In the early days of the creation of the Tang Dynasty, due to many limitations, the various systems of the Tang Dynasty were extremely imperfect, and then many systems were with a strong taste of ravines.

Later, Li Xuan gradually reformed the various systems of the Tang Dynasty, such as establishing a cabinet, setting up nine ministries far more than the traditional dynasty, and now the cabinet has increased to thirteen ministries.

And then in the name of retro, in fact, the Privy Council system of centralizing military power, and then the establishment of the Naval High Command, and the dismantling of the military department into the War Department and the Admiralty!

At present, the center of the Tang Dynasty is complex and simple, and the central institutions directly under the control of the emperor are: the Cabinet Thirteen Ministries, the Inspectorate Yuan, the Hanlin Yuan, the Privy Council, and the Navy Command.

The thirteen ministries of the Cabinet are:

Patrol Police Department: Responsible for law enforcement, maintenance of local security, suppression of explosives and other affairs, because the Ministry has a large number of local patrol police, and its number is also the largest number of administrative departments in the Tang Dynasty.

Legal Department: Responsible for law formulation, prison management, legal aid, trial and other tasks.

In addition, an inspectorate that did not belong to the cabinet, but was under the direct jurisdiction of the emperor, and established directly subordinate institutions in various localities, responsible for supervising the corruption of hundreds of officials, and prosecuting all kinds of criminal cases, together constituted the judicial organs of the Tang Dynasty.

Officials: It still maintains the traditional only and is in charge of the evaluation, promotion and appointment of officials.

Etiquette Department: responsible for education and etiquette.

Household Department: Mainly responsible for civil affairs.

Ministry of Industry: responsible for the construction of major projects, the management of state-owned factories, and the construction of transportation and water conservancy.

Ministry of Agriculture: responsible for agriculture, animal husbandry, forestry, fishery, etc.

Department of Taxation: This is one of the most important departments in the Tang Dynasty, responsible for tax collection, is the money bag of the Tang Dynasty, the tax inspection team under the Department of Grain Collection, and the fourth largest armed force of the Tang Dynasty, with a total of more than 5,000 employees in various places, and its combat effectiveness is second only to the Tang Army, the Tang Navy, and the Royal Guard.

The Ministry of Commerce: It is specialized in industrial and commercial affairs, guiding the orderly and healthy development of non-governmental industry and commerce, and is also responsible for official trade with external forces, such as purchasing guns and guns from foreigners, purchasing all kinds of strategic materials, and exporting all kinds of Datang commodities to maritime merchants, which is a major responsibility of the Ministry of Commerce.

Ministry of Foreign Affairs: This is a department established at the beginning of the third year of Xuanping, mainly responsible for foreign affairs, including diplomatic exchanges with vassal states and foreigners.

Then, there is the War Department and the Navy Department with military colors, and the powers of these two departments are generally similar, both of which are mainly to recruit soldiers, arrange the lives of retired soldiers, and maintain the influence of the Tang military in the local area.

There are a total of thirteen ministries mentioned above, which together constitute the cabinet of the Tang Dynasty!

However, it is worth noting that the Tang Dynasty actually did not have an official nominal cabinet, only one imperial study, and some important ministers were on duty in the imperial study, but in the eyes of many people, this imperial study is actually the cabinet, because most of the excerpts of the thirteen departments will be passed to the imperial study first, so that the ministers on duty will approve it before submitting it to the Hanlin Academy.

But the minister on duty in the imperial study, there is only one empty name, no grade and no treatment, it all depends on Li Xuan's words, in fact, it is Liu Bagou who presides over the work of the imperial study, and Liu Bagou's official is a scholar of the Zhongji Palace, and he is also the secretary of the ministry.

However, it is worth noting that not only university scholars can enter the imperial study, not to mention that university scholars will definitely be able to enter the imperial study, such as Zeng Ziwen and Bao Yifen of the military, they are military generals, and they do not have the title of university scholar.

In addition, Qian Aoli, the new secretary of the tax department who was recently transferred by Li Xuan to the imperial study on duty, does not have the title of university scholar!

And Wang Wenhua is a scholar, but he was kicked out of the imperial study by Li Xuan!

At present, there are only three scholars in the Tang Dynasty, namely Liu Bagou, Qian Mengjiu, and Wang Wenhua.

The minister on duty in the imperial study room he engaged in is actually the Tang Dynasty's version of the military aircraft department, and it is also the weakened military aircraft department.

He likes to send whoever enters the imperial study, and he will send him in!

In addition, in addition to the existing five ministers on duty, there are eight ministers on duty, a total of fourteen people, there are not so many cabinet members in the Ming Dynasty, so there are not so many people in the military aircraft department of the Ming Dynasty.

The Tang Dynasty, an administrative system that seems somewhat complicated to outsiders, in fact, if you look at the essence through the phenomenon, then you will find that in fact, this is all Li Xuan's efforts to centralize imperial power.

The emperor was originally able to directly govern the thirteen ministries and other institutions, but he also built an imperial study to check and balance, and at the same time there was a Hanlin Academy.

At the same time, there is also a very, very critical point that the Tang Dynasty did not have such a system as a science and Taoist official, and no institution or individual had the power to refute the holy decree.

If Li Xuan is relatively in the next way, the normal procedure is to draft it through the Hanlin Academy, seal it by Li Xuan, and seal it with the minister on duty in the imperial study, and then submit it to the thirteen departments for detailed implementation, or then submit it to the local government.

However, if there was a mistake in any of the links in this link, Li Xuan would be able to bypass it directly and order it directly.

For example, if the Imperial Study does not agree, Li Xuan will directly ask the Hanlin Academy to give an order to the Thirteen Ministries!

If the Thirteen Ministries do not agree, the Imperial Study Office can directly issue orders to the localities and the departments under the Thirteen Ministries.

If there was a problem with the Imperial Study and the Thirteen Ministries, Li Xuan would be able to bypass them directly and directly control the military and political affairs of the whole country with the Hanlin Academy.

Even if the Hanlin Academy went against the emperor's will, then Li Xuan could still instill his will by directly issuing a holy decree to the locality.

In other words, even if the Hanlin Academy, the Imperial Study, and the Thirteen Ministries collectively rebelled, Li Xuan could effectively control military and political affairs.

As for the military power, it was firmly grasped by Li Xuan, in the case of the separation of military and government, any affairs related to the army were directly explained by Li Xuan to the Privy Council and the Naval Command, in addition, large-scale strategy requires Li Xuan's personal decree to be able to unfold, even the Privy Council and the Naval Command have no power to directly start a war.

For example, the Portuguese who attacked Haojing last time, only Li Xuan could order a war, of course, Li Xuan could not go directly to the local area to give orders, and communication was lagging behind, so Li Xuan would send a special messenger to carry the holy decree in advance to issue orders.

Similarly, this time in the formulation of the Tang Dynasty's commercial law, Li Xuan is still as arbitrary as ever!

Whether this commercial law can be issued or not, and when it will be issued, can only be decided by Li Xuan.

However, in the early stage of the work, Li Xuan did not have time to deal with the detailed formulation of the commercial law, but the legal department of the cabinet and the Ministry of Commerce were responsible for drafting after deliberation and after consulting Li Xuanneng's opinion.

After Li Xuan saw this thick and large book of commercial laws, although he had a little headache, he still looked at it carefully, he needed to know whether this Datang commercial law formulated by the Ministry of Justice was whether it was qualified or not, and whether he had listened to his original proposal.

The laws of the Tang Dynasty were basically copied from the Ming Dynasty in the early stage, but later they were changed on a large scale, and some of the things that did not conform to the actual situation of the Tang Dynasty were deleted, and today's Tang Dynasty Commercial Law also has traces of the Ming Law on commerce, but it is already very few.

The entire Datang commercial law is divided into two parts, one is the regulation of businessmen, which is called the law of businessmen, and the other part is the regulation of business entities, that is, institutions such as companies, which are called company laws.

The former merchant law has a total of 18 articles, many of which are norms in the usual sense, but it is worth noting that the merchant law did not impose the requirement to be a merchant and prohibit the right of merchants to participate in the imperial examination as in the Ming Dynasty.

Because as the general outline of the laws of the Tang Dynasty, the laws of the Tang Dynasty have already clearly stipulated in Article 8: The people of the Tang Dynasty can engage in farming, studying, serving in the army, doing business, being officials and other industries according to their wishes, and no one can stop them, that is to say, this article actually abolishes the system of differential treatment of any nationality made by Zhu Chongba.

But in this era, there is still discrimination against lowly people, but there are no explicit regulations, but the overall atmosphere in society, such as operas and other ninth-rate people, their social status has not been higher from ancient times to the present, and it is no exception under the rule of the Tang Dynasty.

Well, except for later generations, at that time, these actors finally turned over and became masters, and one by one the meat sellers could become the pillars of society and make a lot of nonsense.

If these oirans on the Qinhuai River in the contemporary world know, they will definitely regret being born more than 400 years earlier!

In the 21st century, that is their golden age!

Compared with the merchant law, there are only 18 articles, and the company law is much more, and the total number of laws has reached more than 300.

And this Tang Dynasty business law has made a certain degree of guidance for how contemporary businessmen should do business, and guided these contemporary handicraft workshops to gradually transition to the ranks of modern companies.

After Li Xuan simply flipped through it, he felt that it was feasible, that is, it was officially approved, and the edict was issued to the whole world!

And the promulgation of the Tang Dynasty Commercial Law almost instantly detonated public opinion in the three provinces, especially among the gentry.

Don't be surprised, why the Tang Dynasty commercial law has caused discussion among the gentry is very simple, because the businessmen in these years are actually inseparable from the landlords, and the landlords are a large group of scholars, and the scholars are students, the main force of officials, that is, the gentry.

In other words, in fact, landlords, merchants, and scholars are not separated.

In Guangzhou City, in the mansion of the Wang family, one of the medium-sized maritime merchants in Guangzhou City, the head of the Wang family and several high-level clansmen were discussing with a group of shopkeepers the possible impact of the Tang Dynasty commercial law on them!