The hydraulic machine that Li Zhi wants to build is called the dragon tail car. Pen, fun, pavilion www. biquge。 info

This kind of equipment is also called Archimedes spiral tube, according to legend, it is invented by Archimedes, and it is a tool that uses the spiral wheel in the cylinder to rise and lift water. The outside of the dragon tail car is a layer of iron shell, and inside is a long rotating shaft covered with propeller blades, which rotates constantly, allowing the water to roll at the bottom of the rotating shaft blades, gradually raising the water level.

A bearing is attached to a shaft joint above the rotating shaft to reduce friction. The next rotating shaft joint should be stretched underwater, and Li Zhi made a ball of brass and pressed it on a copper sleeve, which can also reduce the friction during rotation. The main part of the waterwheel is cast with wrought iron, and the inside and outside are painted to prevent rust.

This kind of waterwheel has the characteristics of saving force and high efficiency, and the efficiency of one person to operate this waterwheel can be compared to ten people to operate the traditional keel car. Until modern times, these waterwheels have been widely used in the industrial sector to lift fluids and powders. Xu Guangqi at the end of the Ming Dynasty and Lin Zexu at the end of the Qing Dynasty both vigorously promoted this kind of waterwheel, but due to the complexity of dragon tail car manufacturing and political corruption, this kind of waterwheel was not promoted.

But Li Zhi has a casting craftsman and casting technology, and casting this kind of keel car is handy. After casting more than 80 cannons, the cannon casting craftsmen stopped work and were in a standby state, just in time to start casting this dragon tail car.

Li Zhi drew the drawings and handed them over to the gunsmiths to cast the molds. Li Zhi explained on the spot that after a few days of tinkering, the gunsmiths cast an iron mold of rotating blades and outer casing, and the assembly was successful. Next, it is cast in batches with iron molds.

The first waterwheel was quickly completed, and Li Zhi set up the waterwheel on the river to experiment with pumping water. As soon as the rotating shaft turned, I saw the gurgling water flowing out of the waterwheel. Li Zhi asked the waterwheel to pump water by the river until it filled four acres of land, and it only took half an hour. In this way, a person can irrigate 40 acres of land a day, which is much stronger than other waterwheels.

The onlookers saw the swaying waterwheel pumping out a gurgling stream of water, and they immediately boiled. The people cheered and celebrated that the general had invented a new thing, and it was estimated that this new thing would bring a lot of new benefits to the people.

The high efficiency of the dragon tail car is very important for agricultural production.

To grasp the season, it is necessary to irrigate a few days before and after certain seasons. The efficiency of the waterwheel is not high, and only a few acres of land by the river can be irrigated in the limited irrigation season, and using the inefficient waterwheel to irrigate more fields will only miss the season, so that the crop harvest will be greatly reduced.

The high efficiency of the waterwheel allows more fields to be irrigated in a timely manner.

And this kind of dragon tail car also has an advantage, that is, the scope of application is particularly wide. As long as the water underneath can overflow the blades under the tail car, it can pump water, whether it is a pond or a small river, as long as there is a little water surface. It does not require the speed of water flow like the barrel car, and emphasizes the depth of entry into the water.

The dragon tail car made by Li Zhi using the casting method is six meters long and weighs one hundred and thirty catties, which can pump water from the river more than three meters high. The main part of the waterwheel is cast with wrought iron, plus the price of labor and bearings cost 12 taels, which can be promoted on a large scale. One of the more troublesome points is to maintain frequently, paint and prevent rust, and it is estimated that the annual maintenance cost will be one or two silver. If Li Zhi wants to promote it on a large scale, it is estimated that a professional team will be organized to maintain these dragon tail cars on a regular basis.

But compared to the income from turning dry land into farmland, the maintenance fee of this tael of silver is not eye-catching.

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There were 11,083 poor people who were still stranded outside the walls of Fanjiazhuang and were willing to cultivate farmland for Li Zhi, and Li Zhi had people make a statistical record, and it was determined that there were 2,311 men and 2,178 strong women who could do farm work, totaling 4,489. There were also 4,215 children and 2,379 elderly and infirm.

According to the level of agricultural production in this era, Li Zhi decided to give each male and strong woman 20 acres of land, which required about 90,000 mu of dry land. Li Zhi was going to claim these fields from the wasteland within twenty miles of Fanjiazhuang's east, west, north and south.

There are three small rivers within the scope of Fanjiazhuang's management, namely Liuhe, Yanghe and Liujiagou, these small rivers are not very hydraulic, and the loading cart is not realistic, but the dragon tail car loaded with Li Zhi can lift water. As long as the tail cart is installed and some ditches are used, the water from the river can flow into the dry land one or two miles away from the river, turning the dry land into irrigated dry land.

There are some farmland within a few hundred meters on both sides of the river, which is irrigated by manual water. Li Zhi did not intend to change the ownership of these farmlands, but built irrigation canals perpendicular to the river every 200 meters of the river to transfer the water raised by the waterwheels to the farmland farther away from the river.

Li Zhi trained dozens of officials in the official hall and taught them how to draw atlases. Then they were sent out to survey the terrain near the three small rivers, to write down the land, to investigate whether there was an owner, and finally to compile them into a book.

To Li Zhi's delight, most of these irrigated wastelands are terra nullius.

Li Zhi decided to turn all this wasteland into his own private land.

Li Zhi cultivated the fields for the poor peasants not for charity, but to collect land rent, he wanted to turn these 10,000 poor people into his tenant farmers. So he was prepared to hold the land that was about to be reclaimed for farmland in the name of private land.

Nominally, the military fields of the guard station have no owner, they are all owned by the state, and land rent cannot be collected. However, the military system of the Ming Dynasty gradually withered, and a lot of military land was resold, and the title deed was written in black and white for resale, so they all had owners. In the military fields of the late Ming Dynasty, there were a large number of cases in which the owner collected land rent from the tenants. Even the military land that has not been resold is regarded as their own private land by the cultivators.

The so-called robbery of military land by officials of the guard station means that the officers of the station snatch the land use rights of military households, turn themselves into the owners of military fields, and then rent them to military households to collect rent.

Since everyone is doing this and it is regarded as a common practice, then Li Zhi, as the governor of Fanjiazhuang, can of course collect these wastelands as private land and lease them to tenants who farm. Li Zhi bought the wasteland at the price, so there was no problem of snatching military land from military households.

The only problem was that the lands along the river were now being cultivated, and Li Zhi wanted to build irrigation canals in these fields and convince the owners of these lands. Although it is not necessarily a military household that cultivates the military land, it may also be a private household that rents the military land. But these lands are under the jurisdiction of Fanjiazhuang, and persuasion is relatively straightforward.

If it doesn't make sense, you can force it, nominally these fields are military fields, and they can be deployed by the commander.

Li Zhi summoned all the governors of Tunpu to Fanjiazhuang and loudly announced his reclamation work.

After Li Zhi was promoted to a guerrilla general, He Shishou also asked Li Zhi to guard one place as a guerrilla. He had three guards under his command, and these three guards were in charge of eight defenses, and there were thirty-seven teams under him, with a total of forty-eight large and small forts. The land within a radius of dozens of miles under the management of these tunpu is now under the jurisdiction of Li Zhi.

Li Zhi said loudly: "In order to expand the tuntian grains in Fanjiazhuang, this official decided to reclaim 90,000 acres of new land on a large scale. ”

Hearing the figure of 90,000 mu, Li Zhi's subordinate defense and management teams were stunned, and the secret guerrilla master was so generous. If one bucket and two liters of Tuntian grains are levied per mu, then the 90,000 mu of new fields will add 10,000 stone of Tuntian grains to Fanjiazhuang. According to the price of two taels and one stone in ordinary years, Fanjiazhuang is equivalent to contributing 20,000 taels of silver a year to the military and political affairs of the Ming Dynasty.

A man of ethics boldly asked, "Is your lord's new field just cultivating wasteland?" Don't you occupy the existing military fields? ”

Li Zhi looked at this ethics and said, "It's all cultivated on wasteland. In the first year, these new fields do not pay grains, and from the second year onwards, they do not pay grains. ”

Hearing Li Zhi's words, the big and small officers were overjoyed. They are optimistic that the reclamation of new fields in the wasteland will not affect the interests of these officers, and they are optimistic that they will be able to increase the amount of grain paid in their tuntian fields from the second year onwards, and increase the political achievements of these officers.

"I Li Zhi bought the wasteland of these guards in his personal name, and the price was fifty acres and one tael, and these wastelands will be my Li Zhi's private property in the future. When you go back, you will make a title deed according to your own jurisdiction, and send it as soon as possible, and I will give the money to your official office. ”

Hearing that there was money to take, the officers of the guard post below were even more happy and smiled. These wastelands are useless in the first place, and it is best to buy them for the guerrillas.

Li Zhi also said: "To reclaim new fields, we need to build irrigation canals in old fields, which requires you to do a good job of coordinating with existing landowners. According to the area, I gave a subsidy of 20 taels per mu to the landowners in the areas where the irrigation canals passed. ”

The subsidy amount of 221 mu is already very high, and the harvest of dry land is limited, and the market price is only 1521 mu.

Li Zhi took out the Xintian atlas made by the officials and distributed it to the governors of each tunpu, and then said: "The places where the irrigation canals are to be built are all drawn in the atlas, and if you have any questions, you can ask Zheng Hui of the hundred households." After a pause, Li Zhi said: "I will give you ten days to convince these local landlords. ”