For the Western powers, close economic cooperation with an emerging country that was in the process of full industrialization meant that they had access to a large market for commodities and, through commercial cooperation, they could also obtain a long-term and stable place of capital investment with great economic value in the process of helping the emerging country build its industrial system.

Between 1868 and 1880, trade between Han and the Western powers was mainly imported.

The Han State purchased machinery and equipment needed to establish a primary industrial system from the Western powers and some commodities that could not be produced locally through the funds obtained from the early treasury treasures, gold, silver and jewelry seized in the war, and the export of agricultural and animal husbandry commodities.

During this period, the object of Han's foreign trade was mainly Prussia (Germany).

For about 12 years from 1868 to 1880, the Han State purchased about 120 million Han Yuan worth of machinery and equipment, industrial products and other commodities from Western countries in the form of import trade. Among them, the amount of trade with Prussia (Germany) reached 2.5 marks, accounting for about 78 percent of the total foreign import trade of Han in the same period.

From 1880 to 1889, the Han Dynasty made initial progress in industrialization, and the mode of foreign trade also changed from importing machinery and equipment and industrial commodities to a sustainable development model based on the introduction of industrial technology and supplemented by attracting foreign capital.

During this period, because the Han occupied and digested the territory of Argentina, Uruguay and other new expansion areas, and the local population and international comprehensive status were greatly improved, the object of Han's foreign trade also expanded from the German side to Germany, Austria-Hungary, France, Italy and other European powers, and during this period, the relationship between Han and Britain gradually improved, and Britain quickly became one of the countries with the largest economic and trade exchanges with Han in addition to Germany.

In the 1870s, Germany, France, Austria-Hungary, the United States and other first-class powers began to enter the stage of complete imperialism, the domestic industrial markets of each country were carved up, and the surplus industrial and commercial products and capital could not find an outlet for release.

During this period, the performance of monopolies led by American capital consortia was the most typical.

American imperialism is a product of the rapid development of capitalism after the Civil War.

The Civil War gave a major boost to the industrialization of the American North.

The destruction and reconstruction of the south opened up new markets for products from the north. From 1865 to 1870, the Bank of the United States

The total amount of capital increased dramatically.

At the same time, the pace of conquest of the western Indians intensified, and for the first time the character of monopolistic imperialism appeared.

Merchants and railroad business owners came here on the heels of the pioneers who occupied the land and established an agricultural and handicraft economy.

In the decade from 1865 to 1875,

The struggle against the Indians and bison opened the way for railways, banks, herdsmen and land speculators of a capitalist nature.

In many cases, it is small and medium-sized farmers and herders who have taken up the military

resisting the incursion of capitalist monopoly imperialism and the process of expropriation of their land by banks and financial groups. However, their power was insignificant compared to the monopolies, and as a result, their uprisings were eventually bloodily suppressed.

After the elimination of disobedient peasants and small and medium-sized farmers, the construction of railways continued.

Railroads soon connected the Atlantic and Pacific coasts, and at the same time, various minerals were developed.

After 1875, through the bloody accumulation of primitive capital, the United States appeared in the United States with banks, railroads, minerals, and steel

and other monopoly consortia as the representative of the "empire".

The rapid development of US monopoly imperialism (brutal development, full of life-and-death struggles between business owners) fuels its offensive mentality. The capitalist corporations that lead economic development think that they are the leaders of the people, and they are the implementation of the theory of "destiny" that will make the United States the leader of all countries

He who. The United States reveled in the material achievements it had achieved in the relentless struggle against its capitalist rivals, and it turned into the intoxication of imperialism. The conquest of the West, the plundering of the lands of the Indians and the massacre of ethnic groups did not come too far

Flat coasts, California and Oregon, but across the Pacific Ocean, to Japan and the Far East of China. In the southwest, the United States extended to Mexico, Central America, and Latin America as a whole

The continent continues to expand.

The victorious monopoly capitalists set their sights beyond their own borders, and their expansionist ideas influenced the policies of Washington politicians and the thinking of the masses, and the American masses were anesthetized by the spirit of "destiny" and the Monroe Doctrine, fanatically set off a wave of anti-Chinese movement, and imposed the persecution of the Indians on the British workers in the United States.

U.S. expansion first occurred in Latin America, where U.S. exports to Latin America totaled only $70,972 in the 1800s, rising to $1.8 million in 1880 and $3.47 million in 1885.

However, after entering the 1880s, as the total industrial volume of the United States rapidly overtook that of Britain and the increasing saturation and surplus of the domestic industrial market, the emboldened American monopoly consortium quickly shifted its hunting targets to South American countries such as Colombia, Venezuela, and Brazil.

The American monopolies, who chased economic interests like sharks, were natural expansionists, and under the early concessions and compromises of Britain, the Americans pressed forward step by step, first taking half of Mexico's territory, then exerting influence on Cuba, and then intervening in Central and South America.

Throughout the Americas and in every region where American capital was able to reach, they clashed with Britain's established colonial interests and influences.

After the 1880s, Britain was no longer as restrained as it used to be in South America, and it first expanded its direct colonial rule in British Guiana, accelerated its political and economic control over Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador, and attempted to build a barrier in the northern part of the United States to prevent American aggression.

Subsequently, Britain quickly changed its diplomatic policy of hostility to Han and took the initiative to reconcile with Han.

Under the threat of the United States, a common enemy, Britain and Han not only stepped up economic and trade cooperation, but also in the political field, the two countries joined hands to sabotage the United States' attempt to establish the League of Nations in the Americas, and successfully contained the Americans' expanding influence outside northern South America.

Before Germany turned its other face with Britain, Britain and the United States were fighting for international hegemony in all directions, from the vast Pacific Ocean, the Far East, Africa, and even Europe itself, all the time were staging a show of capital competition, while in the north, south, and America, the region where the competition between the two sides was most intense, Britain, whose economy and national strength had gradually reached the limit, felt more and more powerless in the confrontation with the Americans.

Mexico, Brazil, Spain-controlled Cuba and other regions, none of which could play a role in confronting the United States head-on, and the only South American Han State with use value, because of the brutal expansiveness of the emperor and his army, made the British feel troubled, and did not dare to completely let go of the shackles on the Han State and push the Han State to the front line against the United States.

Britain has few political and economic interests in Paraguay, and in order to win over the Han state, Britain can let the Han army intervene in the Paraguayan civil war, and the Brazilian Republic, although Britain has invested a lot of money in it, but in the face of the challenge of the Americans in the Brazilian Republic, it is not an unacceptable option to give up the Brazilian Republic when it is forced to do so, and apart from Paraguay and the Brazilian Republic, the only thing that British politicians can't give up is Chile.

Chile exports more than 60 percent of the world's saltpeter mineral production every year, and if the Han state is allowed to expand its territory in South America, then after Paraguay and the Brazilian Republic, Chile, which is rich in mineral resources, will hardly avoid being occupied by the Han state.

It was not in the interests of Britain for the Han to control the supply of saltpeter in Chile, but in order to draw the Han against the United States, it was necessary to meet the expansion needs of the Han to a certain extent.

The British Empire is the country with the most extensive territory in the world, and Britain, which owns land in all regions of the world, does not lack land to settle its own nationals, and the expansion of the territory of the Han State in South America will not directly harm Britain's economic interests.

On the other hand, although the Western powers ostensibly recognize the reality of Latin American independence, in reality, the West does not consider Latin American countries with a very low proportion of pure-blooded whites as members of the white community.

In the South American countries of this period, because they had not yet ushered in a large-scale migration of white Europeans, the proportion of pure-blooded whites in various countries was not high, taking Chile, where whites dominated the later generations, for example, the proportion of pure-blooded whites accounted for only 6 percent of the total population, the proportion of mixed Indo-European people was 60 percent, and the proportion of Indians reached 34 percent.

The Western powers, which follow the law of the forest, do not care about the survival of a small number of white South Americans, and if the international situation changes, Chile can be sacrificed in exchange for favorable conditions for Britain, and the gentlemen of the British government will also decisively make the decision to abandon Chile.

South America is like a big whirlpool, the United States, Germany, France and other countries have joined it, and for the sake of interests, constantly have to compete fiercely with British capital and consortiums, and from the perspective of Britain, not only the United States, Germany, France and other competitors are not easy to deal with, but also the allies that can be used temporarily such as Han, Chile, and the Republic of Brazil are not worry-free, not to mention the contradictions and conflicts between Han and the Republic of Brazil. Not only is the relationship with Britain becoming more and more distant, but the disputes and contradictions between the two countries over the ownership of saltpeter mine resources are also increasing.

All kinds of problems are entangled, and the slightest retrospective makes Williams feel a headache. Just when Williams was about to put the intricacies of South American affairs behind for a while and enjoy his afternoon of leisure, the arrival of several uninvited British businessmen quickly made his original good plan come to naught.