Chapter 331: The Revolution of Murad IV
Murad IV opened the gates of Istanbul and personally led his ministers out of the city to welcome the soldiers who had returned triumphantly, and the whole of Istanbul was in a sea of joy. Murad IV declared on the spot that the whole empire would be celebrated with a three-day holiday and an amnesty for petty offenders. For a time, the whole city cheered His Majesty's Shengming, and the prestige of Murad IV reached its peak.
The welcoming ceremony lasted a whole day, and upon returning to the palace, Murad IV did not feel tired at all, the news of the victory had already arrived, and Patriarch Khalid gave him a complete report on the entire course of the war, even the decision-making process of the governor who was responsible for directing the battle. Murad IV also read the governor's summary of the war to him, and wrote about the same as Khalid chieftain, through these two reports, Murad IV was slightly dissatisfied with the governor, but for his honesty, he no longer pursued it, after all, he still won the battle, and it is not easy to blame.
But Murad IV was so pleased with the performance of the Khalid family and I*glé that he decided to reward them with the highest reward. Patriarch Khalid was awarded the title of Imperial King, participated in the discussion of military affairs, and became his important minister. Sheikh Khalid was given the title of Grand Governor, and his fiefdom encompassed a small half of the Arabian Peninsula, five times larger than the original, and Sheikh Khalid was grateful to Dade and vowed eternal allegiance to Murad IV. However, Chief Khalid understands better the reason why he can rise, and that is because of Zhu Changrun of the Fengyang Kingdom, without Zhu Changrun's help, let alone the Grand Governor, it is difficult to say that he can save his life now.
In addition to granting him the land on the left bank of the Dnieper River adjacent to the Black Sea, he also gave him a million taels of silver from the ransom, so that he could re-recruit the old ministry there, with the intention of making a comeback, and then let him have a good relationship with Li Hongji of the Marquis of Dashun, purchase the necessary equipment, and avoid disputes.
Through this war, especially the battle of Vienna, Murad IV saw that his country had begun to fall behind in the east and west, at least if it were not for a large number of firing rifles purchased from the Marquis of Dashun, the victory of this war would be impossible, whether it was a return cannon or an arquebus, compared to the flintlock pistols of the Habsburg coalition army, not to mention these firing guns, whether it was army training or weapons and equipment manufacturing, Significant improvements are needed.
Due to the development of shipping in Europe, especially in recent years, the maritime trade activities of the Ming Empire have been strengthened, and the trade of the circulation of goods between the east and the west through land transportation is becoming less and less, which has caused several major shortages of financial resources in the Ottoman Empire, and even many commodities are shipped to Spain by sea, and they will sell the things they do not need to the Ottoman Empire, which is not only expensive, but also often lacking, so it is necessary to communicate with the Fengyang Kingdom in this regard, and the goods of the Ming Dynasty will be transported to the Persian Gulf by sea. Then it will develop into the empire through the Shatt al-Arab, so that goods can be circulated in order to communicate with each other and increase the wealth of the empire.
Thinking of economic issues, Murad IV thought of Khalid Patriarch, and he decided to let Khalid Patriarch be in charge of the empire's economic issues, because Khalid Patriarch had a good relationship with the Fengyang Kingdom, and many issues could be communicated with Zhu Changrun, such as the small walk-behind tractors, seeders, cultivators, etc. seen in the Fengyang Kingdom, whether these things could be purchased or even made in the Ottoman Empire.
By studying the books he received from Zhu Changrun, Murad IV became more aware of the importance of Confucianism, which is the most fundamental reason why China has endured for thousands of years. Like his predecessors, he attacked the Tang Dynasty several times in history, and the final result was driven here, and after arriving here, it was only after several ups and downs that this huge empire was established, the current ruling basis of this empire is faith, but this belief is a little too radical, and it cannot make the empire continue to be strong, but has begun to hinder the empire from continuing to be strong, and it must be combined with development to make it play a positive role in the development of the empire.
In fact, the Ottoman Empire was relatively free for all kinds of faiths, but because the people who believed in * religion were exempt from taxes, people of other faiths felt unequal, resulting in ethnic division. Located at the junction of the Eurasian continent, the Ottoman Empire was greatly influenced by the Eastern and Western civilizations, and the Turkic people themselves are not a pure bloodline, they have integrated many tribes and different peoples from the East and the West from the beginning of nomadism to the establishment of the Ottoman Empire, so their religious beliefs are not as pious as later generations, as for the antagonistic relationship between * religion and Christianity and Judaism, it was caused by the establishment of Israel in later generations, and the current conflict is not strong, and Murad IV can still be reconciled.
Political reform is the most important reform of a country, and in addition to institutional changes, religious reform is the cornerstone of the country. Murad IV's decision to repeal the law of tax exemption for believers of the * religion involved the interests of many people in the upper echelons of the empire, and in order to guarantee the loyalty of these people, Murad IV had to compensate them for their other interests, and more precisely to allow them to benefit from the reforms.
Ordinary people do not have a deep understanding of the country's policies, but the imperial top is sensitive to this issue, and Murad IV's reforms are difficult, and he needs to find a balance between the imperial top and the interests of the country. The local governors need to expand the source of taxes, and the tax on everyone allows them to obtain more wealth, and in order to stabilize the upper echelons of the empire, it is necessary to let them obtain more wealth than before, so for the local governors, Murad IV asked them to set their own proportion of taxes to the empire, and secondly, they must not take the opportunity to increase taxes on the people to avoid causing unrest among the people.
The idea that the implementers of policies must be the beneficiaries of the interests has been proven over the ages, and that only the implementers have the benefit to have them motivated to implement them. Therefore, when many policies are formulated, there are loopholes that can be obtained by the implementers, and through such policy loopholes, the executors can obtain certain benefits, and they will vigorously implement them to achieve the purpose of reform.
Policy loopholes are not static, as the reform deepens, some loopholes will be plugged, and those who continue to want to use the loopholes to profit will be eliminated, this is the so-called crime, when the policy continues to be perfected to achieve the purpose of the empire's reform, this is the real success of the reform.
By studying the books given by Zhu Changrun, Murad IV learned from the lessons of "Wang Anshi's reforms" in terms of reform. This is a failed change, the reason for the failure is that there are too many beneficiaries, and it is the ordinary people who have no political influence, but the damage is the executor of interests, that is, the clan forces at the grassroots level, so the result of the change in the implementation of the law is contrary to the purpose, which eventually leads to the failure of the change, Wang Anshi is overshadowed, and he is dismissed and goes home.
The Ottoman Empire usually adopts a tax package system, that is, the total amount of taxes issued to the governors of various places, and then let them operate by themselves, which has great drawbacks, so Murad IV announced the tax rate to the empire, and the standard collection method formulated so that everyone is clear about the scope and tax rate of collection, when giving freedom to the governors of various places, it is also necessary to accept the supervision of the empire and the people, and the normal implementation of the system can obtain benefits, and some benefits can also be obtained through policy loopholes, but when you are too greedy, it affects the realization of the ultimate goal, Such a governor becomes a prisoner.
In the Reformation, in addition to abolishing the part of tax exemption, Murad IV decided that religious law is under the law of the state, that is to say, religious law does not exist beyond the law of the state, it can be a supplement to the law of the state, and belongs to the category of morality. This provision of Murad IV had a great impact on later generations, and since then the Ottoman Empire has transformed from a religious state to a secular state, and the influence of religion on the state has become less and less.
Reform needs the right direction of defense, but also needs sufficient financial resources, because at the beginning of the reform, it is necessary to let the people enjoy the sweetness of reform, originally the Ottoman Empire did not have this capital, but now Murad IV has money. Chief Khalid gave him a huge sum of more than 20 million taels of silver from the Habsburgs, which was the capital of his reforms.
Murad IV used 20 million silver as an investment, he did not have a golden finger like Zhu Youxiao's cheating, but he could learn from the Fengyang Kingdom, the shipbuilding industry was not developed, but the Ottoman Empire was in a very good geographical location, he established a large fleet of merchant ships, purchased merchant ships and self-defense weapons from the Ming Dynasty, plus many commodities, his fleet did not need to pass through the Cape of Good Hope in Africa, directly from the Persian Gulf Fengyang Kingdom landed or entered the port of Suez in the Red Sea, This is almost half the voyage saved compared to bypassing the Cape of Good Hope in Africa, and the danger is reduced to a minimum, and the price cost of Daming's goods is much more on the spot, and the price advantage is obtained, so that he can earn high profits.
These are not the most important, but more importantly, through this route, the maritime trade of European countries has been dealt a fatal blow, and in this increase and decrease the strength will soon change, the biggest blow of which is the Dutch East India Company, which is also a factor in the frequent wars between the Ottoman Empire and Europe.