"The whole system is diamond-shaped, but irregular, mainly the two upper rhombic edges are longer and the two lower rhomboid edges are shorter. The upper sharp corner of the diamond shape is the steering wheel. The obtuse angles on both sides are each provided with a fixed pulley. The lower sharp corner of the diamond shape is the rudder. ”

"Four diamond edges, each with a movable pulley, to achieve full labor-saving. When the sailor turns the steering wheel, the rope pulls the rudder to one side through the fixed pulley and the movable pulley, changing the ship's course......" Da Vinci gushed.

Marin looked at the drawings and felt that the design was quite reasonable. The lower diamond edge is short because the position of the fixed pulley is closer to the parallel position of the rudder plate. This also results in a longer rope arm pulling the rudder plate and a larger torque. In fact, the second half of the so-called diamond is infinitely close to a line......

After thinking for a while, Marin asked:

"With the steering wheel turned so often, the wear and tear of the rope should be great, right?" This is something that Marin is very worried about. After all, the Great Voyage requires continuity. Sometimes, the ship runs at sea for several years, and if the rope is changed too often, it is easy to cause inconvenience, not to mention the trouble.

Da Vinci thought for a moment and said:

"That's true, I can only prepare more linen ropes......" There is nothing he can do about it. Of course, he didn't know that there was such an artifact as sisal.

"The bottom part of the rope of this system, near the rudder, seems to be soaked in water, and the linen rope does not seem to be very resistant to seawater corrosion...... "This problem is the big problem." Marin's ship now only runs North American routes, and is acceptable for rope wear. But the sea water corrodes, and there is no way to do it. After all, the end rope needs to be soaked in seawater for a long time, along with the rudder.

Da Vinci thought for a while, and suddenly his eyes lit up, and said:

"The Grand Duke can have someone draw a thin copper wire from navy copper, and then use the copper wire of navy copper to roll into a copper rope instead of the end of the rope. In that way, soon there will be no fear of corrosion by the sea? ”

"And this kind of operation?" Marlin was stunned. But soon, he had to admit that it was a good idea......

Using Marin's own navy copper drawn with zinc and tin and braiding it into ropes was a bit cumbersome, but it was very feasible. Of course, it doesn't take much, just replace the section that is often in contact with seawater.

I have to admit that Da Vinci's brain is flexible, but before Marin can praise him, Da Vinci rubbed his hands again and said:

"Look, Grand Duke...... This steering wheel system is also done, is it to give me some zinc ingots and sulfuric acid to study hydrogen? "Well, this thing still has a crush on hydrogen......

……

Marin didn't want to see his only god of science run wild in the path of death, so he had to think of something else......

……

"Hmm...... Yes...... This ......" Marin muttered.

"Where are the zinc ingots and sulfuric acid?" Leonardo da Vinci was a little out of breath and almost wanted to get it himself.

Marin was a spirit, and blurted out:

"I can't give it to you, I have another use for sulfuric acid!"

"Another use? What is it used for? Leonardo da Vinci was also interested. He is interested in science, not just hydrogen.

"I want to make nitric acid!" In a hurry, Marin came up with another temporary reason.

However, after thinking of this reason, Marin actually felt good.

Then, Marin took the curious baby Leonardo da Vinci to the laboratory to make nitric acid......

The process of making nitric acid is very simple, that is, it is heated with concentrated sulfuric acid and saltpeter. Nitric acid is volatile when heated, so just pay attention to collecting. This point has long been familiar to Marlin after preparing hydrogen - as long as it uses a thin-mouthed bottle and connects it to the pipe to pass the water......

After several rounds of cooling, Marlin was worth a large bottle of concentrated nitric acid......

"By the way, what am I doing with nitric acid?" Marin suddenly forgot his purpose.

But after thinking about it, it seems that he really didn't have any special purpose before. It's just to fool Leonardo da Vinci......

"Cut, I thought it was, it turned out to be nitric acid......" Marin didn't expect that Leonardo da Vinci was not interested at all.

Why? Because some people in Europe have already prepared nitric acid at this time......

In fact, in the eighth century, there was the Persian scholar Jabir . Ibn . Hayan made the first nitric acid. Then, this technology was also introduced to Europe. Italy, where Leonardo da Vinci was located, is the Western European country with the closest ties to the Middle East. Therefore, it is not surprising that the Italians know about nitric acid.

Of course, what da Vinci has seen before is dilute nitric acid, which is far from the performance of the concentrated nitric acid prepared by Marlin.

Among other things, concentrated nitric acid can nitrate cotton and other plant fibers to form the dreaded nitrified fiber, the cotton wool......

Originally, Marin wanted to blow a wave with Leonardo da Vinci, but he thought of the strong explosive characteristics of the cotton wool...... Marin still didn't blow anything with Leonardo da Vinci......

Da Vinci is going to have sulfuric acid again, and it is not unusual for Marlin to use sulfuric acid to prepare nitric acid. Marin was anxious, so he eagerly thought of another use of concentrated sulfuric acid:

"Ada, I want to make ether!"

Leonardo da Vinci was stunned:

"What is ether?"

"Ether is an anesthetic, a miracle drug that can make people unconscious, and you can dissect it by hand......"

Moment...... Leonardo da Vinci's eyes lit up like 200-watt headlights......

Marin only then remembered that Leonardo da Vinci was an anatomy maniac......

When Leonardo da Vinci was kidnapped in Milan, Marin discovered that there were many stolen bodies of death row prisoners in the basement of Leonardo da Vinci's villa. Moreover, these corpses were all autopsied. Otherwise, there would be no human anatomy diagram left by Leonardo da Vinci in later generations. As soon as he talked about anatomy, Leonardo da Vinci instantly got excited......

"So what are you waiting for? Let's go make ether! Da Vinci, an anatomy maniac, excitedly said.

Of course, Leonardo da Vinci wasn't really a pervert either. Instead, he thought that if there was such an anesthetic, then he would be able to painlessly cut off tumors and carrion on his patients, and treat all kinds of wounds with ease. You know, the all-rounder Leonardo da Vinci is also a master of medical skills. Of course, it is a master of surgery......

Marin hesitated and said:

"Ada, you can help me make a thermometer with a larger range first. Because, this preparation requires a high temperature of 140 degrees Celsius......"

Leonardo da Vinci quickly took the order, and two days later, brought with him a large range of mercury thermometers, which could measure up to 200 degrees Celsius.

Then the "chemist" Marin began the preparation of ether......

The preparation of ether is very simple, it is to mix alcohol and concentrated sulfuric acid together and heat it at a temperature of 140 degrees......

Of course, Marlin is not a real chemist, and he is a little unsure about the amount of the two. In the case of inaccurate eating, Marlin added more alcohol. In this case, the resulting product may be a mixture of ethanol and ether. However, this is better than residual sulfuric acid.

Why? Because concentrated sulfuric acid is a terrible strong acid. Think about it, if you use this kind of ether to anesthetize a patient, as a result, because of the residual concentrated sulfuric acid, a wet cloth stained with ether covers the patient's mouth and nose, because the residual concentrated sulfuric acid disfigured the patient......

Therefore, Marin would rather add more alcohol than let the concentrated sulfuric acid have a residue, which is a disfiguring thing......

Because ether is volatile, the glass bottle is sealed when heated. Otherwise, the ether will volatilize after heating. At the end of the reaction, Marlin first allows the flask to cool and the ether liquefies. Diethyl ether is slightly soluble in water, so the prepared mixture, ether is floating on the surface of the solution, and it is collected well. Of course, this also includes ethanol. Because, although ether is slightly soluble in water, it is miscible with ethanol. Of course, when fishing, you will also bring some water. That's why it is said that if there is a residue of concentrated sulfuric acid, it will also be fished out...... Cover the patient's mouth and nose with a snap, and that's the end of it......