The manufacturing method is similar to that in China and Japan, there are mainly two methods: three-stage joint type and double-layer composite type. The three-stage articulation is the kind mentioned in "Heavenly Creation". The method is to make the gun pipe first, and the gun pipe is made of wrought iron section by section, generally two or three sections, and finally welded into one. The double-layer composite type was first seen in Qi Jiguang's "New Book of Ji Xiao" "Hand and Foot Chapter": "The price of the bird gun is often smelted iron, and the two are encompassing. "This process, contrary to the previous one, is to make a thin layer of the gun directly on a long steel core, and then cover another layer of the gun body to make it meet the required thickness. According to these two methods to manufacture the gun, the process flow is different, first describe the first three-stage joint.

The first step is tube making. Prepare a steel core of a cylinder about 30 centimeters long and about 7 millimeters in diameter to make cold bones, first burn the wrought iron to make the pipe until it is red-hot, and then the craftsman takes out the blank that has been burned to a certain temperature, knocks the hot wrought iron outside the steel core with a hammer, and rolls it into an iron pipe. And in the process of cladding iron, the steel core is constantly extracted and cooled with water to prevent the steel core and wrought iron from being welded together. The thickness of the rolled iron pipe should also be about one centimeter. In this way, the gun tube is strong and can withstand more than a dozen consecutive launches.

The second step is welding. Because the long guns of more than three feet are welded in sections, so the guns that are not well welded are easy to be fried and bored, and the craftsmen regard whether the seamless guns are welded as the key to the success or failure of the guns. In the middle of the Ming Dynasty, the craftsmen of the Ming army took advantage of the Japanese invasion and caused many accidents. It is recorded in the "New Book of Ji Xiao": "Recently, there are few people who are aware of the pain in this area, and they do not complain and really instruct the craftsmen, and listen to them roll into iron cylinders, with uneven thickness and thickness······ Even a single tube is rolled into a single tube, and it is blown up and damaged. (The winding method of the monotube is connected to the second manufacturing process of the barrel), so from these records, it can be seen that the army has strict requirements for the quality of the bird's gun.

The above method is made of iron pipes and then burned in the furnace to incandescent, and a steel core is also prepared, the thickness is the same as above, and the length should be longer than the length of the gun. Then the iron pipe that has been burned to red and bright is sleeved on the steel core, and the iron pipe interface is vigorously smashed into one by the master craftsman, and at the same time of welding the iron pipe, the auxiliary hammer hand also sprinkles white copper powder on the welding mouth of the iron pipe, and the copper has an affinity effect, which can make the welding mouth stronger, and not to leave a fault or virtual welding. The steel core should also be extracted and cooled at any time, and the iron pipe should be heated while cooling the steel core. The final iron pipe is the prototype of the gun pipe.

The double-layer composite gun body is different from the above method, it is directly wrapped with red iron on a one-meter-long steel core, when the first layer of iron is wrapped, another layer is wrapped on this layer of the gun body, so that the joint of the inner gun is wrapped by the outer layer of the gun body to form a complex. From a technical point of view, the double-layer composite gun is more scientific than the three-stage joint gun, and the gun body joint is stronger, although this kind of gun tube can not make a very long bird gun tube, but the caliber can be made larger than the first bird gun, so the power is also greater in a limited distance. (In Japan, this large-caliber short-bodied bird gun is called an iron cannon.) It's just that the Ming and Qing dynasties lacked knowledge of ballistics, and it was believed that the longer the bird gun, the more powerful it was, so that in order to increase the length of the bird gun in the later period, the gun body was rolled into a single tube. "The advantage of the heavy armor is in the belly length, and the belly length is not leaking firearms, and the power is far and powerful." - Qi Jiguang. It affected the Qing army at the end of the Qing Dynasty when the gun was as long as two meters, and the average thickness of the gun body was less than one centimeter, due to the poor airtightness of the rough gun, the thrust after the gunpowder burned was rubbed by the lead through the gun chamber, and its range and power could not be the same as that of the Ming Dynasty.

The third step is trimming. In the early days, the bird gun tube was often made into an octagonal shape, with one end of the body thick and one end thin, the thick one made the belly of the gun, and the thin one made the mouth. The crosshairs are welded in the same way after the bolt body is welded. The crosshair and the illumination are just two protrusions before they are processed and have no effect. Before welding, the fire table and the fire table have been pre-drilled with fire transmission holes, and they should be welded in line with the position of the fire transmission holes, and should not be blocked. At this time, the bird gun is still a rough embryo, and the craftsman has to drill out the gun boring again to frustrate the crosshair. Due to the limitations of the process at that time, the steel core section is not pure round, and the core is not straight, and the boring is rough and uneven. In the Ming and Qing dynasties, there were such drilling machines, which were made of wood as a frame, and a round stone disc was used as an inertia wheel and tied to the skin. After the strip, it is pulled by manpower to make the stone disc drive the drill bit to rotate. In the Ming Dynasty, good drill bits and frustration knives and other tools made of hard steel were made of fallen steel, and the rigidity was not very hard, so half of the time to make bird guns was drilled and scraped. It can last up to a month. "Ji Xiao Xinshu" recorded: "(Bird) the original hole is very small, drill it with a steel drill, drill an inch a day, until the end, and drill light in January." It can be seen that the output of the gun-making workshop at that time was not very high, because under this process, the large number of skilled workers and a large number of equipment required could not be guaranteed for the Ministry of Industry, and the emperor was not so concerned about advanced weapons, otherwise firearms could fully show their power in several major battles in the late Ming Dynasty, and perhaps rewrite history.

When the boring is finished, the boring is scraped clean with a four-edged steel bar, so that the pipe is made. The next thing to do is the back door of the bird, that is, the plug at the end of the gun, which was called screw rotation in ancient times, and the screw turn and the back door are actually modern screws and nuts. "Ji Xiao New Book": "Silk turn, left turn in, right turn out." The belly is long, such as lead or Kehuo door, etc., take the back door wire to turn, so as to trim. "It's one of the most advanced parts on the bird's gun, second only to the crosshair and trigger. (I've seen a lot of Qing Dynasty bird guns and guns, often with a crosshairs without screws, and screws without a crosshair, I don't know why?) There are only three muskets, and it is rare that the fixed barrel of the musket is tied with a thin rope, which is the same as the Turkish musket, which is very easy to clean and repair after disassembly, and is very different from the general bird gun. ）

The crosshair of the bird gun has always been a big problem for me, compared with the modern rifle, its sight should have no effective distance range, that is to say, the crosshair of the bird gun and the measurement of the aiming point of the door is parallel to the center point of the gun, maybe it is normal for the ancients to raise the gun body according to the distance when shooting, just like archery with the parabolic principle, but there is no instrument to verify my tube point, and the records on the hand do not detail how the crosshair of the arquebus is measured, (Or maybe I don't have the information.) So the sight of the Ming Dynasty bird gun was just a simple measurement with a measuring tool and then relied on the tool to frustrate? Believe no, the real answer can only be revealed by waiting for the authorities.

The fourth step is mechanism and assembly. The trigger and faucet of the bird gun (fixed arquebus ignition) as a complete set of mechanisms are often made by coppersmiths, and its trigger, faucet, cover, and fire door cover are made of copper materials, only springs are mostly used in China and copper in Japan and Western Europe, because China's laws prohibit citizens from making firearms privately, so the specific structure is omitted.

The assembly of the bird gun is the last step of the whole gun production, the key is the connection of the gun pipe and the gun bed, the production of the gun bed is the simplest, as long as the wood is properly selected, it requires toughness, less water absorption, no deformation after drying, no cracking, generally no problem. It's just that there are two ways to connect, one is riveting. One is to tie the pipe to the bed with a copper hoop or rope. The riveted barrel is common in Japanese and European arquebuses, and when forging the barrel, two to three protrusions similar to half a coin should be made in advance at the lower end of the barrel, the bulge is along the direction of the barrel, and then the hole is punched horizontally on the bulge, and several small holes should be pierced in the same position in the same position in the same bed. Tie the gun pipe to the gun bed with a copper hoop or rope is the simplest way to fix, from the first arquebus to the Second World War for hundreds of years, it can be said that it has a long history, the Qing Dynasty learned the Turkish method, fixed the gun pipe with a thin rope, on a gun divided into several sections to tie a firm thin cotton rope, when cleaning the gun pipe, as long as the rope is untied when cleaning the gun tube, the gun tube can be removed, but the rope is easy to be burned by the hot gun tube after shooting, the early Ming Dynasty used riveting, due to the inconvenience of manufacturing, the later use of two copper hoop fixation, although the cleaning is inconvenient, However, the product cycle has been shortened a lot, which can be regarded as a gain and a loss.

Three steps, trimming. In the early days, the bird gun tube was often made into an octagonal shape, with one end of the body thick and one end thin, the thick one made the belly of the gun, and the thin one made the mouth. The crosshairs are welded in the same way after the bolt body is welded. The crosshair and the illumination are just two protrusions before they are processed and have no effect. Before welding, the fire table and the fire table have been pre-drilled with fire transmission holes, and they should be welded in line with the position of the fire transmission holes, and should not be blocked. At this time, the bird gun is still a rough embryo, and the craftsman has to drill out the gun boring again to frustrate the crosshair. Due to the limitations of the process at that time, the steel core section is not pure round, and the core is not straight, and the boring is rough and uneven. In the Ming and Qing dynasties, there were such drilling machines, which were made of wood as a frame, and a round stone disc was used as an inertia wheel and tied to the skin. After the strip, it is pulled by manpower to make the stone disc drive the drill bit to rotate. In the Ming Dynasty, good drill bits and frustration knives and other tools made of hard steel were made of fallen steel, and the rigidity was not very hard, so half of the time to make bird guns was drilled and scraped. It can last up to a month. "Ji Xiao Xinshu" recorded: "(Bird) the original hole is very small, drill it with a steel drill, drill an inch a day, until the end, and drill light in January." It can be seen that the output of the gun-making workshop at that time was not very high, because under this process, the large number of skilled workers and a large number of equipment required could not be guaranteed for the Ministry of Industry, and the emperor was not so concerned about advanced weapons, otherwise firearms could fully show their power in several major battles in the late Ming Dynasty, and perhaps rewrite history.

When the boring is finished, the boring is scraped clean with a four-edged steel bar, so that the pipe is made. The next thing to do is the back door of the bird, that is, the plug at the end of the gun, which was called screw rotation in ancient times, and the screw turn and the back door are actually modern screws and nuts. "Ji Xiao New Book": "Silk turn, left turn in, right turn out." The belly is long, such as lead or Kehuo door, etc., take the back door wire to turn, so as to trim. "It's one of the most advanced parts on the bird's gun, second only to the crosshair and trigger. (I've seen a lot of Qing Dynasty bird guns and guns, often with a crosshairs without screws, and screws without a crosshair, I don't know why?) There are only three muskets, and it is rare that the fixed barrel of the musket is tied with a thin rope, which is the same as the Turkish musket, which is very easy to clean and repair after disassembly, and is very different from the general bird gun. ）

The crosshair of the bird gun has always been a big problem for me, compared with the modern rifle, its sight should have no effective distance range, that is to say, the crosshair of the bird gun and the measurement of the aiming point of the door is parallel to the center point of the gun, maybe it is normal for the ancients to raise the gun body according to the distance when shooting, just like archery with the parabolic principle, but there is no instrument to verify my tube point, and the records on the hand do not detail how the crosshair of the arquebus is measured, (Or maybe I don't have the information.) So the sight of the Ming Dynasty bird gun was just a simple measurement with a measuring tool and then relied on the tool to frustrate? Believe no, the real answer can only be revealed by waiting for the authorities.

The fourth step is mechanism and assembly. The trigger and faucet of the bird gun (fixed arquebus ignition) as a complete set of mechanisms are often made by coppersmiths, and its trigger, faucet, cover, and fire door cover are made of copper materials, only springs are mostly used in China and copper in Japan and Western Europe, because China's laws prohibit citizens from making firearms privately, so the specific structure is omitted.

The assembly of the bird gun is the last step of the whole gun production, the key is the connection of the gun pipe and the gun bed, the production of the gun bed is the simplest, as long as the wood is properly selected, it requires toughness, less water absorption, no deformation after drying, no cracking, generally no problem. It's just that there are two ways to connect, one is riveting. One is to tie the pipe to the bed with a copper hoop or rope. The riveted barrel is common in Japanese and European arquebuses, and when forging the barrel, two to three protrusions similar to half a coin should be made in advance at the lower end of the barrel, the bulge is along the direction of the barrel, and then the hole is punched horizontally on the bulge, and several small holes should be pierced in the same position in the same position in the same bed. Tie the gun pipe to the gun bed with a copper hoop or rope is the simplest way to fix, from the first arquebus to the Second World War for hundreds of years, it can be said that it has a long history, the Qing Dynasty learned the Turkish method, fixed the gun pipe with a thin rope, on a gun divided into several sections to tie a firm thin cotton rope, when cleaning the gun pipe, as long as the rope is untied when cleaning the gun tube, the gun tube can be removed, but the rope is easy to be burned by the hot gun tube after shooting, the early Ming Dynasty used riveting, due to the inconvenience of manufacturing, the later use of two copper hoop fixation, although the cleaning is inconvenient, However, the product cycle has been shortened a lot, which can be regarded as a gain and a loss.

Since most of them were made by the provinces, the officials in the middle and late Ming Dynasty were full of private pockets and wrapped the barrel with iron sheets, and they also used stones instead of iron bullets.