Gong Ren said: "That's right, I have a friend in the school who writes fantasy novels at home, and it is millions of words when he writes. These fantasy novels, it's quite interesting for me to come up and watch them first, but I don't dare to read them when I look at them, and if I read them again, I'm really afraid that my nerves will be bad and I will collapse. This friend of mine also had problems with his nerves in the future, always talking nonsense, saying some inexplicable things, and doing some unbelievable things. ”

Sun Wen said: "I have also noticed these things you said, these fantasy novels are incompatible with the real world, and they are also anti-science. In China's novel market, there is advanced spiritual food, but also harmful dross, these fantasy novels are mainly to see what kind of spiritual effects can be produced after reading. Like the Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Dream of Red Mansions, and Journey to the West, they are indeed good books, which can not only improve people's various knowledge, but also improve their literary accomplishment, but the so-called fantasy novels, I dare not agree, some fantasy novels have a very high level of literature, but the mental damage caused after reading them is greater. ”

Gong Ren asked again: "I have a classmate who reads fantasy novels all day long and doesn't do anything, but he has read a book for three years, read it for three years and scolded him for three years. Now that I've changed to a fantasy book, I don't know how many years I'll have to read this book? Ten years later, he concluded that since I read the first fantasy novel, I have fallen, I read it all night every day, I read it every day in class, I read it all the time, I have read fantasy novels almost all the time, and I have regretted it, but this book addiction has penetrated into my bone marrow and my mind like a drug addiction, and my life has been ruined ever since! ”

Sun Wen said: "This is also in line with the thinking of some otaku and otaku, who don't want to get great success through hard work, and people want to seek excitement, and these novels are also a kind of stimulation." It is said that opium is not good, but there are still many people who smoke it. At least opium is still banned by the government, but this fantasy novel is written by many people and read by many people, and I don't know how many publishers have been saved, but it has unknowingly poisoned people mentally, which is even more hateful than the opium smoke. You young people, countless things are waiting for you to do, but you have delayed all your time on fantasy, one year, two years, eight years and ten years, it's not worth it. China's hope lies in the youth, and if fantasy harms all the youth, then China will be finished. ”

Gong Ren sighed and said: "The current fantasy novels have too much influence, the power is too strong, and the backstage is too hard, if I say that it is not good, it will definitely be attacked by all the people who love fantasy, so the pressure is great." Sun Wen smiled and said, "Just like our revolution, how many people support us!" It's not that there are many people who oppose us, but just because there are many people who oppose us, we won't make a revolution and China won't move forward. ”

The next day, Mr. Sun opened a book list for Gong Ren. The list includes Rousseau's "Treatise on the Civil Covenant", Montesquieu's "Mastery of Ten Thousand Laws", John Mill's "The Principle of Liberty", Spencer's "Representative Government", Burgues's "Political Science", Burren Zhili's "Theses of Political Science", and "Nagao Araga's Modern Political History" and "Recent Diplomatic History".

Gong Ren purchased the books from Nippon Book Company. When he opened the books with both excitement and trepidation, a rich and wonderful world immediately came to mind. It is like a magical cleaning agent, quietly cleaning away the rotten things such as the Four Books and Five Classics, Confucianism and Taoism in Gongren's brain; It is a revolutionary theory, which completely smashes the idea of dividing the country into kings, ministers, officials and people, and people into dignity and humility; It's like a new weapon, which makes the brains of the public more and more full. In dealing with those government factions and royalists, Gong Ren can fight against them with reason and evidence.

The Treatise on the Civil Covenant, or The Principles of Political Rights, is a book written by the French thinker Jean-Jacques Rousseau in 1762.

Rousseau believed that an ideal society is based on the contractual relationship between people rather than between people and their governments. Rousseau believed that the power of government comes from the approval of the governed. Rousseau claimed that a perfect society is controlled by the "public will" (public will) of the people, and while he did not define how this could be achieved, he suggested that a representative body of citizens' groups act as legislators to generate public will through discussion.

The main formulation of social contract theory is to inquire whether there is a legitimate political authority, "Man is born free, but he is always in chains." "Political authority does not exist in our state of nature, so we need a social contract. In the social contract, everyone gives up their natural freedom in favor of the freedom of contract; In the process of participating in politics, human beings can only obtain equal freedom of contract if each person equally renounces all natural freedoms and transfers them to the whole collective.

Although Rousseau preferred benevolence to other forms of government, he was vague about this. He made it clear that government must be divided into three parts: the sovereign represents the public will, which must be beneficial to society as a whole; This will be effected by an executive authorized by the sovereign; Finally, there must be a group of citizens who form this will. He believes that the state should remain small, leave more power to the people, and make the government more efficient.

The people should take on an active role in the government. The public will is generated by the vote of the people according to their individual will. If the sovereign goes to the opposite of the public will, then the social contract is broken; The people have the right to decide and change the form of government and the powers of those in power, including the overthrow of a ruler who violates the contract by means of an uprising.

Reading happily, Gong Ren pulled Chen Shaobai, who was also reading carefully, and said: "Look, you see, it is written in the "Treatise on the People's Covenant" that everyone is equal, there is no difference between the high and the low, and there is no responsibility to subordinate others, and there is no right to control others. The emperor is also a human being, just like us, why do all of us have to kowtow to him? Why do we all have to obey His will? Chen Shaobai also pointed to a passage in the book and said: "Look, you see, the book says that if the husband and the people do not rely on the king for food and clothing, and the king really depends on the people for food and clothing, how can he regard the people as slaves?" The emperor, the Empress Dowager of the West, and those corrupt officials, who come with food and open their mouths and stretch out their hands for clothes, neither farm nor weave, all count on the people to provide them with food and clothing, why do they want to rule us in turn. Too unusual? Too unreasonable? ”

Mastering the Ten Thousand Laws, also known as The Spirit of the Law, is the most important work of Montesquieu (1689-1755), an outstanding Enlightenment thinker in the first half of the 18th century, the main founder of the modern bourgeois political and jurisprudential ideological system, and one of the founders of the modern historical school. It was called "the first comprehensive work of political science after Aristotle; It was the most progressive political theory book of his time. ”。 The book was translated by Yan Fu, a famous Enlightenment thinker, translator and educator in the late Qing Dynasty.

What Meng focuses on is not the specific legal norms themselves, but the spirit of law, that is, the inevitability and regularity of law in line with human reason. Therefore, Meng put the law in a decisive position, believing that only the law can guarantee the people's right to freedom, while autocracy is a contempt for human nature and a violation of freedom. He went on to delve into the institutional conditions under which freedom depends, and in doing so, he found the basic means of restoring freedom—the separation of powers, which uses power to restrain power and prevent its abuse. It advocates a political system of separation of powers and checks and balances under the leadership of the Constitution. The combination of law, freedom and the constitution laid the basic framework of constitutional theory, which is also the most outstanding contribution of Meng to political theory.

There is a famous joke in Meng's family, that is: "The subordinate gives gifts to the superior, and the superior has no obligation to the subordinate, so the subordinate and subordinate partnership has no obligation to the people." Everyone thinks that each superior has no obligation to his subordinates, and only the people have obligations to his superiors. There, man's fate is no different from that of livestock, except instinct, obedience and punishment......"

Montesquieu also said: "A spirit of slavery reigns in Asia, and has never left, and it is impossible to find any trace of the spirit of freedom in the whole history of that continent, but only the grandeur of slavery"; "In the whole history of China, there is not even a trace of the spirit of freedom, and one can only see the feat of enslavement."

Chen Shaobai told a story: "There are two kinds of slaves: body slaves and heart slaves. A body slave is an ordinary or forced slave, and a heart slave is a willing, voluntary slave. Chu people and the clan got the jade Pu Chu Mountain, and the king of Li was cut off his left foot. King Wu ascended the throne, and the king of Wu was sacrificed and his right foot was cut. King Wen ascended the throne, and he nai hugged Qipu and cried under Chu Mountain, three days and three nights, tears followed by blood. When the king heard this, he made people ask why. He said, 'I am not saddened that my foot was cut off. As long as the king can know the treasure, I will cut off my feet. My double script is of no other use, but it is to make the king happy, and if he is not happy to cut one today, he will cut another tomorrow if he is not happy. As long as the king knows how loyal I am, he can cut as many as he wants, but he hates that my father and mother didn't give me a few more feet. If the king does not cut off my feet but other people's feet, I will be mad with jealousy. My greatest sorrow is that the king does not know that I was willing to have my foot cut off, I am most disturbed by the fact that the king does not understand my loyalty, and I am most worried that the king thinks that I will hold a grudge against him if I have my foot cut off – and if the king is not at ease about it, then I will die without redemption. 'In the eyes of the servants, the king abuses himself in order to be his slave; If the king does not abuse himself, he should not be his slave himself. Therefore, being cut off by the king and beheading is supreme happiness and the emperor's grace! ”

Gong Ren scolded: "Pure slaves, that is, heart slaves, this is the most terrible." ”

Gong Ren also told a story, saying: "Zhao Dun's disciples (slaves) Cheng Ying and Gongzi Pestle sacrificed their lives to save the orphans of the Zhao family, the former sacrificed his son, and the latter sacrificed his life. Cheng Ying endured humiliation and stealing his life for more than ten years, until he committed suicide after raising the Zhao orphan to avenge the Zhao family. ”

Chen Shaobai also said: "This is a pure body slave plus a heart slave. ”

On Liberty, also known as The Principle of Liberty, is a work by John Mill, a nineteenth-century English philosopher, logician, and economist. The book is the culmination of a theoretical system of freedom, discussing the rights of civil liberties under capitalism, and is highly regarded in the West as "the most moving and powerful defense of individual freedom." ”

The gist of the work "On Freedom" can be summarized as follows: as long as the interests of others are not involved, the individual (adult) has complete freedom of action, and only when his words and deeds endanger the interests of others, should the individual accept the compulsory punishment of society. This is the boundary between the rights of the individual and society, which Mill delineated. If the whole of humanity, except for one, is of the same opinion, and only that one person holds the opposite opinion, there is no reason why humanity should not let that person speak. Just as there is no reason why that person should not let humans speak once he is in power.

On Liberty affirms freedom of thought and discussion, and requires the government not only to guarantee civil liberties through passive non-intervention, but also to rely on legislation to create and promote civil liberties. The way in which institutions function is primarily social, and social elements are introduced into Mill's discussion of freedom. Mill argues that political and social freedom have value in itself, and that the pursuit of freedom is not only beneficial to oneself, but also to the benefit of society.

Gong Ren snorted and said: "In today's China, what kind of freedom can we talk about, the whole world, it is not the king's land, the shore of the land, and the king's ministers." The doctors are uneven, and I am engaged in the sole merit. The emperor has the final say, everyone has to listen to him, if he does not listen to him, it is disloyalty, it is a traitor. ”

Chen Shaobai said: "I can't say it all now, this Guangxu is still good, and he has begun to have a little freedom of speech, and it has also made some Han people say a few words of truth, that is, Cixi and Ronglu's generation is too bad." It's a pity, it's a pity, even this little bit of freedom, I don't think it lasts long. ”

Spencer (1820-1903) was a famous British philosopher in modern times and the most influential educational thinker in Europe in the 19th century.

Spencer's doctrine was popular in the Victorian era, and in the 30 years from 1880 to 1914, he had a great impact on many countries, but because of some shortcomings in this doctrine, it led to many years of continuous wars in the world, and then this doctrine was gradually hated and forgotten by people. However, after the previous malpractices were gradually resolved, this doctrine was revived and had a far-reaching impact on world peace and development.

Spencer believed that all kinds of industries are developed, and there is naturally an economic need, and it is impossible not to divide labor, and after the division of labor, everyone will be allowed to compete economically by themselves, and human beings will naturally progress because of competition. This method also allows them to sell and buy freely, without government interference, and to develop in them the awareness that human beings should help each other and rely on each other. Free trade has made people realize that conflict with each other is the least economical thing, so that commercial relations will be closer, and all kinds of domestic and international forces that cultivate hatred can be eliminated together, conflicts and contradictions in the world can be resolved through economic development, and war can be avoided.

His doctrine is based on free trade, and the elements of free competition are equal in ability, but in fact this is not the case, in fact, commercial competition is unequal in strength and weakness, and in the country, the big capitalists rely on their abundant capital to suppress the development of small capitalists, and even monopolize in a certain industry, and lose the meaning of free competition; Internationally, the powerful bully the weak, plunder raw materials, dump goods, and even launch wars of aggression to amass a lot of wealth; Because of the competition for colonies, there will be conflicts and even wars between powerful countries. The accumulation of long-term contradictions has led to a world-wide war that has brought great suffering to the people. When his doctrine was applied, the results obtained were exactly the opposite of the desired results.

Gong Ren said: "Mr. Si said these things, I don't agree, how can there be a fair word in the world, British opium dumped in China in large quantities, we have a little objection, they use cannons against us, too bullying." ”

Chen Shaobai said: "This matter is not unsolvable, when we become strong and equal to their strength, and then establish an anti-unfair competition law, or an anti-monopoly law or something like that, won't this matter be solved." ”

Gong Ren said: "Then we have to wait for us to overthrow the Qing Dynasty." ”

Chen Shaobai also said: "A war between the two countries is the most uneconomical thing, and if we go to war with Western countries, they will lose one-fifth of the world's population, and we will lose Western science and technology." Only trade between the two countries will be beneficial to both sides. ”

Born in Zurich, Switzerland, Burgren (1808-1881) was a well-known scholar and politician in Europe at that time. He is the author of >, >, and >, and has a certain influence in the field of state theory and international law. Nagao Ariga (1860-1921), also known as Broom River, was born in Osaka, Japan; Doctor of Law, Doctor of Letters; He was a world-class expert in international law at that time, and he was a teacher to many young Chinese people during the craze of studying in Japan in the late Qing Dynasty. His main works include: "The International War of the Sino-Japanese War", "The Law of the State", and "The History of Recent Diplomacy".

The more Gong Ren and Chen Shaobai discussed these theoretical issues, the more they became more enthusiastic, and the more they read these books and periodicals, the more interested they became.

One day, there was a sudden knock on the door, and Chen Shaobai asked, "Who?" Someone outside the door replied, "It's me, Yang Quyun." Chen Shaobai didn't listen, and when he heard it, he scolded: "You don't want to be your Bo Li Xi Tiande in Hong Kong, why are you doing here?" And Sun Wen also heard Yang Quyun's voice, his face sank, and he said to Chen Shaobai: "This Yang Quyun, he must be sick again, why did he come here today!?" Chen Shaobai continued to scold: "Yang Quyun Boli Xi Tiande, what are you doing in such a big place as you come to our small place?" Our temple here is small, it can't hold you, hurry up, hurry up, we don't welcome you! Yang Quyun almost pleaded: "You have to let me enter the door, can't I listen to your education after entering the door!" ”

(What exactly Yang Quyun has to say, and listen to the next breakdown.) Thank you for your strong support, please collect, please comment, please vote, please vote, please move the gold finger, click on the top or step on it. ）