Chapter Seventy-Eight: Dividing the Concept
Although the number of Han officials was less than that of the pre-Qin Dynasty, the Han Dynasty was able to extend its tentacles to the level of the Xiangting.
The official system that was handed over to Huo Guang for reform before is also steadily advancing, turning townships into towns and pavilions into villages, although it is only a change in name, but it has made room for many places for the upcoming examination.
And the large number of officials can ensure that Liu Xun's next plan can be implemented.
The state of Qimin household registration compiled peasants into household registration, which was used as the basis for collecting taxes and forced labor.
The tax is mainly collected from the four people, and there are four taxes for the four people: one is the land rent, that is, the land tax; the second is to calculate the endowment and the oral endowment (poll tax), the adults collect the endowment, and the children receive the oral endowment, which is relatively low; the third is forced labor; Fourth, military service. The rulers of the early Han Dynasty learned the lessons of the fall of Qin and lightly paid for the small amount, but the Han family had a light land rent and a heavy poll tax.
Han Gaozu implemented fifteen taxes and one tax, and Emperor Taizong Xiaowen implemented thirty taxes and one tax, so there was a relatively clear rule of Wenjing, and it was also restored to thirty-one taxes when Liu Xun arrived.
At present, a loophole in the whip law can be effectively solved, that is, the whole world will be taxed according to the tax of the lower fields, and the tax in kind will be replaced by a monetary tax, which has put an end to the state taxation method that has been dominated by the town and the guard of the real goods for generations, and abolished the ancient system of direct service to make the peasants free of personal service, so that the personal dependency relationship has been relaxed; Replacing the original tax system based on capitation with the main tax on assets is conducive to the reasonable sharing of taxes.
But another problem arises, the copper production of the Han family is not enough, and there is not enough five baht for the whole people to use, which is the legendary copper expensive grain!
After Qin Shi Huang unified China, he recycled and recast copper coins with round square holes from the south of the ant-nose coins and ring coins, as well as copper coins such as bubi and knife coins from the north.
Here the Chinese have always had a misunderstanding, thinking that the square hole round money represents the round sky, in fact, because the square hole money is easier to fix, so the square hole round money is formed. However, although the Qin Dynasty's Qin Banliang has its advantages, it is still a bit heavy as a trading currency.
The size of the Qin half tael coin is different, the diameter of the coin is generally 3.2-3.4 cm, and the weight is about 8 grams. In the Han Dynasty, five-baht coins were gradually formed, weighing about 3.5-4 grams, and the diameter of the money was about 2.5 centimeters.
Since then, China's currency has been largely based on the size and weight of the Khan's five-baht coin, a system that has lasted for 2,000 years.
The monetary system implemented in the Han Dynasty was five baht, which has always been stable, so the price of grain in the Han Dynasty was relatively stable. Sima Qian mentioned the price of grain at that time under normal circumstances in the "Historical Records: The Biography of the Goods and Colonies": "If the upper part is not more than 80, and the lower part is not reduced by 30, then the end of the agriculture will be profitable, the level will be all the things, there will be no shortage of closed markets, and there will be no shortage of ways to govern the country." "A stone of grain fluctuates between 30 and 80 yuan, which is an ideal price.
If the society is relatively stable, the people live and work in peace and contentment, the price of grain is generally about 30 yuan, "Hou Han Shu Liu Yu Biography" records: Yu Wucun lenient government, persuade the supervision of agriculture and planting, open the benefits of Guhu City, through Yuyang salt and iron Rao, the people are happy to climb the year, and the valley stone is thirty. When Liu Yu was in Youzhou, the grain was 30 yuan a stone, which was relatively good at that time. If there is a bumper harvest year after year, the price of grain will fall, for example, in the time of Emperor Xuan of the Western Han Dynasty, the minimum price of grain was only 5 yuan per stone. "Hanshu Emperor Xuan of the Han Dynasty" is richer than the year, and the valley stone is five coins.
But if there is a famine year, the price of grain will change very seriously, sometimes reaching hundreds of thousands or even tens of thousands of dollars per stone of grain.
Emperor Yuan ascended the throne in "Hanshu Food and Goods Chronicles", and the world was full of water, especially in the eleventh of Kanto County. In the second year, Qi was hungry, more than 300 valleys and stones, many people starved to death, and the people of Langxie County ate each other.
"Hanshu Feng Fengshi Biography": At that time, the year was not Deng, there were more than 200 Jingshi Gushi, 400 border counties, and 500 Kanto. In the fourth year of "Hou Han Shu Pang Shen", Qiang Kou became prosperous, the military expenditure was extensive, and it was not climbed for many years, and there were more than 10,000 valley stones. "The Book of the Later Han Dynasty: The Biography of Dong Zhuo": Bad five-baht coins, but also minted small coins, and took Luoyang and Chang'an bronze people, Zhong Yu, Fei Lian, and bronze horses to fill the casting. Therefore, the goods are cheap and expensive, and the valley stones are tens of thousands.
From the changes in the price of grains, we can analyze the overall situation of the society at that time.
In the later Han Yuan Emperor, because of the flood, one stone of grain reached 300 yuan, which was ten times more expensive than usual.
Feng Fengshi also lived during the reign of Emperor Yuan of the Han Dynasty, but he concretized the prices of grain in different regions at that time.
Later, Pang Shen lived in the Eastern Han Dynasty, when Emperor An of the Eastern Han Dynasty was in turmoil and grain production was reduced, and the grain cost tens of thousands of dollars per stone, which was already very serious.
The only time that this extreme situation was exceeded was during the Dong Zhuo period, when Dong Zhuo abolished the five-baht coin and minted a lot of small coins. directly led to the collapse of the five-baht coin, tens of thousands of dollars per stone of grain, coupled with the war, the life of the common people really couldn't live.
Therefore, it is necessary to establish a righteous warehouse, thinking of this, Liu Xun opened his mouth and said to the left and right: "Come on, go and invite the prime minister, the imperial doctor, and the Shaofu to meet you!" ”