Liu Min told about the various evil deeds of the Huns who created plagues and harmed mankind, and said with righteous indignation: "Why do people hate the Xiongnu for thousands of years, because this is an evil nation; They used the plague as a means of warfare; This move brought hundreds of years of disaster to China and Europe, and largely led to the collapse of the Han Dynasty and the Roman Empire! ”

After Liu Minyang recounted the process of the Xiongnu spreading the hemorrhagic fever plague, Lu Chengyu, Zhao Yuanzuo and others were all dumbfounded; They had never heard of the Huns as the source of the spread of disease and that they were doing evil things.

Zhao Yuanzuo said bluntly: "The Huns mentioned by Min Gu may understand, but I don't seem to have heard of biochemical warfare, Britain, Viera, Rome or anything above!" ”

After Zhao Yuanzuo said this, he asked solemnly: "There is a little bit of confusion, what is biochemical warfare!" ”

Zhao Yuanzuo's question can be regarded as Liu Min's army, because the biochemical warfare she talked about is a term in later generations, and it will not appear during the Taiping Xingguo period of the Song Dynasty.

In later generations, biochemical warfare refers to the use of bacteria, viruses, toxins and other material materials that cause disease and death to humans, animals, and plants. It also used the Chinese to do experiments to become a big road.

Liu Min didn't want to reveal his identity as a cross-over, so he just talked about the matter: "Biochemical warfare is a war that allows animals to transmit diseases to people!" ”

Lu Chengyu was frightened and said: "When Minzi set off from Bianliang, he said that he would come to the north to control the epidemic prevention, but so many people gathered in front; Are they all infected with the plague, and what if the people infect the plague to the Tianxiang army; We haven't seen any trace of Li Jiqian's thief yet! ”

Liu Min smiled and stared at Lu Chengyu and said, "Brother Ma 10,000 rest assured!" Toshiko has a way to control and prevent the plague, and she won't let the epidemic spread to the Tianxiang army! ”

Liu Min said and pointed his hand to a mountain bag and said, "Brother Pony quickly sent soldiers to build a few tents on that mountain bag and let the little sister use it!" ”

Lu Chengyu was stunned, and immediately arranged for his subordinates to go forward to implement, and Liu Min arranged for Huo Renfu, Liang Ding, Chen Yiyun, Tu Youmei, Lai Zhenyue, Jiang Mengjun, Guo Yuquan, Wang Renqing, Hongyun, Lu Xing, Lanmei, Bai Xue, Sister Qiao, Sister Qiao, and Kan Lang 15 people: "All 15 of you have been in contact with the process of healing injuries, and now you can be my assistant to deal with the current epidemic!" ”

Grandpa Huo said excitedly: "Aunt Min, just tell us how to be your assistant!" ”

Liu Min did not answer Grandpa Huo's question directly, but only said that he asked Grandpa Huo to take the men to cooperate with the soldiers to set up tents, and left the girls Hongyun, Green Apricot, Lanmei, Bai Xue, Sister Qiao, and Sister Qiao to go with her to the ravine where the people gathered.

Grandpa Huo and a few people were ordered to go, but Huyan Jin'er was more serious with Liu Min; I saw her walking up to Liu Min heroically and snorting coldly: "Liu Min, how can you do two things in one alley?" Red clouds, green apricots, blue plums, white snow, Sister Qiao, Sister Qiao, they are women, aren't they! ”

Liu Min was stunned by Hu Yan Jin'er's question, what she meant was that Hongyun had been trained by her before; He also worked as an assistant when he did surgery, and called Hongyun to be the first to be a layman in medical technology; Hu Yan Jin'er didn't have any diagnosis and treatment methods, so she didn't think about it, but she didn't know that she bumped into Hu Yan Jin'er's file.

Liu Min saw that Huyan Jin'er was asking about the crime, so he had to laugh and say, "Huyan girl is serious, as long as you accompany the prince, it is the biggest task; Don't get involved in the prevention and control of epidemics, okay! ”

"How? Liu Min, don't you look down on Huyan Jin'er! Hu Yanjin'er said angrily, and suddenly grabbed the Shadow Chasing Soul Gun and pointed it at Liu Min and said, "Don't let me go?" Well, Miss Ben will fight with you for 300 rounds, and if you lose, I won't go! ”

Liu Min laughed and said, "Little sister Jin'er is playing with a child's temper!" ”

The old general Huyan picked up Liu Min's words and said with a smile: "Miss Min, my granddaughter is right!" You can't do two things in one alley! Let Jin'er go with you, and the old decay will have to go with you; Anyway, the old man still killed the Tartars in the security area! ”

Zhao Yuanzuo picked up the words of the old general Huyan and said: "Grandpa is right, Miss Huyan can't accompany Yuanzuo; Yuanzuo is not so expensive; Since the father and emperor have deprived Yuan Zuo of the crown prince, Yuan Zuo is a first-order common people, and the lives of ordinary people are better than the palace! ”

Zhao Yuanzuo was so angry, and said with high spirits: "Huyan Jin'er wants to go with Liu Min, and Grandpa Huyan also wants to go with Liu Min; Of course, Zhao Yuanzuo is not on the list, and he wants to go with Liu Min, if you don't agree to Yuanzuo, I will make trouble with you! ”

Liu Min saw Zhao Yuanzuo take out the posture of a street gangster, and compromised with tears and laughter; But he waved his hand and said, "Since everyone is going with Toshiko, then everyone must wear a mask!" ”

"Wear a mask!" Zhao Yuanzuo asked disdainfully, stared at Liu Min and said, "What is a mask!" ”

Liu Min was stunned, only to know that he was talking about the medical terms of later generations, and the word mask had not yet appeared in the Song Dynasty.

Liu Min stared at Zhao Yuanzuo and did not speak, but silently pondered in his heart: ancient people did not have the title of the word mask; However, masked people have long had the habit of covering their faces with cloth towels, which are similar to masks; Face cloths can be used as a substitute for masks.

Liu Min thought so, and thought further about the mask:

After the advent of masks, a wall of separation was built between people, bringing a lot of security to human beings; At the same time, an atmosphere of fear is spreading.

The ancient masking cloth should be the earliest mask, with little technical content; Tie a piece of cloth to your face.

The earliest recorded "mask-like object" appeared in the sixth century B.C., and was used by the ancient Persians for Zoroastrianism.

Zoroastrianism considers the breath of the laity to be unclean, so it is necessary to cover the face with a cloth during religious ceremonies.

In the relief carving on the door of the Persian tomb, the shaman wears a "mask".

During the Yuan Dynasty, the people who offered food in the palace covered their mouths and noses with silk cloths to cover their breath and did not touch the food and drink.

This kind of thing is woven from silk and gold thread, and the Italian Marco Polo wrote it down casually for nothing more than an anecdote.

However, some people believe that this is the empirical evidence of the invention of masks by the Chinese, and later there are masks in the world that have a lot to do with the emperor of the Chinese Yuan Dynasty who was afraid that the eunuchs with heavy breath would pollute the food.

This great Chinese invention shocked Marco Polo. Polo was introduced to Europe, so that Europe could learn this kind of covering; It seems to be the prototype of a mask.

In the early years of Europe, the medical industry was dominated by wizards, and real doctors were weak; When the plague was rampant, doctors rushed around to treat the sick and control the epidemic, and the witches and gods felt that the doctors had robbed them of their business and constantly harassed and chased them.

The doctor had to cover his face with gauze so that the wizard could not recognize him in case of retaliation.

Later, an experiment by a man named Pasteur using his famous gooseneck flask proved convincingly that bacteria exist in the air. Based on his research on fermentation, he pointed out that there are many kinds of bacteria in the air, and their vital activities can cause the fermentation of organic matter to produce various useful products; Some products can also be fermented by other bacteria to produce other products; There are also human and animal pathogenic bacteria in the air, which can cause various diseases.

In order to eliminate miscellaneous bacteria, Pasteur created the pasteurization method in 1886; In 1877, the British chemist Tyndall established the batch sterilization method or Tyndall sterilization method, and in 1876, he founded sterile surgery. In the same year, the German Koch isolated the anthrax and proposed the famous Koch law.

In order to understand the difference between Vibrio cholerae and other morphologically indistinguishable Vibrio bacteria, Koch conducted physiological and biochemical research, which led to the development of medical bacteriology.

Before masks were applied to medicine, the norms of sterile surgery included sterilization of surgical instruments with carbolic acid, and surgeons were required to wear surgical gowns, surgical caps and rubber gloves; However, masks are not used for protection, and doctors often infect patients with bacteria in their mouths and noses during surgery, causing wound infections.

In 1895, the German pathologist Ledch discovered that airborne germs can infect wounds, and thus thought that the saliva that people speak with bacteria can also cause wounds to worsen.

So he advised doctors and nurses to wear a gauze mask that covers their nose and mouth during surgery.

This has been effective and the rate of wound infection has been greatly reduced. Since then, doctors from all over the world have adopted Ledeck's advice.

As a result, masks have gradually become popular and popularized in the European medical community.

The mask promoted by Ledeck was nothing more than a layer of gauze wrapped around the surgeon's mouth, nose and beard, which was tight and uncomfortable.

In 1897, a British surgeon used his brain to install a thin wire stent in the gauze, so that there was a gap between the gauze and the mouth and nose, thus overcoming the weakness of poor breathing and easy to get wet with saliva.

In 1899, a French doctor made a six-layer gauze mask sewn onto the collar of a surgical gown; All you need to do is turn the collar up.

Later, it was changed to a method that could be freely knotted, and a loop strap was hung on the ear; The modern mask was born so gorgeously.

China's first mask appears to have been the work of Wu Liande, one of the main organizers of Peking Union Medical College Hospital and Medical College.

In 1935, he was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine; He became the first person in Chinese history to approach the Nobel Prize.

Born on March 10, 1879 in Penang, northern Malaya, Wu Liande was born in Xinning, Guangdong. His father, Wu Qi, is an overseas Chinese businessman who opened a gold shop, and his mother is a second-generation Malaysian Chinese.

At the age of 7, Wu Liande entered the Penang Public School established by the British to receive a 10-year education, and he studied hard since he was a child, and his performance was very good. At the age of 17, he won the Queen's Scholarship to study in the United Kingdom, and won the title of "Basic Scholar" in the big examination, and won almost all the scholarships and medals of the college.

During his study in Europe, he worked at St. Mary's Hospital in the UK, the Liverpool School of Tropical Diseases, the Faculty of Health at Halle University in Germany, and the Institut Pasteur in France, where he studied under Nobel laureates Mechnikov and Hopkins in physiology and medicine.

In 1903, he was awarded the degree of Doctor of Medicine after passing the Cambridge University doctoral examination with an outstanding thesis on tetanus bacteria.

After receiving his doctorate, Wu Liande did not think about living comfortably in the UK with a high salary; Instead, he returned to his birthplace, Penang, where he opened a private clinic; Actively participate in overseas Chinese social services and devote themselves to social reforms, such as opposing drug abuse and gambling.

But Wu Liande felt that he was never satisfied, and in 1907, Wu Liande was hired by Yuan Shikai, the governor of Zhili in the Qing Dynasty; He served as the deputy superintendent of the Tianjin Army Military Medical Hall, and the plague and cholera in the northeast were brought under the auspices of Wu Liande.

Liu Min told Zhao Yuanzuo about the hemorrhagic fever caused by the Xiongnu earlier, but hemorrhagic fever and plague are still two different things.

Specifically, hemorrhagic fever is hantavirus, a disease that is mainly caused by a viral infection that can be used as a source of infection in mice.

Plague is an infectious disease transmitted by fleas, and the two are also different from the virus-causing bacteria, so hemorrhagic fever is not plague. The disease caused by hantavirus is different from that of plague.

Although the main source of infection of the two types of diseases is rodents, due to the obvious differences in their pathogenesis, laboratory tests, prognosis and case fatality rate, the two types of diseases cannot be generalized.

Due to its high case fatality rate and transmissibility, plague is classified as a Class A infectious disease with cholera, while epidemic haemorrhagic fever caused by hantavirus is only a Class B infectious disease. In addition, due to the different main symptoms of plague, plague can be divided into four clinical types: glandular, pulmonary, septic and mild, with fever and chills as the main manifestations, and even central vomiting.

However, the manifestations of hemorrhagic fever caused by hantavirus caused by renal syndrome such as renal impairment are not necessary for plague.

Hanta's disease is transmitted in four ways: first, direct contact or transdermal bloodstream: the patient is bitten by a virus-carrying insect vector or bitten by a virus-carrying rodent, and the virus invades directly through the broken skin or mucous membranes.

The second is respiratory transmission: various secretions and excretions containing viruses form aerosols with dust and invade the body through the respiratory mucosa.

The third is digestive tract transmission: patients can become ill by eating contaminated food.

Fourth, placental transmission: the virus can spread vertically through the placenta, causing miscarriage or stillbirth.

There are three main ways of transmission of plague: 1. Transmission between animals and humans: It is also the most important way of transmission, when rat fleas bite sick rats and then bite people, they will transmit the germs to the bitten person. Fleas themselves contain germs that can invade the body through skin wounds caused by scratching.

2. Skin-to-skin transmission: A small number of infections can be transmitted through broken skin or mucous membranes due to direct contact with the sputum, pus, or skin, blood, and flesh of sick animals.

3. Respiratory droplet transmission: It is mainly seen in patients with pneumonic plague, whose sputum contains Yersinia pestis, which can be transmitted through respiratory droplets.

Liu Min recalled the medical knowledge she had learned in her later life for a while before answering Zhao Yuanzuo's question: "The mask is to cover the nose and mouth with a cloth to prevent toxic breath in the air!" ”

"It's easy!" Huyan Jin'er said disappreciatively: "Little sister will soon be able to make two, one for Brother Chong and one for Jin'er!" ”

As she spoke, Huyan Jin'er tore a piece of her silk handkerchief from the middle and divided it into two, one covering her nose and mouth; One is on Zhao Yuanzuo's nose and mouth.

Liu Min even claimed about Huyan Jin'er's cleverness and wit, and asked Lu Chengyu and the others to cover their noses and mouths with silk scarves and cloth cloths like Huyan Jin'er.

Lu Chengyu and several people concocted the same method. Liu Min saw that everyone used silk scarves or cloth pads as masks to cover their noses and mouths; He also covered his mouth with a silk scarf and said, "Now we can go over there to visit the gathered villagers......