The country's economy should be a combination of the small-scale peasant economy and the handicraft industry and the initial machinery industry.

According to the setting of the previous book, a household grants 50 acres of land, and calculates according to the average grain yield of 120 catties per mu, then produces 6,000 catties of grain, and calculates according to the annual consumption of 250 catties of grain per person, this agricultural family can support 24 people, that is, an agricultural family can support about 4.8 families. Due to the combined use of agriculture and animal husbandry and the fallow system practiced in the Xia Kingdom, and did not advocate excessive reclamation, this figure can be converted into a small amount, and one agricultural family can support 2.4 families.

However, the agriculture of Xia Guo is not simply the cultivation of grain, hemp and mulberry, but vigorously develops agriculture and animal husbandry, and implements the rotation system of fields and grasses, (Reference: planting 1 acre of rye grass can provide forage for 8-10 sheep within 6 months of grass supply.) In the coordination of the sergeants, the farmers cooperated, and the merchants provided all kinds of advanced technology, and the farmers would even band together to hire helpers or rent land to the merchants to operate.

Reference:

Enclosure as a historical phenomenon began as early as the twelfth century and developed slowly between the thirteenth and fifteenth centuries, but enclosure as a movement was developed after the end of the fifteenth century. After the opening of the new shipping routes, the center of European trade shifted from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic, which promoted the development of British industry and commerce. Since ancient times, the use and export of wool as the main industry in the United Kingdom, since the fifteenth century, the wool textile industry has developed rapidly, from a wool exporter to a woolen wool exporter, woolen wool is sold all over Europe. Due to the prosperity of the wool textile industry, sheep raising became a very profitable business at that time, which led to the prosperity of the enclosure movement. The movement is by no means confined to the UK, it has spread to many parts of the European continent and North America.

Therefore, the essence of the enclosure movement was a profound anti-feudal revolution and a technological revolution in agriculture and animal husbandry.

1. The development of agricultural systems

In the early days, the improvement of land use was mainly achieved by changing the farming system. The change in the farming system in the West is mainly manifested in the emergence of field and grass agriculture. Before sheep rearing in enclosures, most of the cultivated land still followed the ancient rotation methods of winter grain, spring grain and fallow crop rotation. Livestock graze on abandoned meadows, on the edges of woodlands, on fallow grounds, or on land with stubble left after harvesting, with little fodder for the winter. The development of animal husbandry is limited, and the fertilizer required by crops mainly comes from animal fertilizer, so the lack of feed affects the lack of fertilizer, and ultimately affects the yield of crops.

Thus, although the enclosure movement arose as a result of the expansion of the wool market, not all of the enclosure was used for sheep raising, and for some experienced farmers, they were more aware of the benefits of growing grain and animal husbandry, especially after the middle of the sixteenth century, with the development of urban industry and the consequent increase in the urban population, which increased the demand for bread, meat, and other foods. This forced people to raise sheep in enclosures, and also began to use some of the enclosed land for grain production. In fact, much of the enclosure was used for the combined production of cereals and livestock, and the rotation of fields and grasses was developed under cropping conditions.

In field agriculture, all kinds of land (arable land, pasture, mowing land, wasteland) are combined for the rotation of cereals and grasses, whether leguminous or non-leguminous, are used to raise animals, which breaks down the boundaries between arable and non-arable land. Raising sheep, which was once incompatible with farming, is now a valuable sideline to the normal course of agriculture, without having to reduce grain production to provide sufficient winter fodder. The abundance of fodder has made it possible for cattle to no longer graze on fallow land but to raise them in sheds. And new methods of animal rearing, in turn, have affected the cultivation of cereals. For the first time, crops were supplied with abundant fertilizer because the sheep were raised in turn in fields with pasture and root crops, and because the cattle and pigs were fed in large quantities in the farmer's yard. In this way, the progress of one sector of agriculture has led to the further development of other sectors, forming a virtuous circle, thus changing the history of separating grain cultivation and animal husbandry and separating farmland and pasture, and truly combining agriculture and animal husbandry organically. This is the technological revolution in the history of agriculture and animal husbandry in Europe. This revolution took place thanks in part to the introduction of crops.

2. The introduction of crops

The original purpose of enclosure sheep farming was to raise sheep, and in order to raise sheep, it was necessary to develop feed production. Pasture agriculture is implemented to increase the supply of winter animal feed in order to increase the output of livestock production and cereal production. As a result, in the 17th century, some of the occupied land began to be planted with forage crops such as turnips and clovers. The introduction of these two crops provided a large amount of fodder for livestock and increased the carrying capacity of the land.

Turnip and clover were initially introduced as fodder, but in the process of growing these crops, it was found that wheat grew better where clover was planted, and it was thought that clover somehow prepared the soil for wheat, and the same experience led them to believe that wheat was turnip, turnip was barley, and barley prepared soil for clover. This led to the emergence of a four-crop crop of wheat, turnips, barley and clover, known as the "Norfolk rotation". This farming system reduces the frequency of fallowing, because clover accelerates the nitrification process, and the cultivation of clover removes weeds from the ground, accelerates land use turnover, and improves land utilization.

The introduction of turnips and clovers not only increased animal feed, improved the carrying capacity and utilization of land, changed the British farming system, but also played a positive role in the expansion of arable land and the increase of yield per unit area. For example, the grey sand dunes and parts of southern England were first used for cultivation after the introduction of turnips and clover. The introduction of turnips and clovers increased the carrying capacity of livestock and also increased the availability of fertilizers. Livestock manure was the main fertilizer at that time, and the increase in the amount of livestock manure improved soil fertility and grain yield. In addition, turnip and clover also act directly on the soil, turnip and cultivator can be combined to obtain the effect of weed-suppressing crops, clover as a nitrogen-fixing leguminous crop, increase the supply of nutrients necessary for food crops, and play a very important role in improving the yield of cereals.

3. Improvement of farm tools

The introduction of forage crops has also led to improvements in production tools. Because new crops require new farming tools, and the need for seeders and animal cultivators arises. Before the sixteenth century, the common plough in Europe was a bulky two-wheeled plough, which required a team of six to eight oxen per rack. In the 16th century, the Netherlands invented a lighter plough that could be pulled by two horses. The plough was introduced to England from the Netherlands in the 16th and 17th centuries, and was first used in Norfolk and Suffolk where the enclosure movement originated. Before the 16th century, the only way to sow seeds in Europe was by sowing seeds, which wasted seeds and yielded very little money. JethroTull invented the seed drill in 1701, and in 1731 he made his invention known in a book called Mara Farming, which was not only the first real sowing machine produced in England, but also an important step towards the abolition of manual labour in British agriculture. JethroTull also invented the Mara Cultivator. At the same time, improvements and inventions were made to other agricultural tools. All these inventions and improvements have greatly reduced labor intensity and improved work efficiency. With the improvement of labor efficiency, the labor force that needs to be used will be reduced, which requires a part of the labor force to be separated from the production process of agriculture and animal husbandry, and the so-called phenomenon of "sheep eating people" will be formed.

4. The relationship between the technological progress of agriculture and animal husbandry and the enclosure

Before the enclosure, Britain practiced an open field system, which was a "public land agricultural system" composed of "long strips of land" in pieces. Under this farming system, the land is divided into small strips and intertwined, and the cultivation is forced to be divided according to the type of crop and the time of farming. It was a backward system of land management and its use, and as the English poet Thomas Tasker in the second half of the sixteenth century argued, moving from one strip of land to another for cultivation was time-consuming and impossible to produce the right amount of food. The land enclosure movement rearranged open fields and public fields to make them more conducive to the development of agriculture and animal husbandry and their production technology.

As a matter of fact, the enclosure movement in Britain and the improvement of agriculture and animal husbandry went almost simultaneously. Initially, the land was enclosed for sheep raising, and newly introduced fodder crops were sown on the enclosure for sheep raising. Enclosure and the introduction of new crops serve the same purpose. Newly introduced crops can only be planted on enclosures, because the open field system cannot change crops at will. The introduction of new crops led to the emergence of the four-nursery rotation, which was first introduced in Norfolk, so it was called Norfolk farming. Norfolk is the first area where the enclosure movement took place, and it can also be seen from here that the enclosure movement played a positive role in changing the farming system.

It should also be pointed out that the improvement of agriculture and animal husbandry is not only a technical issue, but also an economic issue of a political nature. Effective technological improvements are not sufficient in the context of a smallholder economy. However, only the private ownership of large land, established through enclosures, can provide economic security for technological progress, because the improvement of agriculture and animal husbandry can only be achieved with the application of a large amount of capital investment, which objectively requires the participation of those very wealthy large tenant farmers. In Harrison's "Overview of England", "Tenant farmers who used to have difficulty paying £4 now have to pay £40, £50, £100, but at the end of their lease if they do not have six or seven years' rent in their hands, they think they have done a bad business." "So, in a sense, without the enclosure movement, there would have been no existence of these very wealthy big tenant farmers, and there would have been no technological revolution in British agriculture and animal husbandry.

The enclosure movement also provided a place for improved agricultural tools. Because large agricultural machinery must operate normally on vast and flat land, it is necessary to transform the natural attributes of the land such as high and low inequality and eliminate various artificial obstacles. It is difficult to work with machinery on uneven and divided land, and only by filling in the land can the road be paved for agricultural mechanization. Land reclamation also depends on a change in land ownership and a large amount of capital investment, all of which can only be achieved on the basis of land enclosure.

It is not difficult to see from this that the technological revolution in agriculture and animal husbandry in modern Britain was carried out by those who were originally bookkeepers of very low social status on their own leased farms after they were transformed into wealthy agricultural capitalists. The agricultural structure of Britain has been mainly based on the combination of agriculture and animal husbandry since ancient times, but this is mainly from the perspective of land occupation, from the perspective of labor occupation, animal husbandry has much less demand for labor than for growing grain, it is estimated that raising sheep requires 80% less labor than planting grain, especially sheep breeding, most of the year is not supervised by many people, in the middle of the fifteenth century, only one male labor force in England can manage 500 acres of sheep pasture. The result of sheep enclosure was the substitution of animal husbandry for agriculture, and the result was inevitably a decline in the rural working population, so that "what was once a place where 200 people worked and lived on their honest labor now has only one or two shepherds left." This is one of the more important reasons why Thomas More called "sheep eat man", which led to the bankruptcy of small landowners and the drastic decline in the number of farms, while the size of some farms continued to expand, which was a necessary path to agricultural intensification. It was supposed to be a good thing, but it was said by some people to be a bad thing.

The enclosure movement made the peasants leave the land and provided a large number of labor for the development of urban industry and commerce, and with the development of urban industry and commerce, the demand for agricultural products expanded, and stimulated the widespread adoption of agricultural technology improvement to increase the productivity of land and the value of land. To improve the productivity of land and labor, for example, by replacing human labor with animal tools and replacing cattle with horse farming. The enclosure movement did not simply turn cultivated land into pasture land and then into cultivated land, but turned the small-scale cultivation of farmers into large-scale grazing and large-scale cultivation, that is, from the original self-sufficient feudal mode of production to the capitalist mode of production.

We cannot but admit that this land enclosure movement is indeed a bad thing for small landowners, but when we understand history, we must look at the problem from the perspective of the whole and from the perspective of development, and absolutely cannot look at the problem from the perspective of local interests and from a narrow point of view. In fact, it is such a simple truth, but Marx, who has always claimed to be a "scientific" theory, seems not scientific at all.

5. The social benefits of the enclosure movement

Although the number of enclosures was limited in the early days of the British enclosure movement, the benefits of enclosure to British agriculture at that time were also obvious. By the end of the sixteenth century, the depth and breadth of the development of agricultural and animal husbandry in England was unmatched by the rest of Europe. First of all, it promoted the steady growth of sheep farming, which reached its peak in the early fifties of the sixteenth century, while at the same time the production of cereals did not decrease due to enclosures, but increased. Although Henry VIII had banned the export of grain, except for those with a licence, it was generally stated that "England was inclined to export grain and meat throughout the century." "It's inseparable from the enclosure. As Tassi puts it in the poem:

Walk to the ends of the earth

It's up to you to find

There's nothing better than an enclosure

Produce more beef and mutton

The best cereals, cream and cottage cheese?

The main reason why the enclosure was able to produce more and better food than before was that it adopted a lot of advanced science and technology, so the enclosure movement promoted the technological progress and development of agriculture and animal husbandry.

The development of agriculture and animal husbandry as a result of the enclosure movement eventually brought benefits to all Britons. This affordability was reflected in the food of the English in the seventeenth century. At that time, British farmers and laborers could usually eat bacon, fatty bacon, dried cheese, coarse bread, etc., so that some people at that time thought that "there is no country in the world where the lower classes of people can have better food than England", which is the most direct benefit of sheep farming. But there's more to the enclosure than that. It had a significant impact on technology and society in Britain at the time; It also laid a good foundation for the later British bourgeois revolution and the British industrial revolution.

After understanding the real situation of the enclosure movement in Britain, we will analyze the qualitative problem of primitive capital accumulation in this process.

Historian D'J Chambers believes that agricultural improvement in the 18th century was not mainly through the invention of high-efficiency machines, but through the introduction of new crops, improved breeds, improved farming systems, improved drainage systems, and changes in the tenant system, which led to many new jobs such as hedgerows, roads, and artificial pasture planting. In addition, large tracts of public and wasteland were reclaimed, cultivated areas were expanded, and fallow was eliminated by the new farming system. All this shows that the enclosure movement in the 18th century brought about a labor-intensive agriculture, which did not decrease but increased the demand for labor. In short, the early land enclosure movement was small in scale and quantity, and had little impact on the peasants, which did not cause the separation of peasants from the land, and most peasants still occupied the land. Because of its large scale and wide scope, the late land enclosure movement had a deep impact on the peasants, but it was mainly reflected in the concentration of land. Understanding the historical process of the enclosure movement also clarifies our previous prejudices about the enclosure movement, and it is in this way that the enclosure movement can be carried out smoothly.

In Shanxi, which is known as "planting grass and raising livestock to open a window to increase income", the use of grass as a crop has been accepted by more and more farmers. The grass planting area in the province has reached 7.6 million mu, and the dualistic structure of grain economy at 70:30 in the past has changed to the ternary structure of grain economy and feed at 64:28:8 in the past. According to typical local surveys, in arid areas, except for potatoes, the benefits of planting other crops are not as good as planting grass. The input-output ratio for growing grain is 1:1.3, while the input-output ratio for planting grass is 1:2. From the comparison of planting grain and planting pasture, planting 1 mu of alfalfa can produce more than 5,000 kg of fresh grass, and the average net income per mu is 600 yuan, which is 290.5 yuan per mu higher than that of corn. In some large grass-fed livestock producing counties, such as Qilan, Shanyin, and Biguan counties, grass cultivation and livestock raising have become the leading industry for peasants to get rich and an important way for peasants to increase their incomes. Shenchi County planted 165,000 mu of grass last year, accounting for 26% of the total sown area. They have implemented integrated management of grass planting and animal husbandry, raising 385,000 sheep, and the per capita net income of grass-fed animal husbandry has reached 664 yuan, which is the bulk of the peasants' income. Especially in some impoverished areas, growing grass and raising livestock has held up the hope of farmers to get rich.

In Jiangsu and Guangdong, which are relatively economically developed, planting grass and raising livestock is also an important way to promote agricultural restructuring and increase peasants' incomes. According to the test, the southern use of winter fallow field to plant multi-flowered ryegrass, the yield of fresh grass per mu is 5~7 tons, the yield of fresh grass per mu is 9~13 tons during the whole growth period of 6 months, and it can be mowed 6~7 times, which is equivalent to more than 1 ton of hay, and the crude protein content in the dry matter is 20.8%, that is, the crude protein per mu is more than 200 kg. 100 geese can be raised per mu, according to the current market price, each profit is about 10 yuan, and the net income per mu is more than 1,000 yuan. At the same time, due to raising geese and planting grass, the application of compound fertilizer can be reduced by at least 22.5 kg of rice, which ensures the increase of rice yield. Jiangsu is a large goose breeding province, with more than 70 million birds slaughtered annually. In recent years, we have vigorously promoted grass planting, so that the goose industry has developed rapidly. The grass planting area of Yizheng City is 15,800 mu, the output value of the goose industry reaches 150 million yuan, the per capita income of farmers raising geese is about 100 yuan, and the per capita net income of farmers in Hongze County is 308 yuan. Guangdong Guangdong is the traditional goose raising and consumption area, grass raising goose has become a big industry in the local area, each goose profit of 10 ~ 20 yuan, even hundreds of yuan during the Spring Festival. Multiflora ryegrass is tender and delicious, rich in nutritional value, and can also be fed to cows, sheep, rabbits, pigs, fish.

The technology of grass planting and livestock breeding has matured, but there are several problems to be grasped when promoting:

1. Choose excellent forage varieties. There are many varieties of forage, first of all, according to the local climate, soil conditions to choose the right varieties for planting, should choose the highest transformation of local resources, the largest amount of nutrients harvested varieties.

2. Choose a way to plant grass. That is, to choose whether to plant grass all year round or seasonally. The perennial planting method is suitable for relatively large cultivated land area, or low-yield grain fields, planting perennial fine pastures, planting once, multi-year income, in order to pursue better economic benefits. Seasonal grass planting is mainly planted in fallow fields. There are about 400 million acres of idle land resources in the country that can be utilized. These winter fallow fields can produce a season of high-quality forage, and obtain economic, ecological and social benefits by raising livestock and poultry.

3. Adopt scientific high-yield cultivation technology. From the sowing date, sowing amount, land preparation, weeding, cultivating, irrigation and fertilization, to the prevention and control of pests and diseases, we must conscientiously follow the technical operation requirements of the variety. Don't think that the grass is extensive, a kind of it.

4. Timely mowing. The pasture grass should be mowed in a timely manner and fed to livestock and poultry or reasonably dried into green hay. The best time to harvest is different for different forage species. Poaceous forage grasses are from heading stage to flowering stage, and leguminous forage grasses are from the first flowering stage to full flowering stage. In order to compensate for the seasonal shortage of forage, forage should be silaged, dried and processed during the peak growing season in summer and autumn to meet the supply of forage in winter and early spring.

5. Reasonable matching of grass planting and livestock raising. In addition to planting varieties to adapt to the livestock and poultry raised, but also to understand the production performance and yield of forage, reasonable planning and breeding of livestock and poultry, to achieve a balance between grass and livestock, including quantity and season, so as not to cause shortage or waste.

6. Be market-oriented. To plant grass and raise livestock, we must do a good job in market research, have a correct market analysis and market positioning, and determine what to plant, what to raise, how much to plant, and how much to raise according to the market.

There are only 200,000 herdsmen in the area controlled by the Xia Kingdom, and the grasslands grazing are all high-quality grasslands, and the herders are also trying to improve the types of grassland pastures under the guidance of sergeants. A wealthy herder family needs 200 sheep plus 10 large livestock. Xia encouraged livestock feeding, and encouraged herders to use high-quality forage to transform and build artificially irrigated pastures. Since the pastures are distributed to the herders, they are still very careful not to graze too many livestock and maintain the ecological balance of the grasslands. The wealth of herders converted into sheep is more due to their greater exchange costs and security costs.

In the lake area of the Western Regions, the Xia people planted grass to raise ducks and geese, which obtained both meat and feathers. According to the statistics of Shanxi Province today, if one acre of grass is planted to carry 2 sheep, the average fallow land of 25 acres can carry 50 sheep.

If the animal husbandry is converted into sheep, the farmers in Xia account for half of the total population, about 3 million households, produce 6,000 catties of grain every year, maintain 150 million sheep herds, and produce 570,000 tons of meat, and the meat production in the pure pastoral areas of Xia is about 1.14 million tons. In total, the annual meat production of Xia is 1.71 million tons. On average, each Xia people can use meat 111 catties / year (an average of 3 taels of mutton a day), agricultural areas can raise pigs with higher meat yield, and pastoral areas with better conditions can also develop grass and sheep to further increase the proportion of meat. The Xia supported the well-to-do class by exchanging more meat from the nomads and the Song state. Fish, eggs, soybeans, etc., provide the protein needed in agricultural areas. The sergeant class, accustomed to dairy products, led the entire agricultural area to raise cows, ewes, etc. for milk.

The average number of 3 million rural households in Xia Guo is 1.8 horses, which is 5.4 million horses in rural areas. A family in the pastoral area has an average of 5 horses, and the herd of war horses is 700,000 horses, which come from the special horse supervisors of the Ordnance Department and the Baggage Department, as well as from large-scale pastures and herdsmen with experience in raising horses.

2. Industrial distribution of other populations

In addition to the 3 million farmers in the agricultural area and the 200,000 herdsmen in the pastoral area, there are 2.8 million households in the Xia Kingdom.

Of these, 200,000 are non-commissioned families.

100,000 families serve in the war horse breeding industry, including large-scale military horse farms in pastoral areas and horse training and racetracks in agricultural areas, and most of the suppliers of military horses have become craftsmen under the Ordnance Department and the Baggage Division or are under the jurisdiction of craftsmen, and they all have their own proud breeds of war horses.

In addition to the handmade textile industry of farmers and herdsmen, the number of people specializing in the textile industry is about 1/5 of the national population, reaching 1.2 million households.

Reference:

There are three main forms of grass and livestock raising: one is to plant high-quality pasture grass seasonally to raise livestock and poultry, such as the use of winter fallow rice fields in the south to plant multi-flowered rye grass to raise geese, and the use of winter fallow cotton fields in the north to plant winter pasture 70 rye sheep raising; The second is to plant high-quality pasture grass to raise livestock and poultry all year round, such as alfalfa, which has grown rapidly in recent years, and use it to raise dairy cows and sheep; The third is interplanting pasture grass in forests and orchards, and planting grass in the "four sides" to raise livestock and poultry, which is more common in the south.

Add a certain proportion of ammonia and urea to rice, wheat and corn straw for treatment, that is, straw ammonia. Straw ammoniation is the most economical, simple and practical chemical treatment method for straw feed. Ammoniation can play an alkalizing, ammoniation and neutralizing role on straw, and it can be used to feed ruminants such as cattle and sheep, which can improve the digestibility of livestock to straw feed, improve the nutritional value and palatability of straw feed, increase the general feed intake by 20%, increase the digestibility by 20%-30%, and increase the crude protein content of straw by more than 1 time. The following describes urea ammoniated straw technology.

1. Ammoniation method: It is best to use cement ponds for small straw ammoniation by farmers. First, the straw is cut into 5-10 cm broken sections, according to the ratio of 4-5 kg of urea per 100 kg of straw, and then the required urea is dissolved in 40-50 kg of water to make a solution and sprayed on the straw, sprayed layer by layer, and stepped on tightly while loading until it is loaded out of the pool mouth 30-50 cm, the top is conical, and finally covered with film, and sealed with wet mud at the interface between the film and the cement pool. To prevent rodent infestation, a film can be covered with earth pressure.

2. Management of ammoniated straw During the ammonia period, the film should be checked frequently for damage and air leakage, and the damage should be repaired in time. The length of ammoniation time is closely related to temperature, generally 2-3 weeks in summer, 3-6 weeks in spring and autumn, and more than 8 weeks in winter. After the ammoniated straw reaches the specified time, the sealing film should be opened to identify the ammoniation quality of the straw. With sensory inspection, there is no mildew, the color is yellow-brown, the smell is mushy and fragrant, the texture is loose and soft, and the quality is good with a pungent ammonia smell, which can be used as feed. On the contrary, if the straw turns gray-white or brownish-black, the straw is glued into a lump, and there is a pungent odor, it cannot be used as feed.

3. When using ammoniated feed, the ammoniated straw feed should be spread on the cement floor and put ammonia for 1 day, and it can be fed after there is no pungent ammonia smell. It should still be sealed after each use, and no water should be entered. You can also take out all the ammoniated straw feed at one time, spread it out to dry, and then pile it up in the idle room or in a corner of the livestock house, cover it with a film to prevent the sun and rain, and take as much as you want.

Ammoniated straw feed can also be added, concentrate and green fodder can also be added. If you feed beef cattle, use 6-7 kg of ammoniated straw every day, add 500 grams of corn flour and 1000 grams of rice bran, and the daily weight gain can reach 350-500 grams; Feed sheep with 3-4 kg of ammoniated straw per day, add 300 grams of concentrate, and the daily weight gain can reach 150-200 grams.

Generally, the wool production, weight, and lambing rate of fine wool sheep and semi-fine wool sheep increase with age, and the wool production and wool quality gradually decline after the age of 4. Therefore, the age structure of the sheep flock is not suitable, which will have a direct impact on the economic benefits of the sheep farm (sheep farmer). In general sheep farms, except for the single group of reared sheep under one year, the rest of the sheep of all ages should be mixed groups. In the case of not expanding the herd, the adult ewe flock accounts for about 70% of the 2~5-year-old sheep, and the ewe flock needs to supplement about 22% of the 1-year-old ewes every year. About 10% of the sheep need to be eliminated from the flock of prime-aged sheep every year, and the old ewes over 6 years old should generally be eliminated, and individual healthy excellent ewes can be left in the ewe flock. The ideal age structure of the flock is 22% young, 68% and 10% old. For sheep farms that have just been built or are being expanded, the proportion of young ewes can be appropriately increased.

In general, the sheep flock is divided according to gender, which can be divided into breeding ram flock, adult ewe flock, rearing ewe flock, rearing ram flock, karma flock and trial ram flock.

Breeding sheep farms (sheep farmers) with the main purpose of selling breeding sheep should choose excellent breeding rams for sale according to the demand for breeding sheep every year, and the rest of the small rams that are not used for breeding should be castrated from an early age, and slaughtered in the year after fattening. The total number of adult ewes should account for 45%~55% of the total number of sheep farms. In the rearing of ewes, the sheep that are not used for breeding should be singled out and grouped separately, and they should be slaughtered after fattening.

With the implementation of the "Double Million Project", "3150 Project" and Received: 2009-06-05 "3550" Project in Liangshan Prefecture, the sheep industry in Meigu County has achieved unprecedented development. In 2008, the county's sheep herd reached 532,900, accounting for 54.7% of the four livestock herds, of which 59,150 Meigu goats, 193,900 local goats, and 279,900 improved sheep (including 163,500 Liangshan semi-fine wool sheep); Wool production was 432 tons.

In 1985, the number of sheep and goats in China was 155.884 million, the mutton output was 593,000 tons, the slaughter rate was 33%, and the average carcass. The weight is 12.0kg, and the average annual meat yield of each sheep is 3.80kg;In 1990, the number of sheep in the national herd was 210.012 million, and the mutton output was 1.071 million tons, with a slaughter rate of 42.44% and an average carcass. The weight is 11.90kg, and the average annual meat yield of each sheep is 5.10kg; by 1997, the total number of sheep in the country has reached 303.684 million, the mutton output is 2.554 million tons, and the slaughter rate is 65.5% (China Agricultural Yearbook, 1998). The weight is 12.3kg, the average annual meat yield of each sheep is 8.4kg, the national per capita mutton output is 2.05kg, and the number of sheep and goats and the total output of mutton rank first in the world. In the 12 years from 1985 to 1997, the number of sheep and goats in the country increased by 147.8 million, and the output of mutton increased by 1.961 million tons. The weight increased by 0.3kg, the slaughter rate increased by 35.3 percentage points, and the average annual meat yield per sheep increased by 4.6kg. The development of China's meat and sheep industry covers 32 provinces (autonomous regions) and municipalities directly under the central government, of which the annual production of mutton is more than 300,000 tons in Shandong Province, the provinces (regions) with an annual production of more than 200,000 tons are Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia, Henan and Hebei, and the provinces with an annual production of more than 100,000 tons are Jiangsu and Anhui. The northwest, northeast, Inner Mongolia, Tibet and other provinces (regions) in the north of China mainly produce sheep meat, and the south of the Yangtze River and the Central Plains mainly produce goat meat.

Reference: At the same time, the proportion of meat and dairy products in the overall diet has risen substantially. According to an 1863 statistic, the northern counties of England ate 35 ounces of meat per person per week in Northumberland, 30 ounces in Durham and 27 ounces in Lancashire. At 35 ounces of meat per person per week in Northumberland, or 0,199 kilograms, this is a staggering figure. Of course, Northumberland's meat consumption levels are higher in the North, which in turn is higher in the North than in the South. At that time, the consumption of dairy products in the north was also higher than in the south. For example, in the Veathrow region of Cambraan, a working household consumes 1,040 quarts of milk per year, which is estimated to be 8-10 times the level of milk consumed by a similar household in southern England (2). Extrapolating backwards, even in the south of England, where meat and dairy products are less consumed, the average employed person consumes 104-130 quarts (equivalent to 118-148 litres) of milk per year, which is still a respectable level. In the 1200 years before the Industrial Revolution, the food of the British peasants was still relatively abundant, if not very diverse, at least relatively abundant and nutritious. Rye and barley bread were still the main breads, supplemented by wheat breads, and meat was sometimes made up of fresh meat, fish, and more often cured fish, salted pork, small amounts of beef, lamb and, increasingly, poultry and eggs. In addition, there are vegetables, milk, cheese, and various fruits. In England, France, and other Latin countries, the vast majority of peasants drank alcohol, and alcohol was an indispensable part of their diet, and its consumption became very common throughout the country hotels of the West. This is mainly the result of the relative abundance of material life. According to the statistics of 1808, the food consumption of a member of a family member of a medium-sized peasant household was about 5 shillings per week. These consumption included 2 pounds of cured meats, vegetables, half a gram of brown bread, 213 gallons of skim milk, 1 pound of cheese, 1015 pints of light beer. Yoman, who was in better financial conditions, could spend up to 7 shillings and 315 pence per person per week, and in addition to the above, it included 7 pints of light beer, half a pound each of butter and sugar, and 1 English tael of tea (3).

According to the data, New Zealand's livestock industry accounts for about 80% of the total agricultural output value, and the population engaged in animal husbandry accounts for about 80% of the agricultural population, making it the country with the largest number of cattle and sheep per capita in the world. Although New Zealand's pastures are mostly small and medium-sized, they are more intensive, and have developed into a major livestock industry in the world by relying on large-scale artificially cultivated pastures. The Australian dairy farming industry is also dominated by small and medium-sized ranch-based operations.

Internationally, more than 1,000 heads belong to large-scale ranches, and more than 10,000 heads belong to super-large ranches, but such ranches do not account for the majority of those developed countries, and small and medium-sized ranches are still the main business entities in countries such as Australia and New Zealand. Most of the small and medium-sized pastures in Europe and the United States have about 100 heads, and in Asia such as South Korea and Japan, there are also about 60 heads

The fan margin zone at the northern foot of the Tianshan Mountains is located in a specific oasis-desert transition zone, with an area of about 1.08 ́106hm2 [16.2 million mu], and the usable area on the basis of water-saving and water diversion projects is about 4.86 ́105hm2 [7.29 million mu]. The existing agricultural land in the northern Xinjiang region from Urumqi to Jinghe is 1.14 ́106hm2 [17.1 million mu], and through the adjustment of single-structure agriculture, for example, the implementation of grassland rotation system in oases, and rotation-intercropping of cotton and alfalfa, a 4.57 ́105hm2 [6.86 million mu] animal husbandry grass planting base can be formed. Therefore, 1-1.5 ́106hm2 [15 million to 22.5 million mu] artificial grassland can be established in the agricultural oasis and fan margin zone at the northern foot of the Tianshan Mountains. The yield per mu of the abandoned cultivated land in the fan margin zone can reach 1-1.2 ́103kg. Silage corn planted in agricultural oasis can yield 0.8-1 ́104kg per mu; Supplemented by the export of forage and crop straw processing feed from the agroecosystem, according to the annual need of 0.6-0.7 ́103kg per sheep, the oasis-fan belt ecological industrial belt can carry about 2.5-3 ́107 sheep, that is, nearly 60% of the livestock in Xinjiang or all the livestock in northern Xinjiang, and the current ratio of livestock carried by mountain grasslands and plain grasslands can be adjusted from an unreasonable number distribution of 7:3 to a reasonable ratio of 3:7. A large number of perennial leguminous forages are planted in the oasis and fan edge zone, which can still improve the soil and cover the surface, prevent wind and soil conservation, prevent secondary salinization, and form an ecological barrier and sand filter belt at the front and interior of the oasis, so as to achieve the goal of "win-win" between production and ecology.

Through the analysis of the pastoral areas of Xixia, it can be seen that the grassland is mostly dry grassland and desert steppe. Generally, a sheep is raised on 10-20 acres of hay land, and a sheep is raised on 50-70 acres of desert grassland,[30] but the same type of grassland has different livestock carrying capacity due to different landforms, climates, and soils. In the same Alxa desert grassland, the livestock carrying capacity of the tidal grassland is only 30-38 sheep units per square kilometer, while the desert lake basin grassland is as high as 60 sheep units. [31] In view of this, combined with relevant data, it is estimated that the livestock volume per mu in Hexi, Alxa, Xingling, and Ordos pastoral areas is 12, 60, 42, and 22 sheep units, respectively. The number of livestock carried by each pastoral area is 0.1434×108, 0.0518×108, 0.0854×108, 0.0077×108 sheep units (the algorithm is the grassland area of each pastoral area divided by the number of livestock per mu in each pastoral area). During the Western Xia period, the total number of livestock carried was 28.83 million sheep units.

Whether in terms of spatial and temporal distribution or per capita consumption level, we believe that it is closer to the fact that the per capita consumption in the Book of Jin is used as an estimate of the population of the Western Xia pastoral area. Based on this, the population of the Western Xia pastoral area is estimated to be about 1.54 million (the algorithm is the number of heads in the herd multiplied by the slaughter weight of a sheep divided by the per capita consumption). The agricultural population of Xixia is 530,000 (algorithm: the agricultural area of Xixia is 2 million mu multiplied by the grain output per mu of 138 catties, divided by the average annual grain consumption per capita of 522 catties. The specific analysis is discussed in a separate article).

Therefore, we can see that the overall population of Western Xia was about 2 million. If the impact of natural disasters and social factors is taken into account, the population of Western Xia is at least about 1.4 million.

Here, there are 50 sheep, 5 cattle and 200 sheep. The 10 cattle are all individual producers. Let's assume that an individual herdsman family has five people, three adults and two minors, and the following expenses are roughly required to maintain basic living and simple reproduction:

1. According to Mr. Qi Xia's research, the rations of adults in the Song Dynasty were two liters per day, one liter for minors, 21.6 stone for three adults and 7.2 stone for two minors, and a total of 28.8 stone for the whole family, which was about 92 catties per stone. [24] The same was probably the case in the Western Xia, but the Dangxiang people ate meat and milk, and they could subtract half of the grain, which was 14.4 stones. If you count the wild vegetables and grass seeds that satisfy hunger, it becomes about 10 stones. The 10 stone of grain were roughly exchanged for 1 cow and 20 sheepskins. [25]

2. About 20 adult sheep need to be slaughtered for meat.

3. Clothing and felt tents roughly need 60-90 sheep wool and 5-10 skins.

4. Salt costs about 1.5 sheep.

5. Simple production tools and other expenses also cost about 1.5 sheep.

6. A branded military horse, the military horse can generally serve for more than five years, so that there is an average burden of about 2 sheep per year.

In total, there are about 25 sheep and 1 cow. These products are provided by a herd of 90 sheep (30 adult sheep, 30 sheep 1-2 years old, 30 lambs) and 6 cattle (2-3 adults, 2 1-2 year-olds, 1-2 calves). In other words, individual herders can only sustain simple reproduction by shepherding 90 sheep and 6 cows. Those who own 50 sheep and 5 cattle are poor herdsmen, and simple reproduction is affected; Those who own 200 sheep and 10 cattle are wealthy herdsmen, and in addition to being used for consumption, there is a certain surplus of livestock products, which can be appropriately expanded for reproduction. The government's management of animal husbandry, that is, the herd production in Western Xia, was roughly divided into three systems: the herd husbandry department, the economic strategy department (or the military supervision department), and the horse courtyard.

Planting grass and raising livestock and poultry can reduce feed consumption, reduce feeding costs, and increase economic income. The development of livestock and poultry can also improve people's dietary structure, raise people's living standards, and fundamentally solve the contradiction between humans and animals competing for food. Therefore, there is a lot to be done in planting grass and developing herbivorous livestock and poultry.

1. Planting grass, raising cattle and sheep, and harvesting both farming and animal husbandry

1. Grass to produce meat, dairy cattle and sheep can produce meat and milk from grass, which is most suitable for rural breeding. Forage grasses suitable for raising cattle and sheep, such as imperial bamboo grass, hybrid sorrel mold, pillar flower grass, fragrant locust, forage corn, string leaf pine vanilla, rye grass, elephant grass and sweet potato vine, are easy to plant, with high yield and high nutritional value. The average cow can feed 30-50 kg per day, 20-30 kg for beef cattle and 7-9 kg for sheep. Due to the low cost of production, meat and milk are produced from pasture all over the world. The development of animal husbandry in developed countries mainly relies on the use of arable land to grow grass and raise livestock, and grassland accounts for 50%-60% of agricultural land. For example, 80%-90% of feed in Australia and 50% in Europe comes from grassland. In the United States, 82% of sheep and 52% of cattle rely on grazing, and all meat and dairy products are produced from grass.

2. The nutritional value of forage grass is high, but the number of rural straw is large, but the crude fiber is high, which is not conducive to the digestion of cattle and sheep, while the green forage has less crude fiber, good palatability, and higher nutritional value than straw. For example, Zhongyuan Dan No. 32 forage corn can be planted all year round, with a yield of 4500-6000 kg of straw per mu, more than 500 kg of grains, 12.77% crude protein in grains, and 9.2% crude protein in straw, which is 4-6 percentage points higher than that of ordinary corn. The breed is used to feed chickens to increase the egg production rate by 15%, feed broilers 5 days ahead of the market, feed dairy cows to increase the yield of 3-5 kg per day, milk fat rate from 3.0 to 3.7. It can be seen that high-quality forage grass is the basis for cattle and sheep to produce meat and milk.

3. The most common way to raise sheep to improve land utilization rate is grazing, which can make full use of various natural and planted pastures in embankments, fields, mountains, woodlands, orchards, and four sides, and can also be mowing grass to feed cattle and sheep for large-scale captivity, so as to improve labor productivity and land utilization. For example, the planting efficiency of planting imperial bamboo grass is higher than that of ordinary corn. According to reports, Huangzhu grass can produce 20,000 kg of fresh grass per mu, and its crude protein yield per mu is 3218 kg, which is 20 times that of corn and 4 times that of alfalfa in high-yield fields, and can be used for about 10 years for one planting. Cattle and sheep manure is also a good agricultural organic fertilizer, which can improve soil fertility.

4. To improve product quality, cattle and sheep are ruminant livestock, which can directly use roughage such as straw and corn stalks, but their nutritional value is low, and cattle and sheep grow slowly. If you can use high-quality forage to raise cattle and sheep, the growth is fast, the fattening period is short, the production turnover is accelerated, the beef cattle can be slaughtered at the age of 18 months, and high-grade beef and mutton can be produced, and the product price will increase several times to more than ten times. According to the characteristics of many buffaloes in our province, the use of high-quality pasture grass can also develop the production of high-quality buffalo milk.

5. Increasing economic income and expanding the planting area of high-quality forage grass can increase rural economic income. Planting and using leguminous forage grass and gramineous forage grass or crop straw in a ratio of 1:3 to modulate silage can solve the problem of raising cattle and sheep in all seasons and the supply of green fodder throughout the year. Farmers can change the old habit of raising cattle and plowing fields, develop cattle raising households, and implement cattle and sheep fattening and milk production, so as to promote the increase of farmers' income. It is estimated that for every 1 dairy cow, the annual consumption of forage is about 10,000-20,000 kilograms, and the annual net profit can reach more than 3,000 yuan, which is one of the effective ways to promote the majority of farmers to get rid of poverty and run for health.

Second, the effect of planting grass and raising pigs is good

1. Pigs eat a variety of grassesPigs cannot digest straws with high crude fiber, but can use high-quality forage. In particular, it likes to eat green feed rich in carbohydrates and proteins, and it is best to grow Amaranth, Russian forage cabbage, polymer grass, alfalfa grass, rye grass, chicory, goose grass (bitter horsetail), Junda cabbage, milk vetch and sweet potato vine. These forages are palatable and nutritious. For example, Amaranth granularis contains 12.68% crude protein, 2.69% crude fat, 34.50% carbohydrate, 3.24% calcium and 0.22% phosphorus at the budding stage, which is a good feed for pigs. When planting forage, pay attention to the planting varieties and the harvest amount of each period to balance the supply of forage throughout the year.

2. Feeding grass can save feed at present, and improving the utilization rate and conversion rate of feed is an important task of the pig industry. In rural areas, some farmers are accustomed to feeding pigs directly with a single diet, and the remuneration of this feeding method is about 1/3 lower than that of compound feed. Planting grass to raise pigs, feeding 3-5 kg of various grasses every day or adding grass powder to compound feed to replace part of the concentrate, can not only reduce the cost of feeding, save food, and the effect is good. According to the test, planting 1 mu of grass and concentrate can raise 30 pigs. The alfalfa grass is fermented and used to feed pigs, each pig can save 1-1.5 kg of feed per day, and 1 100 kg of heavy fat pig can save more than 200 kg of feed.

3. The quality of pork is good, because pigs eat grass and have an appropriate amount of exercise, no or less use of animal protein feed such as fishmeal, so that pork does not have a bad smell. Good quality pork is still preferred. Due to the convenience of cooking and people's living habits, pork still accounts for more than 50% of meat consumption. Raising hybrid wild boars can improve the utilization rate of forage, and the pork quality is good, and the market price is also higher.

4. The practice of promoting growth and disease prevention proves that adding more green to pigs. Juice feed, has the effect of heat and disease prevention. Feeding growing pigs with an appropriate amount of pasture or high-quality grass powder can promote the growth of pig skeleton and improve lean meat rate: feeding pregnant sows can prevent constipation, lactation. Atrial inflammation, metritis and postpartum mastilescence syndrome, while improving the reproductive performance of sows.

Third, the cost of planting grass and raising geese is low

1. Goose eats a variety of grasses, geese can make full use of a variety of grasses, leaves and crop by-products into high-quality goose products. Wild grasses can be fed to geese as long as they are non-toxic and odorless, such as goose intestines, barnyard grass, horsetail grass, carpet grass, Taiwan grass, cricket grass, etc. However, wild grass is affected by climate, soil and geographical environment, and cannot meet the needs of raising geese throughout the year. It can be planted ryegrass, Russian forage vegetables, chicory, amaranth, aggregate grass, goose grass and other pastures, or use cabbage, bitter ink cabbage, romaine lettuce, Junda cabbage, cabbage and other high-yield vegetables as goose forage.

2. Low stocking cost: Geese can reduce production costs by planting grass and transforming pasture land for stocking. Under the conditions of grazing and supplementary feeding, a medium-sized meat goose only needs about 0.1 kg of compound feed per day, and the 70-day-old meat goose can reach more than 3.5 kg. The ratio of feed to meat is 1-1.5:1, and the cost is lower than that of chickens, ducks, pigs, etc. Compared with pigs, raising geese can get 3 times the yield of pigs with the same amount of feed, and the same input value, geese are 32 times, ducks are 24 times, and chickens are 14 times.

3. Captivity can increase income, plant grass and raise geese, and can also be captive on a large scale. From the age of 10 days, the amount of green fodder can reach 70%-80% of the feeding amount, and from the 21st day of age, the amount of green fodder accounts for 90%-92%. Generally, geese are fed about 2 kg of green fodder every day, and when the goslings grow to 50-60 days old, they can increase the concentrate appropriately and obtain satisfactory results. If you feed 1 commercial goose with compound feed, it needs to consume about 10 kg of concentrate feed from the goose to sale, and only about 6 kg of concentrate feed is needed to plant grass and raise geese. The investment in grass seeds and compound fertilizers required to plant 1 mu of ryegrass is less than 300 yuan, while the yield of planting 1 mu of ryegrass can raise 5 batches of geese, 50 geese per batch, and the cost of each goose can be reduced by 4-6 yuan. For every 1 mu of grass promoted, the economic benefits can reach more than 1,000 yuan.

4. The value-added potential of goose meat is as high as 18%, and the protein content of goose meat is as high as 18%, and the lysine content is 30% higher than that of chicken; The fat content of goose meat is only 11%, while lean pork contains 28% of fat, and lean mutton is 13%, and the unsaturated fatty acids in goose fat that are beneficial to the human body are much richer than pigs, cattle and sheep, and the cholesterol content of goose meat in the county is low and beneficial to health. The whole body of the goose is a treasure, goose down, fatty liver, goose paws, goose heads, goose tongues, goose necks, goose wings, etc. are all best-selling products for export.

Horses need to have some forage in their diet, as it helps prevent digestive problems. The right amount of high-quality forage is also an effective way to reduce the cost of feed, which is often one of the biggest expenses for raising horses.

In addition, a lack of understanding of certain possible problems can lead to injury or even death of horses, whether they occur on grass, whether they are fed with unsuitable hay, or because certain species of plants are eaten. On good grass, horses generally do not gnaw on trees or other objects. Finally, meadows provide a healthy place for horses to exercise while beautifying the natural landscape.

General knowledge of nutrition and feeding

It turns out that horses are natural herbivores, as wild horses live well in the vast grasslands. Horses should only be fed concentrate if they need to do a lot of things, such as getting them to work or riding with a lot of exercise. At other times, high-quality grass can fully meet the nutritional needs of horses. If only low-quality grass is available, it may need to be supplemented, especially for growing foals and nursing mares.

Giving horses grazing grass is a healthy way to raise them, allowing them to move and providing them with the nutrients they need. The amount of grass a horse needs depends on a number of factors, such as the size and age of the horse, the type of forage, the amount of supplemental feed provided, and soil fertility. However, in the southern United States, 0.4~0.8 hectares of grassland should be provided for each adult horse.

Special requirements for grassland management

Horses are more selective than cattle and tend to "spot" feed. This is especially noticeable when bean grass is present in the meadow. Horses can eat bean grass, but prefer grass. Therefore, the grazing grass of the horses needs to be pruned regularly in order to evenly scale the grass in the overgrazing and light grazing areas and to keep the grass tender.

If the grazing capacity is too large, the horse will not have the opportunity to choose to feed and the nutrient intake will decrease. It is advisable for horses and cattle to graze together because cattle can reduce the impact of "spotted" feeding in horses. In addition, horses and cows can feed on each other's fecal spots, but not on their own.

The reporter had the opportunity to touch Arabian horses once, at an auction at an Egyptian stud farm. I was struck by the beauty of the Arabian thoroughbred. It was a pale brown horse, tall and slender, and seemed a little shy. Hands touching her fur were like touching silk, soft and smooth. Look at the small flower steps she runs, light and elegant, as if she is dancing. The horse seemed to realize that you were admiring her, and only glanced at you from the corner of his eye, like a noble princess. From this, the reporter wondered why Arabic poetry always compares horses to beautiful women.

Since then, journalists have been paying attention to Arabian horses. Generally speaking, the Arabian horse has a high head, long legs, a thin body, a small mouth, short ears, and large nostrils. Runs fast, has strong understanding, and is easy to train. Three-year-old horses can gallop on the field. To evaluate the merits of Arabian horses, it is necessary not only to look at the coat color, physique and demeanor, but also to investigate the breed and blood of the horse. Arabian horses have bred to this day, roughly divided into five branches. They are Kahirat, Saghrawi, Hamdani, Hadayat, and Sabiyan. When it comes to a horse, the bloodline status can be divided into "purebred" and "purebred". The so-called "purebred" means that the horse has never crossed with other stallions. Matched. The "purebred" horses, on the other hand, are somewhat mixed.

Purebred Arabian horses must not have large heads, and they must be high, showing a proud appearance. The eyes are attentive and sensitive, and the horse will look surprised if a living person approaches. The back is high and straight, the legs are long but not crooked, and the hooves are straight and powerful. A good horse breathes softly, and as long as there is a cough, it is not a fast horse. It is said that the precious horse used a drinking cup to show that her mouth was small and noble. According to legend, Napoleon used soldiers and liked Arabian horses the most. He was defeated in Moscow, and on his way back to France was mounted on an Arab horse. One of his generals wrote to him to report: "Arabian horses are more durable than European horses. ”

Horse racing breeds

According to Islam, horses and people are friends. By the time of Muhammad in the 7th century, Arabian horses had been breeding in the interior of the Arabian Peninsula, drifting with nomadic tribes. The natural environment in the desert is harsh, and horses only have grass to eat in winter and early spring, and the rest of the time they eat with people. By the 13th century, nomadic Arab tribes had practiced the practice of horses and people eating and sleeping together. This eliminated a large number of the weak, and only the strongest survived. One of the Arabian thoroughbreds, K. Raswan, is one of the surviving horses, with only 370 left in the world, 300 of which are bred in Saudi Arabia.

At the end of the 17th century, Arabian thoroughbred horses followed the nomadic tribes to Jordan, Syria, Egypt and other countries. A British minister in Aleppo, Syria, was fascinated by horses and brought Arabian horses back to the British Isles in 1705. 200 years later, the descendants of this Arabian thoroughbred horse have become one of the most famous racehorse breeds in the UK. In the second half of the 19th century, British Anna went deep into the interior of Saudi Arabia and found Arabian thoroughbreds, so she set up stud farms in England and Egypt. The place where the reporter participated in the stallion auction was the original site of the stallion farm run by Anna. Fourteen Arabian horse breeds have survived to this day, and Ms. Anna owes a part to that.

I am most afraid of loneliness

In the Arab world, horse breeding is still a specialized industry today. Horse breeders can only be held by children of horse breeders who have been passed down from generation to generation. These people learn the knowledge of horse breeding from an early age, and gradually master a full set of horse breeding, horse training and equestrian skills. The reporter borrowed several books about Arabian thoroughbred horses from the library of the capital of the United Arab Emirates, all of which were the works of these Soma masters. Arab friends say that good horses pass human nature. Horse breeders should spend at least two hours a day with the horses and learn about their joys and sorrows. Foals are easy to domesticate and train, and once they grow up, their habits are difficult to change. The foals are weaned 5 months after birth and begin to chew after 9 months and are trained to restrain their behavior. A good horse needs to be trained for about 4 years, and you can't let up for a day. Interestingly, Arabian horses, like humans, are said to be the most afraid of loneliness. If you are alone, you will die of depression. Horse breeders cannot feed a horse alone for a long time, even if there is a donkey or cow next to it. The horses must be walked for an hour and a half every day, and the horses have to rest for one day a week.

Much more expensive than a car

In the international market, the price tag for an Arabian thoroughbred is between $30,000 and $10 million. Many pure horses are much more expensive than Mercedes cars. According to the reporter, a purebred horse is 6 times more expensive than a stallion. The highest known offer in the world was for a racehorse named "Remtala", sold by Mohammed, the third son of the Emirate of Dubai, to a Japanese company. She sold for $30 million. This horse has a legend. She was not originally an ace in the hands of Muhammad. The year before, the horse was injured and underwent surgery at Dubai Equine Hospital, where he rested for a full 10 months. Unexpectedly, after Lemtala was discharged from the hospital, he won every game and was out of control. Not only did she win a first prize from the George VI Marseilles, but she also topped the Elizabeth Marseille list, winning five first prizes in a row.

An Arabic proverb says that Allah makes man out of clay and takes the wind to shape horses. Following his reverie, the Arabian horses galloped from the depths of the desert, stepping on the historical situation, carrying Islamic culture, embodying the national spirit, which is indeed extraordinary.