend time with Guantong to go to the Ming army camp tent to ask for surrender. King Yan set up wine to entertain him, and Naier Buhua was deeply moved, so he led all his tribes and horses, camels, cattle and sheep to surrender to the Ming army. When the good news reached Jingshi, Zhu Yuanzhang said happily: "Those who clear the desert, Yan Wang!" Zhu Yuanzhang repeatedly ordered King Yan to go on expeditions, and ordered him to control the military horses along the border, and King Yan's prestige was greatly enhanced. [13] [14]

Zhu Yuanzhang firmly believed in Buddhism, and when the kings were first sealed, they had to choose a monk for them to assist. There is a monk whose legal name is Daoyan (real name Yao Guangxiao), who is quite a strategic person. Zhu Di asked Zhu Yuanzhang for Daoyan. When Dao Yan arrived at Yan Di, he also recommended a warlock named Yuan Hui to Zhu Di. Both of them became Zhu Di's advisers. Zhu Di also tried to recruit local civil and military officials in order to cultivate his own strength. [13]

Succession disputes

Zhu Yuanzhang established his eldest son Zhu Biao as the crown prince, and with the development of time, it caused dissatisfaction among the kings, especially the kings of Qin, Jin, and Yan. They have already started a battle between them. The king of Jin went to Zhu Yuanzhang to tell King Yan that he was "working hard and adventurous", and searched for King Yan's "details in the country" day and night, "deliberately wanted to fall into King Yan", and every time King Yan entered the court, the prince "saw the invasion in words" and so on, during which the tension was very obvious. [13]

In the twenty-fifth year of Hongwu (1392), the crown prince Zhu Biao died, and the kings of Qin, Jin, and Yan all watched the throne, but Zhu Yuanzhang accepted the suggestion of the scholar Liu Sanwu and established the emperor's grandson Zhu Yunwen as the emperor's grandson, so as to prevent the kings from coveting the throne. Soon, in the twenty-eighth year of Hongwu (1395), the king of Qin died. In the thirty-first year of Hongwu (1398), on the eve of Zhu Yuanzhang's death, King Jin died. Zhu Di's two powerful opponents disappeared, and he became the eldest of the kings. At this time, Zhu Di's wings were already full, not only did he have a long-term conquest and accustomed to fighting, but his authority had already exceeded the rule of "the lord does not come to the people". [13]

More than a month after the death of King Jin, Zhu Yuanzhang once gave Zhu Di an edict: "My sons are only your talents, Qin and Jin have already been killed, and you are the elder?.. Erqi commanded the kings, measured the situation, guarded the border people, answered the heart of heaven, and tried to be subsequent. [15] Undoubtedly, at this time, Zhu Yuanzhang had regarded Zhu Di as a pillar to maintain the Zhu dynasty, and placed great hopes on him. However, Zhu Yuanzhang was shrewd after all, and he also considered that King Yan was too powerful and posed a threat to the successor emperor, so when Zhu Yuanzhang was dying, he warned: "King Yan must not worry", and issued an edict: "The kings are in the country, and they must not go to Beijing." The civil and military officials of the kingdom listened to the moderation of the imperial court", which shows this anxiety of his. [13]

It is difficult to raise troops

Yao Guangxiao

In the thirty-first year of Hongwu (1398), Zhu Yuanzhang died, the emperor's grandson ascended the throne, and the kings were enclosed in the country, and they did not get the Beijing master to mourn. Zhu Di, the king of Yan, went to Nanjing from Beiping, but it was stopped by Zhu Yunwen's edict. [16] Zhu Yunwen used the discussion of Qi Tai and Huang Zicheng to cut the domain, and in less than a year, the king of Zhou, the king of Min, the king of Xiang, the king of Qi, and the king of Dai were deposed successively. [17] Zhu Di was stepping up his activities. He selected strong men to enrich his escort army, and in the name of hooking the deserted army, he recruited Inhuman warlocks. On the surface, Zhu Di hid his edge, pretending to be sick,[18] and secretly stepped up military training. He also took advantage of the deep Yanfu to rush to make weapons.

Then, Zhu Yunwen ordered Zhang Yu to be the political envoy of Beiping, Xie Gui and Zhang Xin commanded the envoys in Beiping, and Xie Gui controlled Beiping (now Beijing), and the governors Song Zhong, Xu Kai, and Geng Xuantun soldiers in Kaiping, Linqing, and Shanhaiguan, and inspected the guards of Yanfu to strengthen the preventive measures against Yanwang.

Zhu Di's pretense was just a delaying tactic, after all, it couldn't last, and he wanted to prepare before the arrival of the army. He ordered his cronies to escort and command Zhang Yu and Zhu Neng to lead 800 soldiers into the royal city. At this time, Xie Gui, the commander of the Beiping capital, had already received an order from the imperial court, led the Qiwei army and the Tuntian soldiers in the city to surround the royal city, and used this zha to cut off the passage of Duanli Gate and others. The imperial court's edict to seize the title of King Zhu Di and arrest the officials and subordinates of Yanfu also arrived in Beiping at this time. [19]

In June of the first year of Jianwen (1399), Qi Tai sent Yan to Deng Yong in prison for interrogation, and Zhu Di raised troops to rebel, so he sent troops to arrest the officials and subordinates of Yan Mansion, and secretly sent Zhang Xin to arrest Zhu Di. Zhang Xin was Zhu Di's old department, and at this time he surrendered to Zhu Di, and Zhu Di immediately prepared. In July, Zhu Di captured Zhang Yu and Xie Gui with a plan (pretending to be crazy to paralyze Zhang Yu and Xie Gui), and ordered Zhang Yu and Zhu Neng, the guards of Yanfu, to lead troops to capture the nine gates of Beiping by night, and then based on Beiping. Later, in the name of respecting the ancestors, punishing the "traitorous ministers" Qi Tai and Huang Zicheng, and "appeasement" for the country, he swore to go on the expedition. [20] The name of Jianwen was removed, and it was still called "the thirty-second year of Hongwu". He ordered the soldiers, and at the same time wrote to the imperial court, claiming that according to the "Ancestral Teachings", "the court has no righteous ministers, and there are treacherous people inside, and they will raise troops to punish them, so as to clear the evil of the monarch's side." From then on, a war that lasted for four years began, known in history as the "Battle of Jingyan".

Four years of fighting

At the beginning of the war, because the generals in the north had many Zhu Di's old troops, there were many people who surrendered Zhu Di to fight. Zhu Di successively went to Juyongguan and Huailai to capture Song Zhong, the general of the Southern Army. Taking advantage of the situation, Zunhua was captured, and Yongping surrendered. [21] In August of the first year of Jianwen (1399), Zhu Yunwen took Geng Bingwen, the old general of Taizu, as the general, and led 300,000 troops to attack Zhu Di. The army arrived at Zhending (now Zhengding, Hebei), and the vanguard arrived in Xiongxian County, where they were attacked by Zhu Di, and all 9,000 people were killed. [22] The resumption of the war was in Zhending, and it was defeated again. [23] Zhu Yunwen then replaced Geng Bingwen with his relatives Li Jinglong. In September, Wu Gao, Marquis of Jiangyin, led Liaodong soldiers and horses to besiege Yongping. Li Jinglong joined forces of 500,000 troops and marched to the river and camped. [24] In October, Zhu Di personally led the elite cavalry to attack Daning, and Zhu Quan, the king of Zhining, and his concubine Shizi obtained his Duoyan Sanwei cavalry (equivalent to mercenaries, all of which were Mongolian cavalry, with extremely strong combat effectiveness), and the strength of the army increased suddenly. [25-26] Li Jinglong took advantage of the void to attack Beiping, but could not defeat it (Zhu Gaochi, the eldest son of Zhu Di, defended the city and froze the city wall, so that Li Jinglong could not break the city). After Yan Wang's division returned from Daning, he defeated Li Jinglong's army at Zhengcunba. Li Jinglong retired to Texas. [27] Zhu Di took the opportunity to attack Ulzhou and Datong, and led Li Jinglong to send troops to the rescue, but to no avail. [28-29] Zhu Yunwen was forced to dismiss Qi Tai, the secretary of the military department, and Huang Zicheng, the secretary of Taichang Temple, in order to slow down the Yan division.

In April of the second year of Jianwen (1400), the two sides fought again at the Baigou River,[30] Li Jinglong was defeated again, [31] and the Yan division took advantage of the victory to besiege Jinan. Shandong participated in politics Tie Xuan stuck to Jinan, waiting for work, Yan Shi could not attack for a long time, and was defeated. [32] In September, the imperial court promoted Tiexuan to the position of political envoy of Shandong, and changed his name to Sheng Yong's replacement of Li Jinglong. [33] In December, Sheng Yong led his division to meet the Yan army in Dongchang (now Liaocheng, Shandong), where the Yan division was defeated and the main general Zhang Yu was killed. [34]

In the third year of Jianwen (1401), Emperor Jianwen restored the official positions of Qi and Huang. In February, Yanshi went south again. In March, he defeated Sheng Yong at Hutuo River, and then defeated Wu Jie and others in Gaocheng. [35-36] In the name of banishing Qi and Huang, Zhu Yunwen sent them out to recruit the king of Qin. At that time, although Zhu Di won many victories, but the losses were quite heavy, and the imperial army was quite extensive, and the cities captured by the Yan army in Hebei and Shandong were captured by the imperial soldiers after the soldiers returned.

At the end of the third year of Jianwen (1401), a minister reported from Beijing, and Zhu Di learned that Nanjing was empty and profitable, and decided to change his strategy. [37] In the first month of the fourth year of Jianwen (1402), Zhu Di led his army south. In April, he broke the army of He Fu and Ping'an. [38-39] Kesi Prefecture and Xuyi in May,[40] Bing refers to Yangzhou. Emperor Jianwen sent the county lord of Qingcheng to Yan Shi to beg for peace, but the king of Yan did not allow it. [41]

In June of the fourth year of Jianwen (1402), Chen Xuan, the governor of Jiangfang, descended to Yan with a boat, and the Yan division crossed the river, went down to Zhenjiang, and approached Nanjing. [42] Zhu Lu, the king of the valley, and Li Jinglong opened the Jinchuan Gate and surrendered, the city of Nanjing fell, the palace was on fire, and Zhu Yunwen did not know what to do.

In the ninth year of Hongwu (1376), Zhu Di was sixteen years old and was ready to go to the fief to take up the domain. Zhu Yuanzhang felt the need to let the princes experience folk life, and Zhu Di and his brothers came to Fengyang's hometown, which is called "Zhongdu". Zhu Di lived in Fengyang for three or four years, and the folk life had a profound impact on his ideology. Zhu Di's life in Fengyang can be regarded as the internship stage of court education, and after returning to Nanjing, he will prepare to go to other places to become a vassal. [12]

On the domain of Beiping

In the thirteenth year of Hongwu (1380), Zhu Di took Beiping. The division of the kings was decided by Zhu Yuanzhang after careful consideration. He believes that an important reason for the demise of the Yuan Dynasty is that the lord is weak and the minister is strong, and the emperor cannot be helped. Therefore, Zhu Yuanzhang wanted all his descendants to contribute to maintain the Zhu dynasty. Each prince had a small army called a "guard," ranging from 3,000 men to 15,000 men. Nominally, the prince is not allowed to interfere in local affairs. However, in case of emergency, the prince may dispatch the garrison of the seat of the kingdom. Every time there was a military campaign, the kings had to lead their guards to go out with their troops, and those generals who were powerful on the battlefield were subject to the restraint of these young princes, even though they were great generals. Among the kings, the King of Jin and the King of Yan are the most relied on. [13]

In the first month of the twenty-third year of Hongwu (1390), Zhu Yuanzhang ordered Fu Youde to be the general, and led the marquis Zhao Yong, Cao Xing, Wang Bi, Sun Ke and others to Beiping, train military horses, listen to the temperance of King Yan, and set out to conquer Mobei. The army of Shanxi was under the control of the Jin king. King Yan led Fu Youde and others out of Gubeikou, and found out that the Yuan general Naier Buhua and others were stationed in the pastor's capital, so he led his division forward. At this time, it was snowing heavily, and the generals wanted to wait for the snow to stop before marching. Zhu Di said: "When it rains and snows, I don't want to go, so I should take the snow to move quickly." "The army entered the capital, and it was only separated from the Yuan army by a sand moraine, and it was not discovered. Although he was overwhelmed by heavy troops, Zhu Di still wanted to outwit him. So he sent his general Guan Tong to the enemy camp to persuade him to surrender. Guantong and Nai'er Buhua are old acquaintances, and when the two see each other, they can't help but hug each other and cry. At this time, the Ming army was already encircling the enemy camp. The Yuan army was defeated, and Naier didn't want to flee on horseback. Guan Tong told him that this was King Yan's army and that there was no need to be afraid. So, Naier didn't spend time with Guantong to go to the Ming army camp tent to ask for surrender. King Yan set up wine to entertain him, and Naier Buhua was deeply moved, so he led all his tribes and horses, camels, cattle and sheep to surrender to the Ming army. When the good news reached Jingshi, Zhu Yuanzhang said happily: "Those who clear the desert, Yan Wang!" Zhu Yuanzhang repeatedly ordered King Yan to go on expeditions, and ordered him to control the military horses along the border, and King Yan's prestige was greatly enhanced. [13] [14]

Zhu Yuanzhang firmly believed in Buddhism, and when the kings were first sealed, they had to choose a monk for them to assist. There is a monk whose legal name is Daoyan (real name Yao Guangxiao), who is quite a strategic person. Zhu Di asked Zhu Yuanzhang for Daoyan. When Dao Yan arrived at Yan Di, he also recommended a warlock named Yuan Hui to Zhu Di. Both of them became Zhu Di's advisers. Zhu Di also tried to recruit local civil and military officials in order to cultivate his own strength. [13]

Succession disputes

Zhu Yuanzhang established his eldest son Zhu Biao as the crown prince, and with the development of time, it caused dissatisfaction among the kings, especially the kings of Qin, Jin, and Yan. They have already started a battle between them. The king of Jin went to Zhu Yuanzhang to tell King Yan that he was "working hard and adventurous", and searched for King Yan's "details in the country" day and night, "deliberately wanted to fall into King Yan", and every time King Yan entered the court, the prince "saw the invasion in words" and so on, during which the tension was very obvious. [13]

In the twenty-fifth year of Hongwu (1392), the crown prince Zhu Biao died, and the kings of Qin, Jin, and Yan all watched the throne, but Zhu Yuanzhang accepted the suggestion of the scholar Liu Sanwu and established the emperor's grandson Zhu Yunwen as the emperor's grandson, so as to prevent the kings from coveting the throne. Soon, in the twenty-eighth year of Hongwu (1395), the king of Qin died. In the thirty-first year of Hongwu (1398), on the eve of Zhu Yuanzhang's death, King Jin died.

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