Wei Bao felt that Li Shizhen was not only a medical scientist, but also a scientist, and Wei Bao discovered that many of the most basic chemistry were recorded in Li Shizhen's "Compendium of Materia Medica".

If Song Yingxing's "Heavenly Creations" is the first encyclopedia in China, what about the "Compendium of Materia Medica"?

Wei Bao felt that the "Compendium of Materia Medica" was the first encyclopedia in the true sense. It's a pity that Li Shizhen is dead, otherwise he must try to get it and stay by his side.

"Childe, I know, soap is soap, isn't it?" Deng Erxian said: "Only rich families can afford it." ”

Wei Bao specially brought a sample, which was taken from a warship, the kind of disposable soap the size of a matchbox used in the hotel: "Look at me, compared to soaphorn, which one is better?" ”

Wei Bao is no stranger to soaphorn, this month, all the soaphorns are used, which are completely natural products, and if you use more, your body is a smell of plants.

Everyone got up together, came over to watch, and carefully looked at the soap that Wei Gongzi took out, and was amazed.

Wei Bao was pleased with the reaction of the crowd.

In the Song Dynasty, there was a synthetic detergent, which is to mash and grind the natural honey locust, add spices and other substances to make an orange-sized ball, which is specially used for washing the face and bathing the body, commonly known as "soap ball", also known as soap horn, hanging knife, soap locust, commonly known as soap horn.

The Song people were careful about the "Old Things of Wulin", volume 6, "Little Brokerage", which recorded that in the Southern Song Dynasty, there were already businessmen who specialized in operating "soap groups" in Lin'an, Kyoto.

Li Shizhen, a Ming scholar, recorded the manufacturing method of "soap ball" in the "Compendium of Materia Medica": the soap locust grows in the high mountains, the tree is tall, the leaves are like sandalwood and honey locust leaves, it blooms in May and June, the pods are three or four inches, fat and fleshy, there are several sunspots in it, it is as big as a finger, it is not round, there are white kernels, and it is edible. In October, the pods are picked, boiled and mashed, and the white flour and incense are used as pills, and the body is bathed, and the dirt is degraded and greasy, which is better than the honey locust.

In addition to natural honey locusts, plants such as soapberry are also spread among the people and become a good detergent.

It was only in the 18th and 19th centuries that soap was really widely used.

After the advent of the industrial revolution at the end of the 18th century, a large amount of cheap sodium carbonate was obtained, which promoted the new development of the soap industry.

However, in the middle of the 20th century, the development of synthetic chemistry and petrochemical industry provided cheap chemical raw materials for detergents, which promoted the rise of synthetic detergents and made great changes in the development of the soap industry.

Wei Bao does not plan to directly develop laundry detergent and dish soap, he first proposed for everyone to practice, is a simple soap, dish soap is not in a hurry, and soap is enough to open the way, after all, people for novelty, novelty goods, need an adaptation process, Wei Bao believes that there are soap and glass these two types of goods, it is enough to help him open the situation of the world business.

He also has information on dish soap, which is more effective than soap and is cheaper.

Although modern people are paying more and more attention to environmental protection, and many people have switched from detergent to soap, the ancient people only recognized the price.

So, Wei Bao just uses soap as a step, and after a few years, or a year or two, add dish soap items.

Moreover, the foundation of soap cannot be abandoned, even if dish soap is widely used, soap has never withdrawn from the stage of history.

"Childe, you have to wash it to know, it's very fragrant, white, and good-looking." Deng Erxian put the soap back on the table and looked at Wei Baodao.

Wei Bao smiled: "Then you can get some water, everyone wash their hands and give it a try." ”

People in this era, not to mention that they are dirty, anyway, they are not clean, even Deng Erxian, who is a girl, his hands are not clean, and there are greasy and oily stains, so he can only wipe them on his body or wipe them with a handkerchief. Girls from poor families, where do they have handkerchiefs?

Everyone heard Wei Gongzi say this, and washed their hands one by one as instructed.

"It's amazing, Childe, this soap is really powerful, I've used soap, and soap soap is never as fast as this, and it's not as clean as this." Deng Erxian looked at his hand.

Everyone agreed, looked at each other's hands, and put their hands to their noses and sniffed them.

Xu Rui and Wang Qiuya secretly wondered if Wei Bao had such a powerful thing, why didn't he take it out earlier?

The second daughter couldn't help but wash it, tested it, and was surprised to find that it was indeed much more powerful than soaphorn.

Wei Bao didn't take out the soap at first, mainly because he wanted to experience the original life of Daming, and he didn't bother to explain. Now that we have the prototype of the R&D team, we don't care about these things, because no matter what comes out, there is no need to explain it.

"Soap not only has a stronger decontamination ability, but also does not hurt the skin, and the cost is much lower than that of soap, which can be industrialized and mass-produced!" Wei Bao said, stretched out a finger and shook it at the sky, like a street vendor.

When everyone heard this, they were amazed again, they thought that the cost would be much higher than that of traditional soap, but they didn't expect the cost to be lower? If this kind of thing is sold everywhere, who will buy soap horns in the future?

Although only large families can afford to use soap horn, the sales volume of soap horn is still very large.

"Let's talk about acid and alkali first, after learning these two items, you will be able to understand the raw materials that you don't understand." Wei Bao said: "Sulfuric acid can hurt people, corrode, and can also cure diseases and save people. Sulfuric acid is used for sulfonation reaction in the preparation of sulfonamide drugs in the pharmaceutical industry and nitrification reaction in the preparation of strong fungicides. Many antibiotics are prepared without the use of sulfuric acid. Whether it is military explosives, propellants, explosives or industrial explosives, most of them use nitro or nitrate as their main components. Although the preparation of these compounds relies on nitric acid, concentrated or oleum sulfuric acid must also be used. The production of acid and alkali can also be used in the production of fertilizers, and the production of ammonium sulfate and superphosphate both fertilizers consume a large amount of sulfuric acid. For the production of pesticides, many pesticides should use sulfuric acid as raw materials, such as copper sulfate and zinc sulfate can be used as fungicides for plants, thallium sulfate can be used as rodenticides, ferrous sulfate and copper sulfate can be used as herbicides. ”

Dong Huojin listened suddenly, the problem he encountered in making smokeless fire is actually the problem of nitrification reaction, although the first time I heard of it, sulfuration reaction, alkalinization reaction, nitrification reaction These terms, but I don't completely understand it.

"Childe, let's get started, right?" Deng Erxian felt that Gongzi liked him a lot, so he became more and more relaxed.

Wei Bao glanced at this tall, man-like girl and smiled, "Okay! ”

First, an acid production experiment was done, which was similar to that of the ancients, except that a large iron box was added, and a one-step contact method was added to make sulfur trioxide. Then a large iron box is used as an absorption tower for a reversible reaction, so that pyrosulfuric acid is obtained.

During the whole process, although everyone was wearing masks and the amount was very small, they were still dizzy from stimulation.

Wei Bao felt that his throat began to ache, and secretly thought, he knew that he should have brought a gas mask, and he forgot about it on the warship.

Thinking that the amount is small, it should not be life-threatening, and the gas mask cannot be popularized, there are only about a dozen sets, and I still don't take it out.

Wei Bao is reluctant to take out things that can't be popularized.

During the whole process, Wei Bao was not hands-on, but like a mentor, he guided by the side: "These methods of mine need you to further improve and verify them in the future, you just use them as a reference, and you don't have to completely obey me." ”

The people didn't say anything, secretly not listening to you, where would we?

"Any aqueous solution of a substance that can dissolve certain metals, lose its original properties when in contact with alkali, and can make the litmus solution reddened is called acid; The aqueous solution of any substance has a bitter and astringent taste, can corrode the skin, loses its original properties when in contact with acid, and can make the litmus solution blue. This definition is much more scientific, but there are still loopholes, such as the fact that some acids and bases still have the properties of acids or bases after their reactions. "Wei Bao said this from memory, and the information collected by the three 'Crossing Giant Enthusiasm' brothers is not, and the three of them don't pay much attention to theory, and what they collect are all production methods of various finished products.

Wei Bao can now conclude that the three brothers should all be liberal arts students, and only liberal arts students will get these, if the science and engineering students are keen brothers, there may not be these materials for making specific objects, they should all be in their minds, if it is a complex process, it must also be the most critical and troublesome steps to record, and the previous simple steps will be omitted.

Based on this, Wei Bao is also glad that the three brothers are all liberal arts students. Otherwise, he wouldn't have so much information.

"Then it's about adding water and purifying. Distillation of industrial concentrated sulfuric acid can obtain sulfuric acid with a concentration of 95%~98%. After the phosphoric acid reaction by the dihydrate method, phosphogypsum is used for industrial recycling, and sulfuric acid is produced by the dihydrate method. Wei Bao said.

Since the three brothers are all liberal arts students, they also ignore a lot of details, but fortunately, Wei Bao is a second knife and knows a little bit about everything.

Otherwise, if you don't know how to make the test strips for pH testing, you can't always rely on human hands, right?

The pH test paper, litmus test paper was discovered by the scientist Boyle by chance, he put the violet in the laboratory in a tense experiment, was splashed with concentrated hydrochloric acid, and the flower-loving Boyle hurriedly rinsed the smoking violet with water, and then inserted it in a vase. After a while, Boyle noticed that the dark purple violets had turned red.

This strange phenomenon prompted him to carry out many experiments on the interaction of flowers and trees with acids and bases. As a result, he discovered that most flowers and plants can change their color when affected by acid or alkali, among which the purple infusion extracted from litmus lichen is the most obvious, which turns red when exposed to acid and blue when exposed to alkali.

Taking advantage of this feature, Boyle soaked the paper with litmus infusion and then dried it, which made the acid-base test paper commonly used in experiments - litmus test paper.

Wei Bao knew that litmus reagent was extracted from a plant called litmus. Litmus lichens grow on sunny rocks at medium to high altitudes.

The most important thing is that this litmus lichen is a kind of knife wound medicine, so I asked Cheng Blind to ask for some and teach everyone to make test strips on the spot.

"See? The test strips are turning red! Wei Bao was pleasantly surprised: "The redder it is, the more acidic it is!" When it comes time to make caustic soda, the more blue it is, the more alkaline it is! ”

Everyone sighed, curiously watching the note change color in Wei Bao's hand, like a trick, and they all felt extremely surprised.

"Silver needle poison test is this principle, poison mainly refers to the highly toxic arsenic, because of the backward production technology, arsenic is accompanied by a small amount of sulfur and sulfide. The sulfur contained in it can cause a chemical reaction when it comes into contact with silver, causing a black layer of "silver sulfide" to be formed on the surface of the silver needle. By neutralizing the acid with alkali, the technology of producing arsenic is much more advanced, and the refining is very pure, and there is no longer sulfur and sulfide. Silver metal is chemically stable and does not react with arsenic under normal conditions. Some items are not poisonous, but they contain a lot of sulfur, such as egg yolks, which can turn black when a silver needle is inserted. On the contrary, some are very poisonous, but they do not contain sulfur, and silver needles do not react black when they come into contact with them. Therefore, silver needles cannot identify poisons, let alone be used as a tool for drug testing. Wei Bao said.

Dong Huojin, Qian Xuexue and Zheng Ergou and others were originally born in Liuzi, and when they were in the Liuzi Gang, they were all good at fiddling with poisons, and when they heard Wei Gongzi say this, they all nodded convincingly, admiring Wei Gongzi's erudition, and felt that what he said was very right, and now he understands that this is the principle.

After fiddling with chemistry for a day, Wei Bao suddenly found that if he was blackened and committed a crime in ancient times, there was really no way to take him from the ancient pretenses, even Song Cilai, there was no way to take him, because that little bit of 'chemical knowledge' in ancient times was not enough.

Whenever he thought of watching TV before, Song Ci's eyes widened and he watched the silver needle turn black, and then said in a sincere way that this was the 'ironclad evidence' to convict people, and the ironclad evidence was like a mountain, Wei Bao couldn't help laughing.

After making acid, Wei Bao made some cyanide, put it in a ceramic bottle, and put it on his body for later use, I don't know why, I suddenly felt that I put some poison on my body, and I felt a sense of security.

There are many methods of alkali production, there is the Lübran method, as early as 1791, the ancients began to use salt, sulfuric acid, coal, limestone as raw materials to produce sodium carbonate, is the Lübran method.

This method is gradually replaced by the Solvay method due to insufficient utilization of raw materials, poor labor conditions, and poor product quality.

Soxhlet alkali method is in 1859, Belgian Solvay, using salt, ammonia, carbon dioxide as raw materials, precipitate sodium bicarbonate from the solution at room temperature, heat it, that is, decompose into sodium carbonate, people call this method Soxhlet alkali method, this method has been used until later generations.

Ammonia reacts with water and carbon dioxide to form a molecule of ammonium bicarbonate, which is the first step. The second step is the sodium bicarbonate precipitation and ammonium chloride produced by the reaction of ammonium bicarbonate with sodium chloride, which precipitates because it has less solubility. Sodium bicarbonate solids are obtained by filtration. The third step is to heat and decompose sodium bicarbonate to produce water, carbon dioxide and sodium carbonate, i.e. soda ash.

In the fourth step, the by-product of ammonium chloride and hydrated lime in the second step is mixed and heated, and the ammonia obtained can be recycled.

Wei Bao adopts the most common Hou's alkali method in China, in 1943 Chinese Hou Debang returned from studying abroad, he combined with the national conditions of salt shortage in Chinese mainland, improved the Solvay method, combined the two major industries of soda ash and synthetic ammonia, and produced sodium carbonate and fertilizer ammonium chloride at the same time, which greatly improved the utilization rate of salt, which is the Hou's alkali method.

The first step is to react ammonia with water and carbon dioxide to form a molecule of ammonium bicarbonate, and the second step is to react ammonium bicarbonate with sodium chloride to produce sodium bicarbonate precipitate and ammonium chloride, sodium bicarbonate precipitates because it has less solubility. Sodium bicarbonate solids are obtained by filtration. These two steps are the same as the Soxhlet method above.

The part of sodium bicarbonate synthesized in the third step can be directly sold out of the factory, and the rest of the sodium bicarbonate will be heated and decomposed to produce sodium carbonate, and the generated carbon dioxide can be recycled back to the first step.

The difference between the Soxhlet alkali method and the Hou's alkali method is that the Soxhlet method uses NH3 in the whole production process, while the Hou's method recycles CO2 in the whole production process, and NH4Cl is directly used as a by-product of soda ash - fertilizer.

Therefore, the product of the Soxhlet method is sodium carbonate, a by-product of calcium chloride; The product of Hou's method is sodium carbonate, which is a by-product of ammonium chloride.

The advantages of this method retain the advantages of the ammonia-alkali method, eliminate its shortcomings, improve the utilization rate of salt, make nitrogen fertilizer, and also synthesize ammonia plants.

"Got it, right? This is the process of making alkali and fertilizer. Wei Bao said.

"I wrote it down, but there are still many things I don't understand." Dong Huojin said.

Wei Bao smiled slightly: "Just write it down, and you will understand it slowly." As he spoke, he took out the periodic table he had written last night and some simple chemical reaction equations that he could remember.

Although Wei Bao doesn't remember many chemical reaction equations, what he can remember must be some formulas that junior high school students and high school students know, and those are the most basic and widely used formulas.

That's it, in fact, I have to learn a chemistry class for a year in junior high school, Wei Bao only took one hour to finish, "I don't know much, probably that's it, I have already told you everything I know, and you will rely on your own research and development in the future." When I have time, I do it with everyone. ”

The basic chemical reaction of soap making is the interaction between oil and alkali to produce soap and glycerin: the soap obtained by the reaction is salted out, washed, and finished, which is called soap base, and then continues to be processed into soap in various commercial forms.

Wei Bao then used the acid and alkali he had just obtained to lead everyone to make soap, first refining it to remove impurities from the oil. Commonly used refining processes include de-scabling, alkali refining, deacidification, and decolorization.

Degumming is to remove phospholipids and other colloids from oil, hydrate phospholipids and other colloids with water, and then precipitate the hydration method; and acid refining method to carbonize phospholipids and similar impurities with concentrated sulfuric acid.

The main function of alkali refining is to remove free fatty acids in the oil, and remove the pigments and impurities in the oil due to the formation of flocculent soap.

Then there is saponification, which is saponification reaction with alkali after oil refining. The boiling method is the main method of saponification, and the soap pot is cylindrical or square.

In addition to pipes equipped with grease, lye, water, brine, etc., it is also equipped with direct steam or steam coils to pass in steam and stir the soap.

The pan is also fitted with a moving head tube, and the upper mouth of the tube can be placed at any liquid level to drain the soap in the pan. The bottom of the pot is cone-shaped, and there is a discharge pipe under it to release the residual liquid left after the moving head tube discharges.

The grease and caustic soda are boiled in the soap pot until the saponification rate reaches about 95%, and the saponification operation is stopped when the soap is in a uniform closed state.

In the closed soap, add salt or saturated salt water to separate the soap from the dilute glycerol water. The lowest concentration at which soap is precipitated is called the salting out limit concentration. After the closed soap glue is salted, the upper layer of soap is called soap grains; The lower layer of salted glycerin water is drained from the bottom of the soap pan to recover the glycerin.

After separating the waste liquid, add water and steam to boil the soap particles to make them into uniform soap glue from the precipitated state, and wash out the residual glycerin, pigments and impurities.

In order to completely saponify the residual oil in the soap particles, the glycerin, salt, pigments and impurities in the soap grains are further washed out by alkaline precipitation. The lowest concentration of alkali that is completely precipitated from alkaline water is called the limit concentration of alkaline water.

Adjust the electrolyte and fatty acid content in the soap particles after alkali precipitation, reduce impurities, improve the color, and obtain the maximum soap yield and qualified soap base. When finishing, an appropriate amount of electrolytes, such as caustic soda and table salt, should be added to adjust enough to separate the soap into two soap phases. The upper layer is pure soap base, and the lower layer is soap feet. The soap foot has a dark color and many impurities, and is generally reused in the next pot of alkali precipitation.

Finally, the soap base is condensed into large soap boards, which are then cut into soap blanks, which are printed and dried into soap.

At noon, Wei Bao ate some casually in the big wooden shed used for the experiment, until he saw the finished soap, he was not satisfied, and secretly thought that as long as these people from the Military Industry Department understood how to make acid and alkali, they would be able to reduce the difficulty of developing other chemical products in the future.

"Childe, the soap we made is very uncomfortable to wash, it seems that there are a lot of small stones in it, and after washing, I feel that my hands are dry and painful." Deng Erxian said to Wei Bao.

Wei Bao was stunned, eh, he really didn't dare to use the soap he made.

"That's because there are too many impurities, and there are also problems with the alkalinity ratio, these are unqualified products, so be careful when using them." Wei Bao smiled: "There is always a process of gradual improvement, and I will definitely be able to make a much better soap than the sample I took in the future." ”

Deng Erxian nodded and said, "If you solve these two problems, will you be qualified?" ”

"Yes. It can be regarded as qualified, and if you want to be more advanced, you need to develop additional elements, more fragrant, and more protective of the skin. Wei Bao said and said to Dong Huojin: "Cut these soaps into small pieces, and let Chief Manager Luo distribute them." ”

"Yes, Childe." Dong Huojin agreed.

Xu Rui and Wang Qiuya both held the newly made soap and smelled it, and compared with the samples taken out by Wei Bao, they felt that it was much worse.

"Will make acid and alkali, it will be helpful for you to master the nitrification technology, the smokeless fire is mainly you, Qian Xue, Zheng Ergou, Deng Daliang and Deng Erxian are in charge, this is the top secret! We need to do it as soon as possible. Wei Bao said: "These small production technologies, such as making soap or something, will be handed over to the people of the Heavy Industry Bureau when the research and development is mature." Now is the beginning stage, considering that you don't know chemistry, I asked you to come and follow along, and in the future, you will become the team that develops the highest technology. ”

Dong Huojin, Qian Xuexue, Zheng Ergou, Deng Daliang and Deng Erxian and other people from the Military Industry Department were very excited when they heard this, and their hearts instantly surged with burning flames, and they gave a military salute to Wei Gongzi together, and agreed in unison.

Wei Bao smiled slightly, satisfied with everyone's attitude and enthusiasm for work, made soap, and was very happy, and after encouraging them a few words, he took Xu Rui, Wang Qiuya, and a group of followers away.

"Xiaobao, I really can't be your assistant, I didn't understand what you said just now." Wang Qiuya walked as she walked.

Wei Bao smiled slightly: "Be my assistant, you don't have to specialize in specific techniques, it's enough to understand everything." Actually, I only know a little bit about it. ”

Do you still only know a little bit of the skin? When Wang Qiuya and Xu Rui heard this, they glanced at Wei Bao, and the two women felt that Wei Bao was too modest.

Looking at the starry sky, Wei Bao was in a very good mood, and he came out of the depressed mood of preparing to welcome a group of people who were calling to Liaodong Jingluo Mansion to 'get' him.

For the next two days, Wei Bao worked every day without sleep or food, and he never felt that science knowledge was so useful, so interesting, and actually enjoyable.

This morning, while Wei Bao was still asleep, there was a very unusual knock on the door, and the knock was not only loud, but also very urgent.

"Xiaobao, the guards came to report, there were a lot of people outside, it seems that they are looking for trouble. Five or six hundred people. Wang Qiuya's voice came.