In August 1885, the two improved battleships of the Dingyuan ship ordered by the Han State at the Volkeng shipyard in Germany were completed and returned to China, and among the personnel who returned to South America with the two battleships, in addition to the local ship mechanics and naval officers and sailors sent to the mainland, there were also more than 400 German ship designers, experts, and technicians, who would be responsible for guiding all the technicians of the Xinjing Shipyard to complete the construction of two 3,500-ton armored cruisers.

In September 1887, it took two years to gather all the technicians of Xinjing Shipyard and the two main technical backbones of Xing'an Shipyard and Royal Shipyard, which took two years, one year more than the construction project of Volkeng Shipyard in Germany, and the two 3,500-ton armored cruisers finally passed the technical inspection, and the technical indicators met the launching requirements.

So far, the Han Navy has a total of two cutting-edge battleships, two new armored cruisers, two cruisers with a displacement of 3,200 tons, eight light cruisers with a displacement of 1,350 tons, and more than 60 torpedo ships of various types, supply ships, communication ships, and large transport ships, a total of nearly 80 ships of various types.

The total tonnage of the Navy's capital ships has jumped to the second place in South America, and there is not much difference with the Chilean Navy, which ranks second in South America, and it is generally at the same level.

During the year, the overall combat level of the navy and army was raised to the expected standard.

In September 1886, after the introduction and digestion of the technology, the 150 mm heavy guns and 150 mm naval guns manufactured by the mainland were successively installed in the army and navy.

In January, more than 100,000 main forces of the National Defense Army completed the task of replacing new weapons, imitating the Mosin Nagant rifle and using single-based gunpowder, the Jianye 6-year rifle replaced the Hanhua 1875 rifle and became the army's standard weapon.

The eighties and nineties of the nineteenth century is the era when the second industrial revolution is in the ascendant, a large number of new technologies emerged in this period, new technologies quickly replaced old technologies, and many improved technologies that were just developed ten or five years ago are likely to be replaced by another technology with better performance and lower cost.

Therefore, in order to avoid the painstaking development of technology, only to maintain a few years of advantage, will be cracked by other Western countries, the Han government will include the 1884, the French scientists' discovery of single-base gunpowder, 1888 by the Nobel Prize discovery of nearly 100 kinds of technology, within ten years of cracking the technology, as an exchange chip, a wide range of with Britain, France...... Germany and Italy have carried out technological exchanges and exchanges, and have obtained more than 300 kinds of emerging technologies from Western countries, which have provided a technical reserve foundation for the take-off of local industrialization.

Openness, mutual assistance, technology sharing is the Han government put forward the propaganda slogan of technology exchanges between countries, during the years, the export and exchange of nearly 100 new technologies, to a certain extent, alleviated, because of the earlier war, and the tension between Britain, France, Italy, economic exchanges between countries gradually tend to be open and close, Han local production of chemical, electrical and other products, also allowed to enter Germany, Austria-Hungary and other European countries, and occupy a small part of the market share.

The Han government's move to search for cooperation and exchange of technologies around the world not only made up for many shortcomings of local industries, but also provided a channel for the export of local industrial goods.

At the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, the Western powers were in a period of imperialist economy, and the most typical feature of the imperialist economy was trade protectionism, in which their own markets and their affiliated colonies only allowed their own goods to enter, and foreign goods were absolutely not allowed to enter their own markets without permission.

The huge colonial market provided Britain and France with a huge industrial market, and a large number of local industrial goods were transported through the oceans, entered the colonies, and then dumped them in a monopolistic manner, and finally obtained extremely considerable economic benefits.

After the completion of the industrial revolution, the local industrial market can no longer meet the needs of industrial development, so it must move towards the road of expanding overseas markets, which is also the main reason why the United States, Germany and other late-developing industrial powers challenged the British and French colonial order at the beginning of the 20th century.

Compared with Germany and the United States, the current level of industrialization in Han has not yet reached the level of saturation of the local market, but when the first ten-year development plan is about to be completed, in the face of the rapid expansion of local industrial capacity, it is already an important matter for the government to plan the future overseas market layout of local products in advance.

In the later years, the Englishman Thomas solved the problem of dephosphorization of phosphorite-bearing iron ore by mixing lime into a dolomite-lined Besemer converter.

This technological breakthrough has made it possible to make extensive use of phosphoferite, improve the quality of steel and reduce production costs, etc.

In 1879, the Germans cracked the steel smelting method invented by Thomas and applied it to the local steel smelting industry.

At the beginning of the decade, it became known that the spread and spread of Thomas's smelting method among European countries,

The Han government reacted swiftly to this latest technological achievement.

In January, led by the Han Legation in Germany, the Han Iron and Steel Consortium could not wait to introduce this technology to the Han Kingdom, and the steel production of the Han Kingdom increased by leaps and bounds. The following year, Han produced 1,782 tons of Thomas steel and 11,000 tons of Bessemer steel.

By the beginning of 1889, under the influence of the Daban Railway,

The local crude steel output of Han reached 240,000 tons per year, and the pig iron output reached 310,000 tons per year.

In the same year, world crude steel production reached 10 million tons.

The United States ranks first in the world with 4.02 million tons.

The UK ranked second in the world, with production increasing to 3.536 million tonnes.

Germany is third in the world with 2.01 million tons, following the UK.

Although France ranks fourth, it produces only 700,000 tons, which is far from the top three.

Russia's production slowly grew to 378,000 tons, maintaining its fifth place in the world.

The crude steel output of Han ranked eighth in the world after Austria-Hungary and Italy.

The total length of local railways has increased from 6,000 kilometers to 6,000 kilometers, and the representative industries of the second industrial revolution, such as chemicals, electrical and internal combustion engines, have developed by leaps and bounds in Han.

The strategy of large chemical industry is the top priority of the ten-year development plan, the founding of the country for 21 years, leapfrog development for ten years, the large chemical industry has become the fastest growing national industry in the field of large industry in Han State, the most proud of the people.

polymer chemical subfield,

Local researchers mix sulfur with natural rubber and heat it to obtain elastic materials with better performance.

It is widely used in bicycle pneumatic tires and other rubber products.

In 1887, using Goodyear technology and the introduction of wire drawing technology, the Han Chemical Industry Society established the first rayon factory in Xinjing.

coal chemical sub-field,

In February 1883, the Han Academy of Sciences successfully built a coke oven with a chemical recovery device in Yangzhou, which extracted a large amount of aromatic hydrocarbons from coal tar as raw materials for medicine, dyes and other industries.

photosensitive materials,

In 1884, led by the Chang'an Municipal Government, Chang'an Film Company was established, and its main products were photographic dry plates and films.

In March 1888, the Chang'an Film Company began to produce photographic film and film, thus opening the door to photographic technology.

In June 1888, the films produced by Chang'an Film Company entered the European market, and in August, the first batch of films was sold out, and the quality of the films was widely praised. In January, Chang'an Film Company occupied 20 percent of the international film market, and was ranked as the world's two largest film manufacturers along with Kodak Film Company of the United States.

Textile dyes field,

In May 1882, researchers from the Academy of Chemical Sciences synthesized indigo with phenylacetic acid, thus completing the technology of fully synthesizing indigo.

In January 1883, local chemical researchers completed the technical reserve of synthesizing organic substances (lignite, sawdust, paper, leather, etc.) with sodium sulfide and sulfur into brown sulfur dyes by high-temperature roasting.

In 1885, Liu Linping, a returned student, adopted low temperature, drying and other conditions to control.

The sodium salt solution of ethyl naphthol was soaked on cotton cloth, and then the diazonium salt of acetylene gum was used to develop color, and the red color appeared on the cotton fiber.

Because ice is used to keep the temperature low during the dyeing process, this dye is called ice dye.

While the local chemical dye technology is developing rapidly, the dye technology of Western countries is also in the stage of rapid improvement.

Britain, Germany, France, Italy, Switzerland, the United States and other Western countries, a total of hundreds of new chemical dye companies, including Germany Baden aniline soda ash, Herchst, Bayer AG, Britain Bnemen Chemical Industries Company, the United States DuPont Company and the Swiss Ciba Geigy and Mountain Daoshi and other companies are the most famous, in the international dye market, these foreign chemical enterprises and Royal Soda Company, Susong Textile Company, Jiangnan Textile Company and other local large chemical enterprises compete on the same stage, fiercely compete for the international market share.

rubber branch,

Since Hanguo is the world's largest producer of natural rubber raw materials, it has the advantage of raw material cost and technical reserves.

Therefore, after 1884, the initial formation of the Han rubber industry has been able to produce rubber tape, rubber shoes, rubber hoses, rubber sheets and some daily necessities. These rubber products quickly seized the international rubber product market by virtue of their price advantage and scarcity, and then promoted the local large enterprises led by the Royal Rubber Manufacturing Company and the Luozhou Rubber Industry Group to go abroad and complete the transformation from local state-owned enterprises to international large-scale trust enterprises.

By 1889, the international market share occupied by local rubber enterprises reached 42 percent, and a monopoly pattern was initially formed.

soda ash industry,

In 1876, the Han government used the introduced Solvay method to establish the Royal Soda Company in the local area, engaged in the production of soda ash and other chemical products.

In February 1886, the Royal Soda Company completed the technical improvement of the Solvay method, so that after mass production, the price per ton of soda ash was reduced from 52 Han Yuan to 28 Han Yuan.

The soda ash price and production cost have been greatly reduced, and the soda ash produced by the Royal Soda Company has surpassed the German Bayer company and become the most popular product in the international soda ash market, but due to the protection of the domestic market by the European powers, soda ash has not been like rubber, film and other scarce or subdivided industrial products, and has the opportunity to compete fairly with companies in the same industry in European countries.

After 1887, the international soda ash market share occupied by the Han company stagnated, while the German Bayer company, the British Bnemen chemical company and other enterprises took advantage of the trade agreements between European countries to quickly occupy the European market share and continuously narrow the sales gap with the Han soda ash manufacturing enterprises. …………

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