Books are carriers of human knowledge......

A knowledgeable person records what he has seen, heard, or thought and thought, and it becomes a book, which is the crystallization of wisdom. The spiritual civilization of a nation is expressed in the spiritual life of the nation, and it is also stored in the classics and books that have been circulated by the nation for a long time.

Strictly speaking, books at this time were the result of thousands of years of life and struggle of the entire ethnic group, and they were not the great achievements of a certain sage or sage......

Ancient books were originally written manually, and the Shang Dynasty had oracle bone inscriptions engraved on tortoise shells and animal bones, although they could not be considered books at that time. Oracle bone inscriptions, inscriptions, seal scripts, until the Spring and Autumn Period to the Han Dynasty, mostly used Jane, silk to record the text into a book. Engraved on the bamboo piece, and then run through the book of the simple policy, written on the silk fabric, can be used to roll the silk book.

So in ancient times a book was called a book or a book.

Papermaking was invented in the Western Han Dynasty, and Cai Lun improved papermaking in the Eastern Han Dynasty. In the Sui and Tang dynasties, engraving printing appeared, and due to the rise of printing, books gradually changed from bamboo hand-copied to stereotyped printing, and from scrolls to leaf forms.

Before the technology of papermaking was more widespread and simple, whether it was oracle bones, bronze tools, bamboo slips, wooden slips, or paper improved by Cai Lun, they were all extremely rare and valuable things, and they were very valuable.

Therefore, whenever a bibliophile gets a beloved book, he is always accustomed to holding it in his hand, rubbing it to watch it, carefully criticizing the famous authors, the only secret book, and copying Huang Ba. So as to see the heart warm, read the color dance, as a treasure, love it. In addition to the joy, one side of the seal, holding the heavy cover, is a certain collection of books......

Since then, books, which should have been used as a carrier for the spread of civilization, have become the private belongings of book collectors, or cherished them, or shelved them, and outsiders have never been allowed to see them outside of their own children.

Knowledge has become a luxury, and the vast majority of people have no chance......

Why has scientific knowledge exploded in the 21st century? The main reason is that all kinds of carriers of disseminating knowledge are becoming more and more popular, and all kinds of knowledge can be more easily known by the vast majority of people, so that quantitative changes lead to qualitative changes and achieve explosive breakthroughs.

But in the Tang Dynasty, the scarcity and high cost of paper became the biggest obstacle to restricting the circulation of books and the dissemination of knowledge......

In such a situation, Fang Jun dared to say something like "let the people of the world afford to read", which is tantamount to a fool's dream.

Lu Xiaoyu slandered in his heart, but he closed his mouth and did not argue.

The ups and downs of his career have not only made him suffer a blow, but also learned to forbear, and the unparalleled arrogance of the past has now been sharpened to the point that nothing remains, and then transformed into deeper sophistication and low-key.

The battle of words and tongues will not help.

In the end, we must also speak with facts. Lu Xiaoyu pursed his lips and followed behind Fang Jun, wondering in his heart that he wanted to see what amazing skills your Fang family had, which could turn precious paper into mundane things that everyone could afford......

The servant of the Fang family led the two of them all the way, and happened to pass by two tall houses without doors and windows outside the workshop. A rushing stream cascades down the mountain and flows into the wide, gentle stream at the foot of the mountain. A huge waterwheel was built next to the house on the side of the stream, and the rumbling sound of the stream was clearly audible as the stream rushed, the waterwheel tumbled, and the rumbling sound was clearly audible.

Not far away, there are several open-air pot stoves, under which the fire is burning, the hot water in the pot is boiling, and the water vapor is steaming.

Lu Xiaoyu stopped, stopped to watch, and said in surprise: "When did these waterwheels be erected here?" ”

He was not surprised by the steaming stove, the raw materials for papermaking can only be used after steaming and rotting, and after steaming, the raw materials are more likely to rot.

But what is this watermill used for?

The servant said, "It's just a water mill." ”

Lu Xiaoyu shook his head again and again and said: "The water mill does save time and effort, but it is okay to use it to scoop rice, but it is not appropriate to use it to rot bamboo strips and pulp." Once the water mill runs continuously for too long, its shaft is very easy to wear and has to be replaced frequently. It is only for a while, but it takes days and days to make rotten bamboo pulp for many years, and if it is stopped, it will not be able to keep up with the speed of papermaking, and it will be a futile effort. ”

Fang Jun on one side smiled and said nothing.

Lu Xiaoyu frowned and said, "Why is the chief manager so disdainful? The things of the water mill have been recorded since the time of the two Han Dynasty, and there are many rivers in the south of the Yangtze River, so the water mill is all over the place. This thing can be seen everywhere in the countryside of Jiangnan, and it is not a rare thing. ”

Not only in the south of the Yangtze River, but also in Guanzhong, Hebei and other places, water mills can also be seen everywhere.

To put it bluntly, this thing is just a further use of the principle of hydraulic power, lever and cam to process grain, this kind of water power to remove the grain husk of the machine, the technical content is not high, in the folk spread widely. Since the invention of the water mill in the Han Dynasty, it has been used in the countryside of Jiangnan in the 20th century......

What Lu Xiaoyu said is a serious constraint of the ancient water mill - there is no bearing with excellent material.

In ancient times, bearings were simply cast in cast iron and then coated with animal fat for a short period of time, and nothing more. Think about it, how can such a simple bearing bear the rotation of a huge waterwheel for many years?

It's weird not to scrap it......

Fang Jun smiled: "The water mill is different from the water mill, and the water wheel is different from the water wheel, just as people are different from people, you and I are different......"

What do you say......

Lu Xiao was so angry that he just wanted to grit his teeth!

You, a dignified marquis of the empire and the head of the way, are you necessary to show your presence in front of a down-and-out man like me? This is nothing short of blatant irony!

Lu Xiao was so angry that he wanted to die, but he was helpless.

Because Fang Jun didn't say it wrong......

"Hehe, not convinced? If you are not satisfied, let you have a long insight, and see how the water mill produced by my Fang family is different from your water mill that is 'all over the south of the Yangtze River'. Fang Jun hit Lu Xiaoyu and was in a good mood, so he led him into the water room.

Although Fang Jun has been here, but the bearing of the Fang family is under his "guidance" but has made a breakthrough, and it is also his suggestion to use it on the water mill, so he is naturally familiar with the road to find the bearing in the center of each huge gear in the water mill room, and pointed it out to Lu Xiaoyu.

In fact, Fang Jun's hydraulic forging hammer evolved from the water mill.

It's just that now it is equipped with a bearing, so that the power loss is less and the effect is greater......

The servant has been following the side, acting as a commentator at this time: "These gears and the waterwheel outside are installed with bearings, this thing is made by Erlang himself, with the best steel mouth, a series of precise technical operations, can run continuously for more than two months without replacing the heavy load, easily and absolutely will not appear broken and broken and other failures, can ensure the continuous operation of the water mill." ”

In the water mill room, it was not Lu Xiaoyu's usual "wheel shackles" in the past, but the water mill brought up several wooden hammers and rammed them repeatedly, and the sound was like an orange tree, and even the ground under his feet shook. Rather, a group of huge gears drove the four-disc stone mill, and the gears bit the gears, and were driven by the waterwheel outside through the connecting rods, which were turning rapidly and dazzlingly.

As for the "bearings" that the servants speak, they are actually invisible. However, the gear rotates so quickly and does not hear the friction sound of the previous "creaking", so we know that this "bearing" is indeed extraordinary.

Miscellaneous servants kept coming out and in, transporting the raw materials of the bamboo that were steamed and rotten in the pot stove outside, slowly pouring them into the two grinding holes on the stone mill, and then grinding them by the neatly arranged grinding teeth on the contact surface in the middle of the stone mill, and the pulp flowed out from the bottom of the stone mill......

The whole process was easy and enjoyable.

However, the current pulp cannot be used to make paper directly.

The milled pulp flowed into a nearby pool, where a servant scooped it out and poured it into a stone trough, to which another slurry was added, and a small hammer was beaten again and again. This is because the fiber in the pulp milled by bamboo lacks the necessary flexibility, and the binding force between the fibers is not ideal enough. The final slurry can produce a natural hemicellulose adhesive on the fiber surface to strengthen the fiber adhesion and physical strength.

Lu Xiaoyu naturally didn't know what this slurry was, so he asked, "What is this slurry made of?" ”

Fang Jun looked at him and smiled, revealing a mouthful of white teeth: "Hehe......"