Now the people in the city are panicked all day long, some say that the people of the Song Dynasty did it themselves, because there are still people who study in Chang'an, they all feel that their country often does things like birds and bows, and some are also talking about the recent situation, Chang'an has been reported to have accidents one after another, causing panic, the turmoil has begun, and the people have begun to disturb again, and the crisis of Chang'an City has arrived.

It was an eventful time in the Great Song Dynasty at this time, and now the people are constantly disturbing the situation here, which can be said to be a wave of unsettled waves. From ancient times to the present, the people and the court are most afraid of turmoil. The saying "parent official" has a long history in ancient China, and it was first derived from the Book of Songs. "Happy only gentleman, the parents of the people" in "Xiaoya"; There is also a saying in the "Book of Shang" that "the Son of Heaven is the parent of the people and thinks he is the king of the world"; Later, the title was changed from the title of the monarch and the son of heaven to the special title of the magistrate. At the beginning of the Song Dynasty, Wang Yuyan had the sentence "Ten Thousand Families Call Their Parents" in the poem "Feelings of Residence", and the poet noted that "the folk call for the parents of the officials", which further clarified that the "parent officials" in the folk specifically refer to the "state and county magistrates".

The family ethics of ancient feudal society paid attention to "father's righteousness, mother's kindness, brotherhood, brotherhood, and filial piety", and Confucius also proposed the relationship of respect and inferiority between "monarchs, ministers, fathers, and sons". It can be seen that in the family, parents are the masters of their children, but at the same time, they are the ones who love their children the most, that is, parents have the dual attributes of discipline and love for their children.

In the same way, a good magistrate loves the people as much as he loves his children, that is, he "loves the people as children." On the other hand, they have done everything possible to protect the common people from illegal and immoral harms, which is "making decisions for the people." In this way, people call these grassroots state and county heads "parent officials." To this day, those local cadres who are rooted in the grassroots and conscientiously do good deeds for the people are still praised as "parent officials".

However, the term "parent official" eventually spread widely among the people and became a household name among the common people, thanks to the two model magistrates of the Han Dynasty. In the Western Han Dynasty and the Eastern Han Dynasty, there were two good Taishou in the Nanyang area, they were the Zhao Xinchen of the Western Han Dynasty and Du Shi of the Eastern Han Dynasty, and it can be said that these two people are the best image spokespersons for the word "parent official".

According to the "Book of Han", during the reign of Emperor Liu Zheng of the Western Han Dynasty, Nanyang County, who was originally from Shouchun in Jiujiang, called the ministers to "regard the people as sons", cared about the people's welfare, built water conservancy, built dams and canals, and irrigated fertile fields, so that the county was "rich in water and fertile". He also forbade weddings and funerals, severely punished corrupt officials, ruled the politics of Qingqing, and the local people and officials all respected him, feeling that he was like a "strict father" in the big family, so he respectfully called him "Calling Father".

It just so happened that nearly a hundred years later, in the seventh year of the Eastern Han Dynasty's Guangwu Emperor Liu Xiu's military establishment, the people of Nanyang County were lucky to meet the new Taishou Du Shi. According to the Book of the Later Han Dynasty, Du Shi, the word Jungong, has few talents, and when he served as the county Gongcao, he loved the people like a son, and made decisions for the people in everything, so that the people of the county had enough food and clothing. The common people compared him with the previous summoners of the Western Han Dynasty, that is to say, Du Shi was also a stern and kind father like the previous summoners.

However, in order to avoid the monotonous repetition of language, it is said that "there is a calling father before, and there is a mother after Du", in fact, the "father" and "mother" in this sentence can be completely interchanged, which is a very common figure of speech in Chinese.

In fact, not all officials are called parent officials, and the so-called "parent officials" specifically refer to the lowest level of state and county officials, that is, state pastors and county officials. In ancient times, government decrees were not lower than the state and county, and the state and county officials were the lowest level. For example, in the Qing Dynasty, there were less than 2,000 state and county officials (97% of whom were Han Chinese, and only 3% were banner people), and less than 2,000 were responsible for collecting taxes and grain, leading local security, arresting and stealing, adjudicating lawsuits, local education, water conservancy, relief, and so on.

The people have direct access to the state and county officials, and the state and county officials must also deal with the people at any time and take care of these affairs. The drum at the entrance of the state and county government is the administrative standard, and as soon as the drum is beaten outside, the state and county officials must come out to receive the complaint. Therefore, the state and county officials are also the so-called pro-people officials and "parent officials".

What about below the state level? Relying on the gentry class, the gentry class was the nerve of the "flesh" of the ancient imperial power, and the final implementation of taxation and forced labor was carried out by the gentry class. As for the state and county level and above, such as the Taoist platform, the governor and the like, they do not directly deal with the common people, but are "officials in charge", but all lawsuits that reach this level must go through the state and county level before they can be delivered.

For example, in the Qing Dynasty, the prefect county was called Lao Father's Tai, and the officials above the prefect were collectively referred to as Lao Zu, which was to compare the level of attached officials with the seniority of the family, and the so-called "Lao Lao Zu" meant a "grandparent official" one level higher than the "parent official".

In feudal society, officials were called "lords" and "(Qingtian) lords"; But where the yamen is called "official", in the military institutions is called "military master", even the rich and powerful folk gentry are also called "master" and "grandmaster"; Only ordinary people call themselves "villains", "little old children", "untouchables", and "cheap concubines......

Since there is a saying of "parent officials", it is implied that officials regard the people as "people", and the expressions of "parent officials" and "loving the people like children" are, in the final analysis, the products of the unity of the family and the country in feudal society. Considering that our country has not been able to get rid of the feudal legacy of "advocating power and officials" and respecting the people and being inferior for thousands of years, the term "parent official" should be eliminated by the times.

More than 2,000 years ago, Mencius said that "the people are precious, the community is secondary, and the monarch is light." The monarch is not as valuable as the common people, let alone the ordinary officials? Our party has also been calling on cadres and public officials at all levels to "wholeheartedly serve the people as public servants". In this day and age, officials and public officials should promote the idea that hard-working people are "food and clothing".

Liu Bang is the most typical person, he is one of the few civilian emperors in Chinese history, starting from scratch and reaching the supreme, doesn't he rely on the people's heart? The comparison between him and Xiang Yu is like the gap between a truck and a bicycle, but Liu Bang turned the tide and defeated Xiang Yu under impossible circumstances, and Sima Qian's historical records were recorded. There is also Zhu Yuanzhang, although Zhu Yuanzhang has done a lot of unpopular things after becoming emperor, no one can deny that his success depends on the hearts of the people in the world. The gap between Zhu Yuanzhang and Chen Youliang is also like the gap between Liu Bang and Xiang Yu, there are many historical books that record the success or failure of their battles, if it were not for Zhu Yuanzhang's recovery of the people's hearts, no one would be able to see that the person who had been a monk and a beggar could become the most typical person of the Ninth Five-Year Plan Liu Bang is the most typical person, he is one of the few civilian emperors in Chinese history, self-made, straight to the supreme, doesn't it rely on the people's heart? The comparison between him and Xiang Yu is like the gap between a truck and a bicycle, but Liu Bang turned the tide and defeated Xiang Yu under impossible circumstances, and Sima Qian's historical records were recorded. There is also Zhu Yuanzhang, although Zhu Yuanzhang has done a lot of unpopular things after becoming emperor, no one can deny that his success depends on the hearts of the people in the world. The gap between Zhu Yuanzhang and Chen Youliang is also like the gap between Liu Bang and Xiang Yu, there are many historical books that record the success or failure of their battles, if it were not for Zhu Yuanzhang's recovery of the people's hearts, no one would be able to see that the person who had been a monk and a beggar could become the Ninth Five-Year Honor. The backgrounds of these two people are very similar, and they are no more than other founding emperors who relied on seizing the foundation of the previous dynasty, these two people completely started from the bottom of society, and they can see the importance of the people's will when a person achieves hegemony.

In ancient times, when emperors won the world, they always had to say that they had won the mandate of heaven and fed the hearts of the people, rather than competing for wisdom. What is the destiny of heaven, people don't know what ghosts don't know, what you say is good; As for the people's hearts, it seems to be a somewhat accurate thing, so not only did the emperor use this to synthesize the legitimacy of the dynasty, but the common people also followed the tone and used it to increase their own happiness: Look, I am the people who see and hear from the sky! I am the water that overwhelms the boat! There is also the motto: "Whoever wins the hearts of the people wins the world." "—very beautiful, but alas, it's a lie. Zhu Yuanzhang once traveled in micro-clothes, walked to Sanshan Street, and rested at the door of an old lady. I heard that the old lady was from Suzhou, so I asked Zhang Shicheng how he was in Suzhou. The old lady said that Zhang Shicheng surrendered without a fight, and the people of Suzhou did not suffer from the soldiers, and they were very grateful for his kindness. The next day, Zhu Yuanzhang complained in the court: There are 100,000 people in Beijing, how can there be no one who can say that I am good behind my back like this old lady said Zhang Shicheng? Another day, Zhu Yuanzhang heard another old lady call him "old man" in private. He had a seizure: "Zhang Shicheng is a thief of Jiangdong, Wu Min is still called King Zhang, I am the Son of Heaven, and the residents of this state call me 'old man', why not?" "Ordered the seizure of many homes. Zhang Shicheng is generous and more popular than Zhu Yuanzhang, but he is not the one who wins the world. After Zhu Yuanzhang raised his troops, he carried out "village grain" and "inspection", which was no different from plundering, but he could win the world. He said happily: "The sunrise will shine on the world tomorrow, and the five lakes and seas will be warm." This Messiah may well have had a different opinion of the people's will. For example, he may have realized that popular sentiment and public opinion are two different things. Thirteen people were executed and women were exiled because they said that "the law of the court is great"; One of his famous edicts forbade people to "disagree with the court on everything, but if they are not satisfied with what they want, they will make discussions, fabricate anonymous documents, and paste them on the walls of streets and alleys", and the whole family will be executed. - Can't control your heart, can't you control your mouth? The unexpressed will of the people is of little use. One thing illustrates his contempt for the people. He did not lightly pay for the Su, Jia, Song, and Hu regions that had supported Zhang Shicheng to win the hearts of the people, but imposed additional heavy taxes to threaten them. There are always many materials in the history books that prove that the founding emperor won the hearts of the people to win the world, and the dead emperor was the opposite. Those are cut and finished. Zhu Yuanzhang himself believes that the death of the Yuan Dynasty lies in the abolition of discipline. "Hu Yuan is lenient and lost, and I have to be fierce to calm China." The center of his rule is to make the people tremble, and he is skeptical of the people's hearts. It was Mencius who clearly put forward the proposition that "those who win the hearts of the people win the world". Zhu Yuanzhang ordered the deletion of all unpleasant words in Mencius, including all discussions of "people's hearts". If he believed in the theory of the people's heart, he would not dare to delete "Mencius"; If he doesn't believe it all, he doesn't have to delete Mencius. There are many stories of Zhu Yuanzhang's governance of officials, and the civilians who have suffered from the rule of officials are very satisfied. might as well take a look at his governance of the people - Zhu Yuanzhang is afraid of the unemployed. In the "Great Message", it is clearly written that "Shaw is executed". Bangwen said that the people should be employed, and when they go out, they must know their whereabouts, where they are going, and what they are doing; People supervise each other, and if anyone travels far away and does not know his whereabouts, or does not return for a long time, and his neighbors do not report it, they will all be confiscated. The other stipulates that those who see a doctor and tell fortunes can only be in the local industry and are not allowed to travel far. According to his example, the punishment for liars, adulterers, and liars and thieves was the death penalty (there were people who smuggled straw bundles and were put to death by Ling Chi). People who think they are morally innocent may cheer for this. But once you have accepted this power to dispose arbitrarily, stop complaining that this power interferes with your life. For example, a person who marries with the same surname shall be put to death. Whoever changes his or her name or surname without permission shall be put to death. Anyone who violates the official uniform and wears "half-cut boots" shall be put to death; Violation of the official hairstyle, the child shaves the "head", castration. Are you going to drink? There is a "village drinking ceremony", and the offender is beaten fifty, or even confiscated into the army. Do you want to listen to the play? is only allowed to play "righteous husband and wife, filial son and grandson, persuasion of kindness, and happy peace", not only can not act others, but also can't even read the play book, "dare to have a collector, the whole family will be killed". And there's more. Folk doctors can only be called doctors and doctors, not doctors and doctors. Combing people are only allowed to be called "combing grate people", or "plastic surgery", and are not allowed to be called edicts. What if it's called wrong? "Punish felonies". The children of soldiers are only allowed to practice arching and horses, otherwise they will not do their jobs, learn to sing, cut their tongues, play chess, break their hands, kick football, unload their feet, do business, and confiscate the army. What about a? "Cut the upper lip and the tip of the nose", see what you blow with. Unless the people of the Ming Dynasty are a very special kind of people, it is impossible to imagine what kind of "popular heart" such an emperor and such a rule will have. But among the people, Emperor Zhu's reputation is not bad, especially compared with his personality. This is no longer explained by the fact that "the hungry are easy to eat, and the thirsty are easy to drink". The dynasty is won from the horseback, and it is better to win the hearts of the people than to win the hearts of the soldiers, and it is better to win the hearts of the soldiers than to win the hearts of the soldiers. The "very cunning" scholars may have to make some trouble at first, and sooner or later they will have to join the new dynasty to protect themselves. Shi is the spiritual leader of the people and the author of his biographer. Once the morale is collected, the people's will will be coarse. At the bottom, there is a big difference between the individual people's hearts and the people's hearts as a whole, and the sages who put forward the people's heart theory assumed that the people were in an ideal state. How can this state be close to since the Qin and Han dynasties? The people have long been spiritually subjugated, and to talk about the people's backs at this time is just to entertain themselves with illusions. Zhu Yuanzhang won the hearts of the people. The Ming Dynasty also got it, and relied on the Yue Gong of the scholars to enjoy Zuo for nearly three hundred years. It seems that although "those who win the hearts of the people win the world" is not unreasonable, there is a more reasonable and truthful sentence than it, that is: "Those who win the world win the hearts of the people." ”

Since ancient times, those who have won the hearts of the people have won the world, and the Song Dynasty also thinks so, not much to say, although they think so about the current situation, but now the people who are restless and extinguished are panicking, but they don't know that there is a large army that is secretly assembling, and a battle of Chang'an is also happening under unpredictable circumstances.