In the afternoon of the same day, Fan Wencheng went to the pavilion to negotiate with Golovin that if the Qing and Russian sides wanted to unite, they needed to attack Jinzhou together.

When Golovin heard this, he couldn't help but look disappointed, and he said loudly: "Mr. Fan, may I ask, is your country not sincere in forming an alliance with our Russian Empire?" Our army is not mercenaries, and it is impossible for you to engage other enemies as you wish.

Fan Wencheng sneered: "Mr. Golovin, do you think that forming an alliance with your Russia is a last resort for us in the Qing Dynasty?" Golovin was heartbroken, and replied: "Mr. Fan, how else do you want us to express our sincerity?!" What do you mean, isn't it that I, the Russian Empire, want to force an alliance with you? Fan Wencheng smiled: "Mr. Golovin, what do you think? The official just thinks that for the sake of diplomatic relations between the two countries, many things should not be punctured. When Golovin saw Fan Wencheng's greasy smiling face, he gritted his teeth with hatred in his heart, but he also had to sigh secretly that this guy's grasp of the situation between the two countries was excellent.

Golovin sighed and said, "Mr. Fan, if my Russian Empire helps you conquer Jinzhou, then will you continue to cooperate with us to attack the city of Yakutsk?"

“

"As long as our two countries cooperate well, the Qing Dynasty will abide by the covenant and agreement, and work with your country to attack our common enemy, Li Xiao.

Fan Wencheng said with a smile. When Golovin heard him answer so tactfully, he secretly hated it in his heart, but he still had to answer: "Okay, I hope that you Qingguo can abide by the agreement, then this covenant, you and I will officially sign it."

“

"Very well, Mr. Golovin is really a cheerful man, and I am glad to reach an agreement with your country.

Fan Wencheng replied with a laugh. So, the next day, in the Chongzheng Palace, the Russian side was represented by Golovin, and the Qing Dynasty side took the jade seal of Huang Taiji as the seal, and the two sides signed a cooperation covenant. The pact agreed that from now on, Russia and the Qing Dynasty would be friendly allies of each other, and the two countries would have trade exchanges and mutually beneficial cooperation, and then Russia would send 2,000 musketeers and 500 Cossack cavalry to Shenyang by the end of next spring at the latest, and then, together with the Qing army, would first attack Jinzhou in western Liaoning. After Jinzhou was captured, the two countries jointly sent troops to attack Miaojiebao, an important town of the Tang army at the mouth of the Heilongjiang River in the north, and after Miaojiebao was taken, they went north to attack Yakutsk City. Subsequently, each side held a copy, and after arranging a feast to entertain Golovin and his party, Golovin resigned to Huang Taiji and returned to Russia. Huang Taiji was in a good mood, so he agreed, and gave them a generous entanglement before letting them leave. At this time, there was a joyful atmosphere in the Chongzheng Palace, and the monarchs and ministers of the Qing Dynasty began to understand and look forward to the battle that would start in Jinzhou next year. Leisure time is easy to pass, and before you know it, it is the end of the year. At this time, Li Xiao, who was in Jinan, received good news from Australia, that is, after more than half a year of fighting, the entire Australian continent, as well as the affiliated islands, including New Zealand, were taken by the Tang army. Since then, this fertile and vast land of Australia has completely become the territory of Li Xiao's rule. In fact, in the battle to conquer Australia, it is much easier than conquering places such as Mindanao and New Guinea, because this Australian continent is too vast and sparsely populated, and there are very few Maori tribes that can resist. Li Xiao was overjoyed, and immediately ordered that, according to the system, the meritorious personnel should be rewarded heavily, and all the soldiers of Pingnan Town should temporarily rest in Australia and wait for the next arrangement. Then, Li Xiao began to plan for Australia, and he decided to merge the Micronesian islands in the north, as well as Melanesia, as well as the north and south islands of New Zealand, into New Zealand Province. The Australian continent is divided into three provinces, of which most of the desert area in the west forms a province, called Western Australia, and the fertile area in the east is divided into two provinces in the middle, with Northern Australia in the north and South Australia in the south. Next, Li Xiao naturally began to carry out large-scale immigration to the Australian mainland, and in his plan, at least 10 million immigrants should be arranged for the Australian mainland, and this work should be completed in two to three years. Li Xiao knew that by now, his own territorial expansion work had actually been basically completed. Now it has a vast area from the north to Eastern Siberia and the south to the Australian island of New South Wales, which is its own scope of governance. And with such a large territory, it can be said that in Asia, it can be called the invisible empire with the largest territorial area, and perhaps, it is more appropriate to call it the empire of tomorrow. However, now that the territory is expanding so rapidly, the money in Li Xiao's hands is also being consumed rapidly, and now the money stock in his hand and in the bank is in a rather insufficient state. Fortunately, in the past few years, the volume of foreign trade in various commodities has been rising rapidly, which can be regarded as making up for the huge cost of developing land and resettlement. It is precisely because of the large cost of silver that this is also the reason why Li Xiao can only temporarily take a defensive position against the rest of the country and the north when opening up the vast territory in the South Seas. On this evening, (the following is an anti-piracy edition, to be added tomorrow) example 1, this book is premised on academic value. Not satisfied

"Words must be substantiated",

"There is no word without a source", but strive to be accurate in historical facts. Some issues are difficult to draw conclusions, so we have to leave them in doubt for the time being, and at the same time point out the doubts in the text or in the notes.

2. Retain the original text as much as possible and not translate into modern Chinese -- Although this is more convenient for some readers, historians and lovers of literature and history with a certain degree of literacy probably like to see the original historical texts.

All documents that the author of this book believes to be forged by later generations are discarded, such as the "Biography of Li Dingguo, King of Jin" by Liu Bin, a relict in the late Ming Dynasty.

3. The history of the Southern Ming Dynasty is complicated, and this book can neither be written in the general style nor in the end of the chronicle, in order to facilitate the chronological description of the issues in chapters, and try to take care of each other between the chapters.

Fourth, in terms of time, the year is generally marked with the corresponding Gregorian calendar, and the old calendar is used for the month and day, so as to facilitate the reference of the bibliography.

Fifth, since the Southern Ming Dynasty included

"Official History", Wild History,

Fallacies or prejudices that exist in the works of the "remnants" or even in the works of recent people with greater influence should be clarified in appropriate places on the basis of accurate historical data, so as to avoid false rumors.

6. Most of the historical materials cited in this book are notes transcribed by the author when reading in various libraries and archives, and although they have been checked and accurate in their excerpts, I dare not say that there are absolutely no clerical errors.

If someone quotes historical material from this book without seeing the original book, please indicate that the quotation is from this book. This is not only a copyright issue, but more importantly, a reflection of responsibility to readers and academic conscience.

7. Attaching illustrations and maps to historiographical works will help to increase the interest and convenience of reading.

This is also the case in the writing process, and some pictures are collected. However, the history of the Southern Ming Dynasty was too wide-ranging, and the selection of illustrations and maps became a problem.

What's more, Nanming is the losing side, and the vast majority of the physical objects that have been preserved are not the most representative.

If you want to take care of all aspects, it is inevitable that you will take out what you can find, and you may not be able to achieve better results.

There are many physical pictures of Nanming that have been plate-made and printed in related works, such as the first picture of "The Complete Biography of Zheng Chenggong" published in Taiwan, which is as many as 51 pages, and Yongli

The "Treasure of Destiny" has been published in several books, and the texts of some important figures in the Southern Ming Dynasty are often accompanied by portraits of authors and handwriting photos, and the currencies issued by various regimes can be found in various atlases.

If this book is selected in large numbers, it will not only lack freshness, but will inevitably increase the burden on readers. Hesitated again and again, and paid for the time being.

If there is a chance to republish, it will be subject to availability. Preface: The history of the Southern Ming Dynasty occupies an important position in the annals of China's history, including the history of the anti-Qing movement in various places since the Dashun army conquered Beijing and the ensuing Qing soldiers entered Shanhaiguan to win the Central Plains until the collapse of the Kuidong anti-Qing base in the third year of Kangxi (1664).

From different perspectives, it is a struggle for hegemony, a continuation of the Ming Dynasty, and a major part of the history of the early Qing Dynasty.

It is called the Southern Ming Dynasty because the Ming court in Beijing headed by the Chongzhen Emperor Zhu Youzhen has fallen, and the battles during this period were mainly carried out in the south, and they were carried out under the banner of reviving the Ming Dynasty, and the Hongguang, Longwu, Lu Jianguo, and Yongli courts were all established in the south.

However, the resistance to the tyrannical rule of the Qing Dynasty was not limited to the south, and the anti-Qing movement in Shaanxi, Gansu, Shanxi, Hebei, Shandong, Henan and other places continued to rise and waves, and the Qing rulers felt that they were suffering from elbows and armpits many times, and had to use heavy troops to encircle and suppress them.

This is in terms of geography, and the coverage of the history of the Southern Ming Dynasty is not limited to the south. If we discuss the time, the upper limit of the history of the Southern Ming Dynasty is probably marked by the succession of the Hongguang court in Nanjing, and the author of this book believes that the history of the Southern Ming Dynasty should start from the conquest of Beijing by the Dashun army and the fall of the Chongzhen court on March 19 of Jiashen.

This is because although the imperial court fell, the Ming Dynasty still controlled half of the southern part of the country, and although the specific time (i.e., March to May 1644) was not far apart, we should focus on the evolution of the national situation and not stick to the succession of the Southern Ming Emperor.

If this period is excluded from the history of the Southern Ming Dynasty because there was no emperor (or superintendent) in the Ming Dynasty's ruling area from March 19 to May 3 of the same year, it will be difficult to justify it in later historical narratives, because Emperor Hongguang was captured in May 1645, and Emperor Longwu succeeded in leap June of the same year; Emperor Longwu was captured and killed in August 1646, and Emperor Yongli succeeded to the throne in October of the same year, during which there were vacant thrones for one or two months.

The three "national unifications" are by no means equal to the three uniques of the history of the Southern Ming Dynasty, which can be understood with a little thought. For the same reason, the lower limit of the history of the Southern Ming Dynasty did not end with the capture and killing of Yongli Emperor Zhu Youlang in 1662, but ended with the battle of Li Laiheng Maolu Mountain.

Of course, the lower limit of the history of the Southern Ming Dynasty was stretched until the 22nd year of the Kangxi reign of the Qing Dynasty (1683) when Shi Lang marched into Taiwan, and Zheng Kexuan and Liu Guoxuan surrendered, which is also a method of understanding and narrating, because the Zheng family has always pursued the Yongli Zhengshuo of the Ming Dynasty in Taiwan, although the emperor and the imperial court have long ceased to exist.

This book does not take this approach because Zheng Jing was involved in the Rebellion of the Three Feudatories in the twelfth to twentieth years of the Kangxi reign (1673-1681).

The change of the three feudatories was closely related to a series of major events during the Ming and Qing dynasties. The formation of the three feudatories (if we take into account Kong Sizhen, Sun Yanling and his wife, Lian Guoan and others under the original Nanwang domain, it can also be said that the four feudatories) was actually due to the fact that the Manchurian aristocracy had to encircle a part of the Han warlords because their own strength was not enough to conquer the whole country, and this turmoil did have the color of national struggle; However, it is not appropriate to link the changes of the three feudatories with the history of the Southern Ming Dynasty after all.

Therefore, the narration of the Zheng family's deeds in this book is limited to the death of Zheng Chenggong. Compared with various historical works of the Southern Ming Dynasty (since the early Qing Dynasty), this book has two main features.

One is that it is basically based on the remnants of the Dashun Army, the remnants of the Daxi Army,

The people's anti-Qing struggle such as Zheng Chenggong of the "Haikou" was the main line, rather than the rise and fall of the Zhu family court in the Southern Ming Dynasty.

Second, the thread that runs through the book is to emphasize that the main reason for the failure of the common people of the Han and other ethnic groups (such as the Hui in the northwest and various ethnic minorities in the southwest and other places) against the conquest of the Manchurian aristocracy that lasted for 20 years was that there were many internal contradictions and intrigues, which seriously dispersed and neutralized the anti-Qing forces.

Manchurian nobles such as Dolgon and Fulin not only represented a relatively backward mode of production, but also had very limited troops and reserves, and it was impossible to conquer the whole country with their own Eight Banners alone, and the defeat of the anti-Qing forces of the Han factions was to a large extent their own defeat.

To be more precise, the Ming and Qing dynasties were the result of a backward but fierce Manchu upper-class figure within the Chinese nation who colluded with the most reactionary officials and gentry and landlords of the Han nationality to take advantage of the contradictions to reap the benefits of the fishermen and steal the fruits of the victory of the great peasant uprising.

After the Manchurian aristocracy entered the Central Plains, under the influence of the more advanced Han culture, their own development made a phased leap.

The Qing Dynasty was vigorous and powerful for a period of time, and played an important and positive role in the establishment of China as a multi-ethnic state.

However, on the other hand, the policy of ethnic discrimination pursued by the Manchurian aristocracy caused great political turmoil in the domestic situation and interrupted the normal process of social development in China, which cannot be ignored.

The facts of historical progress provide the strongest evidence. China was in a leading position in the world before the middle of the Ming Dynasty, and after the middle of the Ming Dynasty, it has gradually fallen behind in science and technology, but until the end of the Ming Dynasty, the gap between China and Western European countries was not large, and the last emperor of the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Youzhen, who was overthrown by the Dashun Army, was still diligent in introducing Western science and technology, especially firearms and calendars.

The establishment of Qing rule came at the cost of the great destruction of the productive forces of the whole country, and the stable rule was touted by some people as the prosperous era of Kang Yongqian.

It is when China is in this situation

In the more than 100 years since the "prosperous era", the distance between China and the level of development of Western society has become wider and wider.

Less than 50 years after the "prosperous era" (if we look at the idea of some scholars touting the three emperors Kang, Yong, and Qian, Jiaqing, who reigned for 25 years after Qianlong, should also be regarded as a good emperor who worked hard, at least not to say that he was a faint monarch without reason), the Sino-British Opium War broke out, and the tragedy of losing power and humiliating the country ensued, exposing the decay and backwardness of the Qing Empire.

In his book "History of the Peasant War in the Late Ming Dynasty", the author of this book has proved with conclusive facts that the Dashun army overthrew the Ming Dynasty and took over the entire Yellow River Valley, causing almost no damage to social production, and swept away or severely dealt a blow to the aristocratic and gentry forces that seriously hindered the development of productive forces.

If this momentum had not been interrupted by the Manchurian aristocracy and the renegade Wu Sangui and other Han warlords and gentry, Chinese society would have achieved relatively rapid development on the basis of what had already been achieved in the Ming Dynasty, and the history of the past 300 years or so might have been different.

"Taking history as a mirror" is a Chinese tradition, but it is a pity that in the mirrors made by most historians in the past, the dwarfs were elevated, and the image of perseverance and uprightness was distorted, or even squeezed out of the frame, becoming an authentic haha mirror.

The author of this book tries to use reliable historical facts to re-depict this period of history in the Ming and Qing dynasties; Due to the lack of materials, it is certainly not satisfactory.

It is hoped that through the publication of this book, readers will be provided with some descriptions and arguments that are closer to the truth.