The influence of the Shang Dynasty reform on the later Qin State and the Qin Dynasty was very far-reaching. The "Qin Law" unearthed by Yunmeng was revised, supplemented, and accumulated on the basis of this change. The "Qin Law" also talks about the law of joint sitting in many places, such as concealment or falsification of household registration, not only the township officials must be punished, but those who are in the same "army" must also be fined one guilder per household, and "all of them will be moved". The Law of Qin also prioritized the suppression of "thieves" and imposed heavy penalties for misdemeanors. For example, those who steal one to two hundred and twenty yuan must be "moved"; those who steal more than 220 yuan and more than 660 yuan are punished with imprisonment respectively; those who steal cattle are punished with imprisonment; those who steal sheep or pigs are also punished with considerable punishment; and even those who steal other people's mulberry leaves for less than one dollar must be "punished for thirty years." For "group thieves" with more than five people, the punishment is more severe. At the same time, the "Qin Law" also has many provisions on the pursuit and punishment of various fugitives.

Why is it said that the Shang Dynasty changed the law and influenced the trend of Chinese history for more than 2,000 years?

Shang Ying won a great victory in the debate with Gan Long and others, which strengthened Qin Xiaogong's determination to change the law. Shang Ying knew that his change was to be the enemy of all the old clans of the Qin State, and the only people he could rely on except for Qin Xiaogong were the people of the Qin State, so he had to win the trust of the people. So he erected a three-zhang long wooden pole at the south gate of the national capital market, and recruited the people to reward ten gold if they could move to the north gate. But the government's decrees have never been fulfilled, and the people who have been deceived are skeptical of the government's proclamations. Shang Ying then announced another order, saying, "Anyone who can move over will be rewarded with fifty eridium gold." "There will be a brave man under the reward—and when a man carried a pole to the north gate, Shang Ying immediately rewarded him with fifty eridium of gold to show that there was no fraud.

Shang Ying won the trust of the people by standing a wooden tree at the south gate, and was finally able to issue a new decree in the Qin state. In 359 BC, Shang Ying promulgated the "Grass Reclamation Order" in the Qin State as a prelude to a comprehensive reform of the law. Its main contents are: stimulating agricultural production, suppressing commercial development, reshaping social values, improving the social awareness of agriculture, weakening the privileges of nobles and officials, allowing domestic aristocrats to join agricultural production, and implementing a unified tax and rent system.

After the successful implementation of the "Grass Reclamation Order" in the Qin State, Qin Xiaogong appointed Shang Ying as the chief of the left in 356 BC, and implemented the first reform in the Qin State, the main contents of which are as follows:

Following the example of Li Kui's "Book of Laws" of the Wei State, the household registration system of the Qin State was reformed, and the Shiwu joint sitting method was implemented - the households were organized according to the Shiwu, with five families and ten families, and they were required to monitor each other, rectify the "people", and hide those who did not report the joint sitting. The accuser will be rewarded with the beheading of the enemy, the hidden person will be punished with the one who surrenders the enemy, and the one who does not tell will be beheaded in half. That is to say, in the Qin State, everyone has the obligation to report crimes, and if someone sees someone committing a crime without stopping it, it is not a moral issue, but will be held accountable. As for whether you will be retaliated against after you denounce it, the court doesn't care, it depends on whether you are afraid of criminals or the court. Some people may think: If someone is naturally timid, he is afraid of criminals and does not dare to denounce them, isn't this a victory over evil? Don't forget the sentence "those who don't tell will be cut in half", the Qin law at that time implemented a strict punishment - those who abandon the ashes to the Tao will be beheaded, which means that littering on the street is a capital crime, not to mention robbing homes and killing people and setting fires. If anyone dares not to denounce it, the punishment of beheading will wait there, in short, it is necessary to choose an object of awe between the criminal and the court.

Abolish the old Shiqing Shilu system, reward military merits, stop private fighting, and promulgate the twentieth rank system of rewarding according to military merits: the previous official positions of the Qin State were monopolized by aristocratic families, and the children of commoners could not be promoted no matter what merits they made. During the Qin Xiangong period, this tradition began to be broken, but Qin Xiangong only occasionally promoted a few commoner children he trusted by virtue of his royal dignity, and did not have a clear official promotion system. Shang Ying formally established a system of awarding knighthoods by military merit - as long as the children of commoners made military contributions to the country on the battlefield, they could be awarded the corresponding titles, and the greater the merit, the higher the title; If the children of the nobility do not have military merits, they are not allowed to inherit the title of their ancestors.

Emphasis on agriculture and suppression of business, rewards for cultivation and weaving, and special rewards for land reclamation; It is stipulated that those who produce a lot of grain and cloth can be exempted from labor and taxes, take agriculture as the "main business" and commerce as the "last business", and limit the scope of business of merchants, and reimpose commercial taxes - according to the concept of Shang Ying: the Qin State only needs two types of people - soldiers who fight for the country and farmers who provide grain and grass for soldiers, so they should be rewarded for cultivation and converted into corresponding military merits according to the grain output to confer knighthoods. At the same time, heavy taxes were to be levied on commercial trade to meet the country's war needs.

Burning Confucian classics and stopping the people of the eunuchs: In Shang Ying's view, the classic books of Confucianism and other hundred schools of thought are useless things, and most of the traveling scholars in the six countries are vain and exaggerated people, who can only quote scriptures and empty talk about misleading the country, and cannot really bury their heads in hard work. Allowing these books and people to exist in the Qin State will only weaken the combat effectiveness of the Qin army and the productivity of the Qin State, so it is necessary to strictly keep these books and people harmful to the Qin State out of the Qin State. Therefore, if Zhang Yi, Lü Buwei and others entered Qin at this time, the ending would be bad, because the Qin State at this time rejected the most people who were playing tricks on the bachelors and businessmen.

The mandatory implementation of the individual small family system, in which adult children were forcibly separated from their parents, avoided interdependence in the labor and production process and affected production efficiency, expanded the sources of state taxes and military conscription, and laid a solid foundation for the growth of Qin's economic and military strength.

After completing the above changes, Shang Ying began to plan and build the new capital of Qin: Xianyang is located in the middle of the Guanzhong Plain, bordering the plateau in the north, the Wei River in the south, and the Wei River can be directly entered into the Yellow River along the Wei River, and the Zhongnan Mountain and the Wei River can be directly communicated to the Guguan. In order to facilitate the development to the east of Hangu Pass, Qin Xiaogong ordered Shang Ying to recruit soldiers in 350 BC, build the Jique court according to the scale of the national capital of Lu and Weiguo, build a new capital, and move the national capital from Liyang to Xianyang in the following year, and at the same time ordered Shang Ying to carry out the second reform in Qin. The main contents of the second change are as follows:

First, the well-field system should be abolished -- "opening up the frontier and sealing the territory", abolishing the slave system of state ownership of land, implementing private ownership of land, and the state recognizing private ownership of land and allowing free buying and selling.

Second, the county system should be universally implemented and county-level bureaucrats should be set up; "Gather small capitals and townships into counties", take counties as local administrative units, abolish the sub-feudal system, "all thirty-one counties", the county has a county order to preside over the county government, a county to assist the county order, and a county lieutenant to take charge of the military. The county has jurisdiction over a number of capitals, townships, towns and gatherings.

Third, vigorously build the new capital Xianyang in order to develop to the east of Hangu Pass.

Fourth, unify the system of weights and measures, and promulgate standards for weights and measures.

Fifth, the establishment of a household registration of five families and ten households, stipulating that residents should register their own household registrations and begin to collect military taxes according to their population -- this was in fact a formal registration of the common people who had lived in the hereditary fiefs of the nobility into the state household registration and the collection of taxes.

Sixth, the residual Rongdi custom of stopping fathers, sons, and brothers from living in the same room, and implementing a small family policy: stipulating that if there are two or more sons in a household who have reached the age of establishing a household and do not live separately, the household registration tax will be doubled. This is a supplement to the "Heterogeneous Family" decree in the first reform, and it is also a norm for social customs.

In fact, the latter two policies were already involved in the first reform, and they were only deepened and strengthened in the second reform.

The Shang Dynasty Reform was a successful reform in ancient China, which made the Qin state a powerful state, laid the foundation for the future Qin state to unify the six kingdoms, and established the idea of the rule of law. Shang Ying drew on the experience of Li Kui, Wu Qi, and other Legalists in implementing law reforms in Wei, Chu, and other countries, and further developed the Legalist policy in light of the specific conditions of Qin. He further abolished the well-field system, expanded the mu system, emphasized agriculture and suppressed business, rewarded the production of male cultivators and female weavers in each family, and encouraged land reclamation, which promoted the development of the small peasant economy in the Qin State. He popularized the county system, enacted laws, unified weights and measures, and established a centralized monarchy. He stopped personal fighting, rewarded military merits, and instituted a system of 20 knighthoods, which was conducive to strengthening the army's combat effectiveness. He attacked the old aristocracy who opposed the reform, and "burned the poems" and "books" and clarified the decrees, so that the changes could be implemented. As a result of all this, the Qin state quickly became rich and powerful, laying the foundation for the subsequent unification of all of China by Qin. As Wang Chong of the Han Dynasty said: "Shang Yang is filial piety, and he is the emperor of Qin." ”

After the Shang Dynasty reform, the Qin State changed the old production relations economically, abandoned wells and fields, and fundamentally established private ownership of land; Politically, the old blood patriarchal system was attacked and dismantled, the feudal state mechanism was more sound, and the construction of the centralized system began; Militarily, military merit was rewarded, the purpose of strengthening the army was achieved, the combat effectiveness of the army was greatly improved, and it developed into the most powerful feudal state in the late Warring States period, which created favorable conditions for Qin's next strategic development and laid the foundation for the unification of the whole country. The influence of the Shang Dynasty reform on the later Qin State and the Qin Dynasty was very far-reaching. The "Qin Law" unearthed by Yunmeng was revised, supplemented, and accumulated on the basis of this change. The "Qin Law" also talks about the law of joint sitting in many places, such as concealment or falsification of household registration, not only the township officials must be punished, but those who are in the same "army" must also be fined one guilder per household, and "all of them will be moved". The Law of Qin also prioritized the suppression of "thieves" and imposed heavy penalties for misdemeanors. For example, those who steal one to two hundred and twenty yuan must be "moved"; those who steal more than 220 yuan and more than 660 yuan are punished with imprisonment respectively; those who steal cattle are punished with imprisonment; those who steal sheep or pigs are also punished with considerable punishment; and even those who steal other people's mulberry leaves for less than one dollar must be "punished for thirty years." For "group thieves" with more than five people, the punishment is more severe. At the same time, the "Qin Law" also has many provisions on the pursuit and punishment of various fugitives.

More importantly, the county system and centralized power established by the Shang Dynasty Reform Law became the mainstream of Chinese history for more than 2,000 years. The so-called Qin politics means that Qin established the centralized imperial government of the Chinese dynasties for more than 2,000 years, and the birth of this political system in the Qin State was caused by the Shang Dynasty reform.

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