Pei Xiu.

Pei Xiu (224 - April 3, 271), the name Jiyan. He was born in Wenxi County, Hedong County (now Wenxi County, Shanxi Province). He was a famous minister and cartographer in the Wei and Jin dynasties, the grandson of Pei Mao, the secretary of the Eastern Han Dynasty, and the son of Pei Qian, the doctor of Cao Wei Guanglu.

Pei Xiu's "Yugong Geographical Map" pioneered ancient Chinese cartography. Joseph Needham called him the "father of scientific cartography in China", along with the famous Greek cartographer Ptolemy, and was the two brilliant stars in the history of ancient cartography in the world.

Pei Xiu was born in the famous scholar clan "Hedong Pei Clan", his grandfather Pei Mao and father Pei Qian, respectively, in the Eastern Han Dynasty and Cao Wei official Zhishang Shuling.

Pei Xiu has been studious since he was a child, has a demeanor and good morals, and can write articles when he is eight years old.

His uncle Pei Hui was very famous at that time, and there were often many guests in the house. Some of the guests, after coming to meet Pei Hui, had to talk to Pei Xiu, who was only a teenager at the time, to hear his thoughts.

But Pei Xiu's biological mother's background is low, Pei Xiu's mother-in-law Xuan was rude to his biological mother, and once asked her to serve meals to the guests, and the guests all stood up and saluted when they saw her. Pei Xiu's mother said, "I'm so lowly, the guest should be courteous for the sake of the child." ”

After Xuan's family knew about this, they no longer despised her.

At that time, people praised Pei Xiu as a proverb, "The backward leader has Pei Xiu." ”

…… ……

Later, the general of Du Liao did not (Guà

Qiu Jian recommended Pei Xiu to the general Cao Shuang and praised him, saying, "Born intelligent, when he grows up, he advocates nature, is quiet and truthful, has a profound way, is erudite and memorized, is incomprehensible, respects his elders, is friendly to his brothers, and his reputation is in the township, and he is heard from far and near." Indeed, he should be the auxiliary minister of the Holy Son of Heaven, ascend to the position of the third duke, counsellor in the mansion, and make his merits known to the world. is not only characters such as Ziqi and Ganluo, but also the virtues of Yan Hui, Ran Qiu, Ziyou, and Zixia. ”

Cao Shuang then summoned Pei Xiu to serve as a subordinate of the General's Mansion.

The Wei and Jin dynasties pursued the trend of "celebrity demeanor", and Pei Qian took a traditional Chinese medicine (cold food powder) all year round. In the fifth year of Zhengshi (244), Pei Qian died, and Pei Xiu, the hereditary father's title of Qingyang Pavilion Marquis, was transferred to the Yellow Gate Squire.

After that, his biological mother and grandmother, Xuan, lived with him.

By this time he had married and had children, and had reached the age of twenty.

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Cao Shuang was killed, and Pei Xiu was removed from his post because he was Cao Shuang's former official. Soon after, he was appointed as Ting Weizheng, and when Sima Zhao was General Anton and General Wei, he served as his Sima and participated in the planning of military affairs, and most of them were trusted and adopted. Later, he was moved to the Standing Attendant of the Loose Cavalry.

At that time, Emperor Cao Chao (máo) of Wei was studious and literate, and invited Pei Xiu to the East Hall many times to explain and discuss knowledge and exchange articles, calling Pei Xiu a Confucian literati.

The mother-in-law Xuan and the biological mother get along very well, since Pei Xiu's father died, the two of them seem to have switched positions, and the Xuan family has shown a lowly state everywhere. However, Pei Xiu, like her biological mother, served her filial piety and repeatedly warned her family not to be wasted.

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In the second year of Ganlu (257), Zhuge launched a rebellion according to Shouchun (that is, the last rebellion of the three rebellions in Huainan), Sima Zhao personally led the army to crusade, Pei Xiu and Shang Shufu shot Chen Tai, and Huangmen Shilang Zhonghui joined the expedition and participated in the planning strategy.

After the rebellion was put down, Pei Xiu was transferred to Shangshu and was named the Marquis of Luyang, increasing the number of households by 1,000.

Cao Huan was the Emperor of Wei Yuan, Pei Xiu participated in the planning and decision-making, and became the Marquis of Luyang County, increased the number of food and yi by 700, and moved to the position of Shangshu and servant.

In the first year of Xianxi (264), the imperial court issued an edict to review and reform various legal systems. At that time, 荀顗 (yǐ) was in charge of formulating etiquette, Jia Chong was in charge of revising laws, and Pei Xiu was in charge of revising the official system. Pei Xiu suggested restoring the fifth-class knighthood, so more than 600 people above the rank of cavalry governor were knighted. Pei Xiu was named the Marquis of Jichuan, with a fief of 60 li, 1,400 households, and the Jichuan Market in Gaoyuan County was the seat of the Hou State.

In the second year of Xianxi (265), his biological mother died of illness, and his mother-in-law, Xuan, did not eat or drink in the mourning hall, and said to people, "She is dead, what am I still alive for?" ”

To commit suicide.

Pei Xiu asked her why she was like this, and Xuan said, "I rely on your mother to live here, and I can still live if she goes?" ”

Meaning, your biological mother is dead, you can still give me a good cigarette to smoke, I don't die, what are you waiting for?

Pei Xiu helped Xuan's up and said to her, "I can finally support you." ”

In the future, Pei Xiu's filial piety to Xuan's family was like a biological mother, and she was praised by the world.

…… ……

After Sima Yan was promoted to the throne, he worshiped Pei Xiu as Shang Shuling and Right Guanglu Doctor, and opened the palace together with Wang Shen, the imperial historian, and Jia Chong, the general of Wei, to summon Peng's subordinates, and added his post to the matter.

After Sima Yan established the Western Jin Dynasty on behalf of Wei, Pei Xiu was added as Zuo Guanglu's doctor, and was named the Duke of Lujun (jù) with 3,000 households.

After Sima Yan verified it, he issued an edict believing that Pei Xiu assisted the government and contributed to the royal family, and his credit could not be covered up because of minor problems, so he ordered the relevant departments to investigate the responsibility of the person directly responsible, and Pei Xiu was exempted from responsibility.

Pei Xiu is proficient in Confucianism, knowledgeable, and attentive to political affairs, when Sima Yan was receiving Zen, he gathered the essentials of the ministers' speeches, and the things he ruled were not against etiquette. Pei Xiu created court etiquette and displayed criminal law, most of which were adopted and applied as examples. He served as the chief for four years and was known as a famous prince in the world.

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The demeanor of the Wei and Jin dynasties has always been a topic of conversation among literati and celebrities, and in the eyes of many people, it represents a true demeanor of celebrities and scholars. For this reason, the literati doctor struggled to eat cold food powder, and the symptoms of taking it were hot and uncomfortable, and they had to move around quickly, accompanied by screaming to slowly dissipate heat.

But after this heat, people get a lot of pleasure, they will feel refreshed, and their physical fitness and ** have surged, so it was very popular to take this medicine in the aristocratic class at that time.

On the seventh day of the third month (April 3) of the seventh year of Taishi (271), Pei Xiu accidentally drank cold wine (it is advisable to take hot wine after eating cold food powder) after taking cold food powder (i.e., Wushi San) once, and unfortunately passed away at the age of 48.

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After his death, Sima Yan issued an edict saying, "Sikong is smart and virtuous, with elegant manners, supporting the royal family and assisting the national government, and his merits are magnificent." I was about to rely on him to explain and enforce various legal systems and set an example for the world, but I am very saddened by his unfortunate death. ”

In the first year of Xianning (275), Pei Xiu and Shi Bao were all listed and sacrificed.

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Key Achievements:

Pei Xiu's main contribution to cartography is that he was the first to explicitly establish the theory of drawing maps in ancient China. He summed up the experience of ancient Chinese mapping, and put forward the famous epoch-making cartographic theory "Cartographic Six Bodies" in the preface of "Yugong Regional Map".

The so-called "six bodies of cartography" are the six principles that must be observed when drawing maps, namely: the division rate (scale), the quasi-wang (direction), the road (distance), the high and low (the undulating terrain), the square evil (the angle of inclination), and the straightness (the straightness of the river and the road), the first three are the scale, the direction and the distance of the distance, which are the most important general drawing principles; The last three are issues to be considered due to the undulations of the terrain.

These six principles are interrelated and mutually restrictive, and they touch on the main problems in cartography.

When Pei Xiu was in office, because his position was a local official, he also thought that the names of mountains and rivers in "Yu Gong" had been used for a long time, and there were many changes in later generations, and the commentators were far-fetched and gradually confused.

So collect and screen the old texts, there are doubts about the lack of places, there are places that have their names in ancient times and are not used today, they also make annotations, and make eighteen articles of "Yugong Territory Map", play Emperor Wu, and be collected in the secret house. The map is not only the most complete and detailed map at that time, but more importantly, it adopts scientific drawing methods.

Pei Xiu wrote a preface to the map, detailing the methods he used to draw the map. This is a precious document of great scientific value, which embodies Pei Xiu's excellent insights in cartographic theory. This preface was later preserved in the Book of Jin and the Biography of Pei Xiu, as well as in the Literature of Art and Literature, and the Beginner's Record.