Qianlong stated that the necessity of compiling the "Biography of Erchen" was to allow Hong Chengchou, Zu Dashou, Feng Quan and others in the process of the Ming and Qing dynasties to "distinguish" from the "pure and flawless" Fan Wencheng.

In other words, before the above criterion was proposed, Fan Wencheng had already been determined to be not a "second minister".

This criterion was not all thought up by Emperor Qianlong.

In the early Qing Dynasty, literati who paid attention to the historical events of the late Ming Dynasty were always faced with the problem of defining the concept of loyalty.

At the time of the Ming and Qing dynasties, people were faced with many choices, how should future generations comment on this choice, and what kind of choice is "loyalty"?

Since the hope of the ancestors, some historians have agreed to take "whether or not to become an official at the end of the Ming Dynasty" as an important indicator.

It's just that the National History Museum of the Qing Dynasty implements this indicator very mechanically, after all, it is the standard of the emperor's personal instructions, and his subordinates can only follow it.

As long as there are biographical historical figures who have entered the Ming Dynasty, they must be included in the "second courtiers", which in turn leads to some people who are not obvious in the Ming Dynasty or have few deeds, and whose main deeds are all after the Qing Dynasty, or perhaps those who have made great contributions to the founding of the Qing Dynasty, are also classified as "second ministers", such as Bao Chengxian, who was originally a staff general at the end of the Ming Dynasty, and had many war exploits after the Qing Dynasty, and the official to the secretary of the university, Daniel Zhang made great contributions to the neutralization of the "San Francisco Rebellion", and Wei Zhouyin supervised the imperial history at the end of the Ming Dynasty, and the Qing people were awarded the original official after entering Beijing, and the later official was appointed to the military department.

These people were listed in the historical biography, which was originally a commendation for them by the Qing Dynasty; However, Emperor Qianlong revised the standards and the National History Museum mechanically implemented them, so that these biographies, which were originally intended to be commended, were included in the "Second Minister", which became a derogatory.

Under these circumstances, the compilation of "The Biography of the Second Minister" has become a kind of mechanical work without will, and whether or not it is selected is not the same as the concept of loyalty, and the original intention of establishing the concept of loyalty as a "negative type" has been lost.

In the same way, Shang Kexi and Geng Zhongming also had positions in the late Ming Dynasty and then surrendered to the Qing Dynasty, so they were included in the "Biography of Erchen".

Shang Kexi and Geng Zhongming did not rebel against the Qing Dynasty, and it was Shang Zhixin and Geng Jingzhong who rebelled against the Qing Dynasty.

You can also see the rigidity of the Qing History Museum's treatment of the characters.

Geng Zhongming, Geng Jimao, and Geng Jingzhong are actually listed in three places: "The Biography of the Second Minister", "The Biography of the Minister's Painting", and "The Biography of the Rebel Minister".

As for Wu Sangui, it was because he entered the "Biography of the Rebel Ministers", and because of the "Rebellion of the Three Feudatories", he was no longer selected into the "Biography of the Second Minister".

Wei Bao heard a lot about the late Ming Dynasty and the Qing Dynasty in modern times, and there were many disputes from all walks of life, such as whether the Qing army entered the customs to establish a dynasty?

The Qing Dynasty was not a "three-no" dynasty, with no Ming monarchs, no famous generals, and no famous people.

It's just that history is history and cannot be changed, and the main things that Lord Wei can do are two things: restore the truth of history, and then learn lessons from history.

It is good to revise history a little and develop it in a slightly better direction, even if it cannot change the general trend of history, at least it is good to protect more of the people who died in the original history.

In fact, in this era, the utilization rate of the world is estimated to be less than one-tenth of the world, a lot of vacant land has not been cleared, and there are no people, these are waiting for Lord Wei to fill it, this is not to change history, this is to fill the gap, fill the gap in history, hehe.

With Nurhachi's order, the sound of people shouting and neighing continued to sound in the camp of the Eight Banners outside Shanhaiguan, and everyone was busy.

It is not easy for tens of thousands of troops to set off in a whole team at once.

The speed of the Eight Banners must be much faster than that of the Ming army, each of them has fixed horses, and they bring less equipment, so they don't have to prepare a lot of grain, grass and baggage like the infantry.

However, it is essential to bring at least enough dry food for at least three days.

And this is still under normal circumstances, in the absence of a special order, otherwise, to pursue from a distance, in the case of difficulties in supplying supplies, more will be carried.

This time, Nurhachi did not give a special order, and Nurhachi himself knew very well that if he only sent two or three thousand people to symbolically chase after him, he would not be reconciled.

But carrying a large amount of dry food and chasing after him with all his might, except for the bloody head fight with Nekhalkha, did not help much.

There are 20,000 or 30,000 strong men in Inner Khalkha who can fight well, let alone bring tens of thousands of people, even if all the more than 40,000 troops on this expedition are dispatched, it will definitely not be able to kill Nekhalkha cleanly.

He is a cavalryman, and the Mongols are also cavalry, so it's one thing to not be able to beat him, can't you run away from him?

Therefore, although he led an army of 10,000 to the battle, Nurhachi was ready to fight, and he did not think about chasing Nekharkha and fighting until others fought with him.

This time, more than 100,000 people in Inner Kharkha defected, which made Nurhachi's mood even more depressed.

It seems that since he had this Wei Bao, Nurhachi has not done anything well.

The expected takedown of southern Liaoning is gone.

Although southern Liaoning is barren, and it is not of much use to take it down, it is better than falling into the hands of the Ming people.

Especially after I heard that Wei Bao won southern Liaoning, he absorbed millions of Liao people, and now southern Liaoning is developing rapidly.

This is the other, he himself is contained, Wei Bao has grown rapidly, his strength is already on par with Wei Bao, and even slightly lost to Wei Bao, how can this not make Nurhachi worry.

Liaonan was lost, sent troops to Korea, robbed the large granary in the rear, and the plan to surrender the Korean royal family was also crushed by the Bao army, and now North Korea is also under the control of Wei Bao, which makes Nurhachi even more worried.

Liaonan plus North Korea means that his rear and flanks are enemies!

Now Nekhalkha has defected again, although after Nekhalkha is gone, the original territory of Nekhalkha will be replaced by the tribes of the Korqin steppe, and there is no opposition to the original territory of Nekhalkha, but it has been weakened after all.

This made Lin Dan Khan, who was already opposed to his own side, even more difficult because of his own weakening.

There is also Wei Bao's gradual strength, and now Nurhachi only feels that there are opponents on all sides, and it is getting more and more difficult for him.

This fear turned into anger, and Nurhachi urgently needed to vent his anger in Inner Khalkha.

There were a lot of people in Inner Khalkha, more than 100,000 people, and countless cattle and sheep, so they walked very slowly, and at this time they just reached the top of Karaqin.

So Nurhachi's tens of thousands of cavalry caught up with the other party in less than a day.

"Father, it's not good, it's the Jin army that has arrived, there are tens of thousands of horses, it seems that it is still Nurhachi's pro-army! The leader should be Mang Gurtai! Zortmur anxiously prayed to Droriktu.

"Quickly lead someone to intercept it! All the mighty men go and protect our old and young women, and our sheep and cattle. Ulan Tuya Qiqi said urgently.

"You take 5,000 people to intercept it first, and I will ask someone to get another 15,000 and gather 20,000 troops to cooperate with you!" You must remember that you must not be greedy for fighting, the Eight Banners can fight better than us. Just give our brigade time to hurry, and when we get out of twenty or thirty miles, you can retreat, catch up with us, and fight all the way and retreat to protect. "Zhuo Liktu can still keep a clear head, and he is not afraid of Jiannu, nor does he despise Jiannu.

Trotmur nodded, and immediately took the order.

In fact, along the way, they estimated that Jiannu would definitely chase after them, and everyone had already thought of countermeasures.

"Father, why are you so afraid of Jiannu?" Ulan Tuyaqige was dissatisfied: "They only came with 10,000 people, much less than us, I have nearly 30,000 warriors, they should all be sent out, defeat Jiannu, and let Wei Bao see the force of our Inner Khalkha!" So as not to be despised by Wei Bao when you get it. ”

"Now is not the time to compete, and in fact, we really can't beat the Eight Banners!" Zhuo Liketu said: "The Eight Banners Army can't take advantage of the Bao Army, and we can't beat the Eight Banners Army, how can you fight for face in front of the Bao Army?" Besides, we are here to seek refuge in the treasure army, so what kind of face are we talking about? Can there be face under the fence? ”

"Father, do we really want to retreat to the Xifengkou area? Just set up camp in this area, right? This place is not far from Karaqin, isn't Karaqin occupied by the treasure army? "Ulan Tu Yaqiqige didn't want to go.

"No, we have to go over, Wei Bao promised to subsidize our rations, although it is inconvenient to graze at Xifengkou, but this piece can't stay for a long time now, and when Jiannu retreats, let's camp around Karaqin." Zhuo Liktu said: "This is all agreed upon by me and Wei Bao in advance. If we change our plans, Nurhachi will inevitably fight hard with us, and when the time comes, I am afraid that my inner Khalkha will be torn apart by the Eight Banners Army, and most of the dead and wounded will be of great help to Wei Bao, who will not only not be grateful to us, but will also think that we are stupid. Remember, child, in troubled times, only if you are strong enough to be looked down upon. ”

Ulan Tuyaqige nodded, she understood this truth.

"I'm all for you, if you don't have a powerful mother's family, you will inevitably be despised by Wei Bao." Zorictu sighed and caressed his daughter's hair lovingly.

In a short time, Mang Gurtai led tens of thousands of Jiannu iron horsemen to fight with Zhuo Temur's men and horses.

Both sides are iron horsemen, and they have fought before, so they know each other and know each other.

The Mongols don't say that they are afraid of being beaten by Jiannu, anyway, when they ride against Jiannu, they are psychologically inferior.

Therefore, when the Mongols gathered 20,000 iron cavalry, they still resisted hard, and the speed of casualties was much faster than that of the Jiannu iron cavalry.

The rise of Mang Gurtai killing constantly urged the attack.

"Master, will you withdraw quickly? Catch up with the leader's brigade and fight and retreat against the Eight Banners. One of Drotmur's men admonished.

"Master, you go quickly, we will take people to block the people of Jianzhou!" Others said the same.

Seeing that his side was losing the upper hand, and constantly dying, he hated, anxious, and unwilling, and did not want to retreat like this.

Very hesitant.

At this time, Lord Wei was actually very hesitant.

Wei Bao already knew at this time that Jiannu had caught up with Zhuo Liktu's men and horses and was fighting.

It stands to reason that people are here to defect to their side, so Wei Bao should naturally send someone to answer it, at least a little bit of meaning.

But the area around Karaqin was controlled by Jiannu, close to Shanhaiguan, Gaotaibao and Ningyuan City, and there were three large camps of Jiannu to watch, and the Baojun in Liaodong had no way to go over to meet Zhuoliktu's men and horses.

The only thing that can be sent is the soldiers and horses of Jizhou, who go out from Xifengkou to join the men and horses of Zhuo Liktu.

But Wei Bao did not completely control Jizhou at this time, Jizhou was the border army of the Ming Dynasty, and it was mainly under the jurisdiction of the Jiliao Governor's Office.

Although Wei Bao is the Jiliao Prison Army, it is more in name.

There is also a difference between the Jizhou Army and the Liaodong Army, the Liaodong Army needs to rely on the supply of Liaoxi, while the Jizhou Army is directly allocated by the imperial court most of the time.

To be precise, it is by the eight families of Jin merchants.

Wei Bao beat Qiao Guangjin, the Jin merchant boss in the capital a while ago, but he did not cause much harm to the entire Jin Shang group, and they still controlled the commerce and trade in the north of the Ming Dynasty.

Moreover, these people have a strong ability to control the military, and the allocation of grain and grass is within their control.

Therefore, it is difficult for Wei Bao to directly order what the Jizhou army does.

Controlling the allocation of grain and military salaries is equivalent to controlling the Jizhou Army and controlling another road to Guanwai.

Therefore, even if Shanhaiguan is controlled, Wei Bao does not have the final say outside the customs.

There have been several traitors, and Fan Wencheng must be ranked first.

In 1618, when the Eight Banners of the Later Jin Dynasty captured Fushun, Fan Wencheng and his brother Fan Wenyu took the initiative to see Nurhachi and took refuge in the Later Jin.

Fan Wencheng successively became an important adviser to Nurhachi, Huang Taiji, Dolgon, Shunzhi, and Kangxi, especially during the period of Huang Taiji and Dolgon, and contributed many good policies to the development of Manchuria.

It can be said that for the sake of the Qing Dynasty, Fan Wencheng is indeed a traitor who has done his best.

The second traitor is Hong Chengchou, of course, at this time, Hong Chengchou was still an important minister of the Ming Dynasty.

Originally, Hong Chengchou was a loyal minister, but he didn't expect to be a traitor.

It can be said that without Hong Chengchou, even if the Qing army entered the pass, it could only occupy the area north of the Yellow River at most.

Hong Chengchou was a high-ranking official, his surrender was an example, and he had many protégés and former officials, so he led a large number of officials to surrender.

Moreover, Hong Chengchou was a person with strategic vision and formulated a strategy for the Qing Dynasty to unify the Central Plains.

The third, fourth and fifth are all Mao Wenlong's subordinates, Kong Youde, Geng Zhongming and Shang Kexi.

Kong Youde is a subordinate of Mao Wenlong and a native of Shandong. Before Kong Youde surrendered to the Qing army, he destroyed the firearms base that Sun Yuanhua had been entrusted by the Ming Dynasty to build for many years, and he also took a large number of craftsmen and firearms to the Qing Dynasty and was named the king of Dingnan.

Later, he suppressed Li Zicheng, the Jiangnan Anti-Qing Uprising, and the massacre of the city. Later, after being besieged in Guilin by Li Dingguo, he committed suicide, leaving only one daughter, and he didn't know what he was pursuing in life!

Geng Zhongming and Kong Youde were in a group, and Mao Wenlong's subordinates were also transferred to Sun Yuanhua's command, and later surrendered with Kong Youde and were named the king of Jingnan. After the Qing soldiers entered the customs, Geng Zhongming's troops went south, burning, killing and looting all kinds of evil, and they were in Fuzhou, Fujian. In the sixth year of Shunzhi, he was renamed King of Jingnan, and Wu Sangui and Shang Kexi were called the three feudatories of the early Qing Dynasty, and were later killed by the Qing court.

Shang Kexi's experience is puzzling, because many of Shang Kexi's family members were slaughtered by the Houjin, but he still defected to the Qing Dynasty despite his previous suspicions, and made positive contributions to the great cause of the reunification of the motherland.

As for Wu Sangui, Wu Sangui is still Lord Wei's brother-in-law, and it is difficult to say what will happen in the future.

Wu Sangui was angry at the crown, this kind of story also deceived elementary school students, and Lord Wei didn't believe it.

At that time, Wu Sangui's position was indeed awkward, in the middle of Li Zicheng and the Manchurian group.

Lord Wei didn't know what Wu Sangui thought at the time, but he surrendered the most elite troops that the Ming Dynasty had high hopes for to the Manchu Qing Dynasty.

Later, he strangled the crown prince of the Chongzhen Dynasty and the Yongli Emperor, fought in the south and the north, contributed most of his life to the Qing Dynasty, and was finally killed by the Qing court.

Then there are the eight families of Jin Shang.

Originally, Qiao Guangjin was a Jin merchant boss, but I don't know if it was a coincidence, or if history should have developed like this.

Since being by Wei Bao, the Qiao family's momentum has weakened, and the other eight forces that originally belonged to the second echelon have risen.

The Eight Great Masters of the Jin Merchants were the eight Jin merchants headed by Fan Yongdou, and were later named the "Eight Great Imperial Merchants" by the Qing court. When Nurhachi was weak, the eight families of Jin Shang and him have always been with him through thick and thin, and they will never give up. These eight Jin merchants not only brought all kinds of sought-after materials to Houjin, sold stolen goods for Houjin, etc., but more importantly, provided Houjin with a lot of military intelligence, the internal response of the siege (90% of the cities attacked by the Qing Dynasty were opened internally) and so on!

The eighth, Sun Zhiqi. Frankly speaking, Sun Zhiqi is just a villain, and it is not worth talking about. But why talk about this person? Because it was he who proposed "shaving and being easy to wear", taking the initiative to shave his hair and making it easy to wear, and actively moving closer to the Manchurian magnates. Eventually, Dolgon adopted his advice, bringing endless disasters to China, with at least 10 million people dying from shaving their hair and clothing, and the effects are still being felt today. Sun Zhiqi has been despised by both Han and Manchu.

The ninth, Tong Yangzheng, the Han army inlaid with a yellow flag. His real name is Tong Yangzhen, because he avoided the name of Yinzhen of the Qing Dynasty, and the books of the Qing Dynasty called it "Tong Yangzheng". His granddaughter Tong Jiashi was the empress of Emperor Shunzhi and the biological mother of Emperor Kangxi. His younger brother's name is Tong Yangxing, and these two brothers were the first Han people to take refuge in Houjin, although their merits may not be great, but they brought an atmosphere of surrender.

The tenth, Shi Lang, a native of Quanzhou, Fujian, was a military strategist in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, and an important general in the early Qing Dynasty. Without Shi Lang's words, it is estimated that the Zheng Group can gain a firm foothold in Taiwan; If there was no Shi Lang, Kangxi would have given Taiwan to the Dutch. As a member of the Zheng clique, Shi Lang defected to the Qing court and eventually defeated a powerful force against national oppression.

The Qing Dynasty was able to be established, and it also relied on many Han people, such as Ning Wanme, Zu Dashou, Sun Kewang and others. When I was flipping through the information, I saw such an introduction from Ning Wan on Baidu Encyclopedia, "During the Mandate of Heaven of Taizu of the Qing Dynasty, Ning Wan and I surrendered to Houjin and drew a clear line with the decaying Ming Dynasty." What this means is: It's not interesting to be an independent person, but it's glorious to be a dog and a slave.

Why did the Manchus enforce a shaving order? The initial reason was naturally because the Manchu rulers believed that only if you choose to shave your hair can you prove that you are sincere in surrendering to the Manchus. For similar reasons, during the initial expansion of the Manchu Dynasty, those who chose to surrender to the Manchu Qing would choose to take the initiative to shave their hair. It was only when the Qing army marched south that some differences and hesitations occurred temporarily in the ruling class's implementation of the shaving order. Because forcing millions, tens of millions of people to shave their hair at the same time, this is really a bit difficult. But at that time, the Manchu Qing Dynasty had no choice, because at that time, in the Manchu camp, the Han people at the big brother level (Fan Wencheng, Hong Chengchou, Kong Youde, Shang Kexi, Geng Jingzhong, Wu Sangui) had already shaved their hair. The Manchus did not continue to promote the shaving order, so where did they leave these people? The Han people have an undisguised sense of superiority over their hairstyle, and this sense of superiority is really full of the spirit of Ah Q. Because a nation with a population of hundreds of millions has been conquered by a nation with a population of several million, and because of its beautiful hairstyle, it has an indescribable sense of superiority over the conqueror, what an optimistic attitude to life is this? In this context, put yourself in your shoes, if you are Fan Wencheng, Hong Chengchou, Kong Youde, Shang Kexi, Geng Jingzhong, Wu Sangui, do you want the Manchus to continue to implement the shaving order? Certainly hopeful, even strongly hopeful. Because of people like Fan Wencheng, Hong Chengchou, and Wu Sangui, it is obviously impossible to save up their hair again. Because they originally chose to shave their hair in order to express their sincerity in submitting to the Manchu Qing Dynasty. Now I suddenly want to grow my hair, what does this mean? In this context, if the shaving order is not continued, wouldn't people like Fan Wencheng, Hong Chengchou, and Wu Sangui be ridiculed and discriminated against by those Han people with hair? And this shame, embarrassment, and pain will always be with them and their families. And what I said above is just those big brother-level Han people, and there are so many Han people in a similar situation to them. As long as we know this truth, we will probably know that the later implementation of the shaving order obviously represents the interests of the Han people who generally entered the customs with the Manchu Qing Dynasty. These Han people are represented by Fan Wencheng, Hong Chengchou, Kong Youde, Shang Kexi, Geng Jingzhong, and Wu Sangui. Naturally, these people would not, and did not dare to, openly agitate the Manchu regime to issue a hair-shaving order. However, based on their interests, once someone puts forward such a bill, it will obviously get their support in various forms. And Dorgon's actions only represent the interests of these people, so they can be carried out persistently and powerfully. There is nothing to reconcile when it comes to shaving or not. If the Han people with their hair have the upper hand, then the Han people who shave their hair can only retain deep shame and embarrassment until they die; If the Han people who shave their hair have the upper hand, the Han people who keep their hair will be forced to shave their hair mercilessly. On the surface, the implementation of the shaving order was determined by the will of a few people in Dorgon, but in fact it was a game between the Han people (and even the Han people in the north) and the Han people in the south.

After the clearance of the shaving and easy-to-wear policy, it has actually experienced a release-gt; cancel -gt; The process of republishing. Therefore, before analyzing the factors behind it, we need to briefly sort out the timeline of the implementation of the shaving order in the early Qing Dynasty: on the second day of the fifth month of the first year of Shunzhi, the Qing army entered Beijing.

On the third day of the fifth month of the first year of Shunzhi, the Qing court issued a shaving order, "All officials, soldiers and civilians who surrender to Cheng are all wearing nagina hair, and their clothes are in accordance with the system of this dynasty"