Chapter 30: The Battle of the Somme (1)

Unable to advance towards Verdun, the Germans turned around and prepared to take Mount Hom, and after 3 months of fierce fighting, the Germans captured two villages west of Verdun, and the fortress of Vau, east of Verdun, surrendered. But both sides suffered heavy losses, and General Pétain was prepared to save his strength for a better defense, but he was dismissed and replaced by the more offensive General Neville.

The next target of the German army was the Soviet fortress, which on June 22, 1916 dropped poison gas bombs on the French positions, and attacked with 60,000 troops the next day, but failed to take the Soviet fortress, and the battle lasted until September 6.

The Chinese side quickly transported a batch of tanks, armored vehicles, light and heavy machine guns, rocket launchers, and a large number of weapons to the German rear from afar, and the Anglo-French forces in order to break through the German defenses in order to switch to mobile warfare, and at the same time reduce the pressure of the German army on the French army in the Verdun direction. At that time, the front was from south to north, crossing the Somme more than 50 kilometers east of Amiens. The Germans had built what they called the "strongest" defensive line in the area, consisting of three lines of positions and some intermediate positions. The main positions had tunnel fortifications, and in front of the positions there were several layers of barbed wire. The defenders were the German 2nd Army, with a defensive front width of 58 km, its first line was 9 divisions, and the strength of the reserve increased to 67 divisions after 4 divisions.

During this period, Li Ming continued to sell all kinds of light and heavy machine guns, artillery, heavy artillery, tanks, mortars, bombers, rocket launchers, ** rifles, millions of military spending, due to the war, the southern military factory orders continued, the German army was defeated in history, if the German army was defeated, who was the weapon sold to? Unable to let the order be terminated, Li Ming decided to join the German army after consulting with the top brass of the new army, like Britain and France declaring war.

The British and French originally planned to use the French army as the main attack, but because the Battle of Verdun used a large number of French troops, the British army was the main attack. The initial force was 39 divisions (increased to 86 divisions over the course of the campaign), of which 25 British divisions, with the 4th Army as the main force and the 3rd Army as the auxiliary, attacked in the area north of Karno on the north bank of the Somme, 25 kilometers in front; The 6th division of the French 14th Army, across the Somme, attacked on the right side of the British army, 15 kilometers from the front. The British and French artillery and air forces were superior. The tactics of attacking limited targets one by one were adopted in an attempt to achieve a breakthrough by consuming the strength of the German army. In order to coordinate the actions of the two armies, it was stipulated that the line of arrival for each attack could not be crossed on its own.

From June 24, the British and French troops carried out seven days of artillery preparation, and at 7:30 a.m. on July 1, the infantry launched an attack with artillery support. On that day, both the French and the British in the direction of the main attack broke through the first line of German positions, but the British left flank made no progress. The British advanced in dense formation and were severely wounded by German machine-gun and artillery fire, suffering nearly 60,000 casualties on the first day. The British right flank and the French occupied the second line of German positions.

Under the unified command of General Foch, the 6th Army of General Fayole of France and the 4th Army of General Rawlinson of Great Britain were responsible for breaking through the defensive positions of the 2nd Army of General von Bello of Germany, which was stationed in the area of Fuucaur and Ebitene (40 km); and used cavalry corps to open a breakthrough to Peronne and Mauborges, which were under the responsibility of the French army, and Babom, Cambrai, which were under the responsibility of the British army. The British and French forces had 32 infantry divisions and 6 cavalry divisions, 2,189 artillery pieces, 1,160 mortars, and about 300 aircraft; The German 2nd Army had 8 infantry divisions, 672 artillery pieces, 300 mortars and 114 aircraft. The German defense consisted of 3 positions, with a total depth of 7~8 kilometers. The two sides prepared for more than 5 months, first carrying out 7 days of artillery bombardment, although they almost completely destroyed the first German position and partially destroyed the second, but lost the initiative that the offensive operation should maintain tactically.

The British 4th Army (commanded by General Rawlinson) carried out the main assault in the direction of Babom 25 km from Marikur to Ebyten, covered by the 7th Army of the British 3rd Army on its left flank; The French 6th Army (commanded by General Fayolle) carried out an auxiliary assault from both sides of the Somme north of Rossiers in the direction of Perronne. On the same day, the French and British right flanks broke through the first line of German positions, but the British left flank was blocked by German trench positions. The British attacked in a dense formation and were killed and wounded by the powerful fire of the German Maxim machine guns, losing nearly 60,000 men.

On July 2~3, the right flank of the British army and the French army captured the second line of German positions, and the French army once occupied Balre, Biash and other German defensive points. In the days that followed, the advance was slow due to the German commitment to the reserve forces and the serious shortcomings of the British and French forces themselves in terms of breakthrough tactics and command and control (cumbersome regulations for assaults in various areas, limiting the initiative of the troops, etc.).

The German command threw in a new wave of reserves, and for ease of command, the 2nd Army was divided into the 1st Army under the command of General Bellow and the 2nd Army under the command of General Galvetz. In addition, the depth of defense was lengthened and a supplementary defense area was constructed.

In mid-July, the British and French forces advanced only a few kilometers and did not achieve the expected objectives of the operation.

From the end of July to mid-August, the British and French forces strengthened their forces to 51 divisions and increased the number of aircraft to 500; The German army increased to 31 divisions and 300 aircraft, but due to the sluggishness and stalemate of the battle, it turned into a war of attrition.