What are the most successful aspects of Zhang Juzheng's reforms?

Answer: The test method has turned the tax in kind into a monetary tax

And what made Zhang Juzheng ruined people's lives was only one punishment law, and he clarified the responsibilities of officials, so that the vast majority of officials who wanted to fish in troubled waters had no possibility of getting involved.

And the greatest damage to the agrarian society is the forced labor, which seems to have taken advantage of the state and received free labor, but the quality of the work is very worrying, and the time delayed on the way to work is enough to complete the project by leaving home for hundreds or even thousands of miles.

Therefore, it is very reasonable to turn conscription into money instead of labor, and it is also suitable for the situation of the Han family.

A few days ago, Zhang Anshi's recital arrived in Chang'an from the distant Hexi, which also indicates that the matter in the land of Hehuang should be dealt with!

immigrants, sent officials to govern, redivided counties, set up townships, pavilions, and li, established grassroots political power, and completely assimilated the controlled Hexi plus the completely conquered Wuhuan tribe, and turned Hu into Han.

If he didn't solve it as soon as possible, Liu Xun himself would not forgive himself, and he took advantage of his illness to kill him, which is also the proper meaning.

While Zhang Anshi is still in Hexi, it is just right for him to solve it quickly, and there is no need to allocate manpower, but it is also necessary to beware of Zhang Anshi's dominance in Hexi.

State affairs are difficult, Liu Xun finally completely understood why since ancient times, there is a Dao Mingjun's lifespan is very short, this huge empire every day in all aspects of such and such problems, if in the scope of local officials to solve the law enforcement, and if the officials can not solve it, they need to report to the emperor, handed over to the emperor to solve, so, every day in Liu Xun's case, there are countless chapters that need to be reviewed, although Liu Xun delegated power to Huo Guang, but some things still need Liu Xun to decide.

Therefore, if you want to live as chic as Qianlong in later generations, you can still be complacent, in addition to not having a brain, it is shameless, and it is also the defeat of the country that his father Yongzheng praised down, so after the Qing Dynasty to Qianlong, it has been in a bad situation.

When Liu Xun was brainstorming, Prime Minister Huo Guang led Jiuqing to Liu Xun, and Han Zeng reminded the Son of Heaven who roamed the sky without a trace.

Liu Xun came back to his senses under Han Zeng's reminder, and saw that Huo Guang and his ministers were greeting him, Liu Xun hurriedly said: "Zhuqing is exempt, just sit down!" ”

Huang Xie asked the ministers to be seated, and served hot tea, and then retreated behind Liu Xun.

Liu Xun saw Huo Guangyu and the ministers sat down and said: "I, yesterday I received a letter from the general Zhang Anshi, the land of Hexi has been pacified, the Xiongnu have also withdrawn from Wusun, and the son of Wusun, Chigu Hou Yuangui, will come to Beijing in a few days, and he must do a good job in reception, visit famous teachers all over the world, and teach Han etiquette!" ”

Huo Yu, the newly appointed Taichangqing, hurriedly bowed down and replied: "Well, the minister must receive the son of Wusun well, so that he knows the etiquette of the Han family!" ”

Liu Xun nodded and continued: "However, Hexi was initially decided, the land was vast and sparsely populated, and the officials of Hexi had the holy grace of the first emperor, and never let Hexi Yidi feel edified, and did not implement the Han family etiquette. The vassal tribes of Hexi, the former place outside the Hua, were in the Yidi, were sent to the left, not educated, did not know Chinese characters, systems, laws, did not hear the majesty of Han officials, the laws of the Han Dynasty, I, panicked, did not know the ancient and modern things, elected clan, liehou, Guannei marquis, feudal monarch, imitated the Zhou system, divided Hexi, with Zhenshan River, turned Yidi into Zhuxia, in the immigration of officials, so a hundred years later, the land of Hexi really turned into China! Liu Xun finished in one breath.

Hearing Liu Xun's words, the ministers all agreed in their hearts, although classical China was overbearing and arrogant to the outside world, and regarded all ethnic groups outside Zhuxia as Yidi and beasts, in the foreign wars of the Qin and Han dynasties, killing Yidi did not blink at all, either slaughtered or beheaded.

But on the other hand, in the traditional Chinese culture, the nobles and scholars of classical China have a profound educational plot.

For the feudal kings and nobles of classical China, the occupation of the land of Yidi automatically turned the local people from Yidi into the Chinese people, paying taxes and serving as part of the service.

The former is the same as not being a human being, and the latter is protected by the laws of the Han Empire.

After the Han family occupied a certain place, it must be completely sinicized, like what the students of Guliang did in Hexi, whether it was official or non-governmental, it was not recognized.

After occupying a certain land, they established government offices, township schools, grass-roots government township courts, etc., measured land, organized local people to open up wasteland, repaired water conservancy roads, and implemented Chinese clothing, etiquette, writing, faith, law and other systems.

Of course, emigration, sending troops and officials to rule, is the right thing to do.

This set of procedures, after the princes of Qi Huan and the nine princes, once the world was over, the Chinese monarch and aristocratic officials played very skillfully, and the two modes were switched, without any sense of disobedience, and they were very proficient.

The entire Spring and Autumn Warring States Era, it is the entire period of expansion of Chinese civilization, which makes the land of the entire civilization expand rapidly, before the Spring and Autumn period, the Chinese can see the nomadic people, fishing and hunting people, and a large number of primitive tribes such as the Dongyi people, the Beiyi people, and the Xijung people.

Open the historical records, you will find all kinds of wild men flooded the history books, and you can often see all kinds of wild people and primitive tribes appearing in the wars of the past dynasties, especially the Spring and Autumn Five Hegemonic Wars to play soy sauce, or serve as background boards.

But in the middle and late Warring States period of China, not only Yidi, but also the princes of Zongzhou and Zhou were left.

Even those ethnic minorities who used to appear in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, playing the role of background board and soy sauce, have almost completely disappeared in China itself, that is, they can still be found in Wuyue and other places and beyond the Great Wall.

As a simple example, the Ganquan Palace, where Liu Xun is now located, was the ancestral worship place of the Huns two hundred years ago. At that time, the Xiongnu people often came to Ganquan Mountain in summer to worship their ancestors and the gods of the sky.

Where now?

Where have the vanished tribes gone?

Either they were wiped out, or they were completely integrated into the Chinese people, or they migrated to farther regions and grasslands, or survived in the ravines and ravines of the southwest.

The Han family has its own system, and the king is domineering.

The inner king and the outer hegemony are the truths that the monarchs of classical China, together with the nobles, scholars and doctors, have always adhered to.

Previously, Hexi was all Yidi vassal tribes, Wuhuan, Yueshi, Xianbei, all of them were Yidi, about the same as animals walking on two feet, they could do whatever they liked, and the Han family didn't want to care about them.

But now, Hexi has begun to prepare to turn Hu into Han, and the general Zhang Anshi has also been successfully pacified, and the leaders of various ethnic groups have asked the Son of Heaven to attach it.

It is imperative to turn Hu into a man.

Therefore, all the Jiuqing courtiers began to have a headache, immigration, sending officials, and even dividing the princes, all need a lot of funds, and the departments such as Dasi Nong have begun to collect funds, these actions require a lot of money, and these investments, the local government cannot be solved, and a large amount of blood transfusion is required from the central government.

This means that the work of the Han family will be greatly strengthened this year.

This prime minister and Jiuqing can't run away, and even the auxiliary officials below, local officials, nobles, and scholars involved in the local area have to devote themselves to this work.

But the entire Hexi government has been paralyzed, so this work has been transferred to Chang'an.

But this feat of turning Hu into Han is watched by everyone in the whole world, and even the hostile forces of the Han family, the Xiongnu, are also paying close attention.

So, everyone present looked at the Son of Heaven and the Prime Minister.

This kind of militaristic matter, with ideas and orders, can only be the Son of Heaven. But now the real master of the house is Prime Minister Huo Guang, and the Son of Heaven is fledgling.

Therefore, the Son of Heaven and the Prime Minister need to make a joint decision on major matters.

As Hong Fan said: Only the jade food, only the blessing, the minister has no authority to make the blessing of the jade food.

Feeling the gaze of the ministers, Liu Xun calmly continued: "In this matter, the Empress Dowager, the Prime Minister and Jiuqing, and the Minister of the Two Thousand Stone Dynasty will discuss it together to see if my words are appropriate!" ”

In the politics of the Han Dynasty, the biggest taboo was that no matter how urgent the emperor was to implement a certain policy, he should let the ministers of the two thousand stones of the current dynasty, the marquis in Beijing, the feudal monarch, and the generals of the northern and southern armies and above discuss together, come up with the answer that the emperor wants, and then follow the trend.

Sometimes, for major policy adjustments, it is necessary to convene a special court meeting to convene the main ruling officials of the country, such as officials at the county level, Zhishi Jiuqing, the princes and kings of the Liu family, doctors of various schools, and the three elders of Guanzhong, listen to their opinions, and then implement them.

It looks like a Roman senate-style aristocratic republic, but in fact, both Liu Xun and Huo Guang and other ministers understand that this is just a ruling that proves to the world that their policies are the result of the most widespread support and the will of the people.

The mallet on the widow's bed, looks like a good!

Moreover, this political tradition is very fragile, and when the Son of Heaven has an absolute advantage, it is not impossible to put aside this tradition.

But if the Son of Heaven is not in his prime, this tradition will jump out again, so the vitality of this tradition is very tenacious.

No matter how the rulers ravage it, play with it, trample on it, and ignore it.

One day, when the next ruler will take the initiative to clean it up and put it back on the altar in order to win people's hearts and unite as one.