Taken from Leonardo da Vinci's Secret Kitchen by Dave DeWitt - for reference purposes and not for any profit. Pen fun and pavilion www.biquge.info

Roasted lamb with saffron sauce

To make this dish, Martino says that "1/4 of a baby goat" is needed, but in fact a leg of lamb is also sufficient. "All the meat on the baby goat is fit to be boiled or roasted," Martino wrote, "but the tenderloin is better roasted." He also noted that baby goats "need to be eaten hot." The dish is served with risotto (Italian gravy).

1 small lamb shank, about 3 pounds

2 ounces pork loin, or bacon or bacon, cut into small strips

6 garlic cloves, cut into small slices

Salt to taste

1 cup chicken broth

Half a lemon, juiced

2 egg yolks

1/2 teaspoon powdered saffron (microwaved, then crushed)

2 garlic cloves, minced

1 tablespoon chopped Italian parsley

Preheat oven to 400 degrees Fahrenheit.

Use a sharp knife to cut the lamb into several small cuts, and stuff each small mouth with a small strip of pork back and a small slice of garlic. Sprinkle salt evenly on all the surface of the lamb.

In a saucepan, pour the chicken broth, lemon juice, egg yolks and chopped garlic, stir-fry carefully and simmer for 5 minutes.

Place the lamb on a baking tray and pour the lamb over the aforementioned sauce. Roast for 90 minutes, or until the internal temperature reaches 150 degrees Fahrenheit, at which point the lamb is just ripe. During roasting, remove every 15 minutes and recoat the lamb with the sauce on the plate. Grill, slice, and serve with an appropriate amount of leftover sauce on the lamb slices. You may need to pour a little chicken broth into the pan to scrape the sauce out of the bottom of the pan.

Serves 6-8 people.

Candied marzipan

Some gastronomic historians believe that this dessert was made by the French city of Aix?en? Provence's famous "Calissonsd? AIX). Martino adds a touch of colour to it: "If you have a beautifully carved wooden mold, press it on the almond cake and the finished product will be even more beautiful." "Please note: this dish requires a more complex preparation.

Stuffing required:

2 cups unblanched almonds

1/2 cup rose syrup

1 1/2 cups sugar

Dough required:

1/2 cup flour

2 tbsp granulated sugar or castersugar

1 pinch of salt

2-3 tablespoons rose syrup

To make the filling, put the almonds in a bowl, pour in the boiling water that has just submerged the almonds, let it cool, and pour out the water; The almonds should be rinsed several times with water. Soak the almonds overnight and peel them easily the next day. Using a blender or food processor, mix the peeled almonds with the rose syrup and sugar and whip until smooth and smooth.

Preheat oven to 250 degrees Fahrenheit.

Mix the flour, sugar, salt and enough rose syrup to form a non-sticky dough. Wrap the dough in a plastic bag and let it sit for an hour. Sprinkle a little flour on the cutting board and roll out the dough until it is as safe as possible, using a knife to cut the rolled dough into 2-inch cubes. Place nearly a tablespoon of the filling in the center of each piece of sliced dough, using a knife that is not too sharp to spread the filling evenly over the entire small piece. Place the small pieces of dough on a nonstick baking sheet and bake for an hour. The finished product needs to be slightly golden brown and crunchy.

This amount makes 25 candied macaroons.

Reach? The secret of the Vinci pantry

In Milan, Da? Fincher's life isn't all about work. From time to time, he goes hiking in the mountains in the countryside to enjoy the beauty and folklore of the Valtellina region, located north-east of Lake Como. In "Notes", Da? Vinci had this to say about the local food and drink: "It produces a very good spirit. But the number of livestock is so large that any local will proudly tell you that they produce more milk than wine. He then writes about the price of food in Milan, where it is so cheap and good: "You can spend less than one soldo (soldo20 soldo, which is equivalent to 1 lira). You can buy a bottle of wine; A pound of veal costs only one soldo, and a pound of salt and a pound of butter cost ten denaros (1 lire) = 20 soldi = 240 denari. ）； And for just one soldo, you can buy a basket of eggs. "The above record is very instructive for us, because in the absence of much literature to prove the price of each food, we at least know that at that time a basket of eggs was equivalent to a pound of veal and a bottle of wine. Also, according to the reach? According to Vinci, the country inn in Vatrina serves more food than in the city. "There's thirty ounces in a pound here," he wrote. Compared with the exquisite luxury of the palace banquet, Da? Finch's life was unpretentious, because judging by the information contained in the shopping list in his notebook, the cost of living for himself and his assistants was not too large, only moderate. Undoubtedly, the list is not complete, so it is obvious that there are some foods that are not on it: poultry, fish, veal, pumpkin, cheese, lard, olive oil, pasta (unless he makes it himself), rhizomes of various vegetables, and pitted fruits such as peaches, apples, and rice. Ode to Wine – Angelo? Poliziano by Bacchus, Bacchus, we laugh and call your name, we drink heartily and fill this place with singing and laughter, and I can't dance until I get drunk, that enthusiastic dance, because I'm drunk friends, let's cheer together, long live! — Excerpt from Orfeo: Sacrifice of the Bacchantesin Honor of the Bacchus. Poliziano, who did not advocate "drinking in moderation", was Lorenzo in the fifteenth century? The tutor of the son of Medici? The books of Platina in the Vinci bookcase open the door to the dietary propositions of the people of the early Renaissance. As the book shows, Platina's brushstrokes almost involve Da? All the food items in the Finch food pantry. It is worth noting that very few of these materials came from Martino, but some came from Pliny the Elder. In addition, Platina drew on the writings of a large number of other writers, including Avicenna, Pythagoras, Apuleius, Columella, Celsus, Martial, and Virgil. In the following about Da? In Fincher's pantry, I deliberately marked all the foods he mentioned in bold. In addition to Da? In addition to Finci's own description of the food, I added Platina's description of the food? Reviews of the food that Finch bought. Because Platina promotes a simple and vegetarian diet, Da? Vinci praised it, and may have been influenced by it himself. As for Da? Whether Vinci believed Platina's writings, we don't know—but one thing is clear, but it's a definite fact that, apart from Platina's writings, Da? There isn't a single other food book or recipe in Fincher's collection, so we might be able to make a "yes, he believes it all" guess. Also, in some cases, I've added some additional material from Martino to illustrate how people in the early Renaissance handled and cooked certain foods in the pantry. There are only two food items in this category for dairy products. One is the roasted buttermilk, which is the liquid left over after the milk has been made into butter. Interestingly, although the Sfcha family must have kept quite a few chickens in their residence, eggs also appeared in Da? Finch on the list. Martino has created 14 recipes for eggs, including Eggs CookedintheAshes, EggsonaSpit, Stuffed Fried Eggs, and Eggs Disguisedas Ravioli: prepare a crust like lasagne, not too thin or too soft. Beat the eggs on the dough and sprinkle each egg with sugar, sweet spices, and a pinch of salt. Once each egg is wrapped like a wonton, it can be boiled or fried in a pan – it tastes better when cooked. You can also finish the dish in the same way as you would make a triangular pie, but you can also bake or fry it with sour juice on top of the original ingredients. However, it is important not to cook the eggs for too long, as the eggs will become hard and affect the taste. Platina, although he does not specifically mention skim milk, has written a short overview of dairy products. He believes that goat's milk is the best, followed by sheep's milk, and cow's milk comes in third. "Still, people should avoid consuming too much milk," he wrote. It can dull bright eyes and increase the chances of kidney and bladder stones. As for eggs, Platina stresses that eggs that have been fertilized by roosters are the healthiest, and that fat hens have better eggs than lean hens. Eggs can cure "cough, tracheal pain, hoarseness in the throat, and hemoptysis."

Platina-style scrambled eggs

Crack the eggs and beat well with a little water or milk. Add the grated cheese, mix the egg mixture with a stirring paddle or spoon and stir-fry in butter or hot oil. The results are better if the cooking time is kept short and not stir-fried. If you want scrambled eggs with a vanilla color, add leaf beets (chard), parsley, a dash of borage juice, mint, marjoram and a dash of sage. FruitsIn this case, the word "fruit" is a generic term that probably refers to all commercially available fruits. Melons are on the list. Somewhat strangely, according to the traditional medical view of ancient Greece and Rome, melons should only be eaten before the beginning of a meal and on an empty stomach, accompanied by a moderate amount of alcohol. Pope Paul II is said to have died from eating chilled melons in the summer. However, because melons were a favorite of Paul II, Martino's cookbook recorded a recipe for melon soup. Historian Bruno? Lauriyo commented: "As a loyal servant of Paul II, it was difficult for Martino to completely abandon the dish of making melon soup, even though it may have ended up leading to the sudden death of his master. Martino's contemporaries believed that the cause of the Pope's death was acute indigestion after eating melons – and how much he indulged in the delicacy of melons during his lifetime, Platina believed that peeled and seeded melons "soothe the stomach and moderately soften the intestines (to aid bowel movements)". However, because the "moisture" of melons is bad for the nervous system, it can be eaten with a glass of wine to reduce its damage, because wine happens to be "like an antidote that relieves the cold and stiffness of melons." Platina added: "Despite this, Albinus the Great was so fond of this fruit that he even ate a hundred Campania peaches and ten Ostia melons at one time. "Grapes are also on the list. Robert? Sir Robert Dallington, after traveling around Italy in 1596, decided that the best grapes to eat were Moscatello and Rimadlesca. Ripe grapes are "healthier than other fruits that can be eaten raw," advises Platina, "and if you eat grapes as a first course, you will hardly do any harm to the human body." Grape seeds, on the other hand, are inedible because "they are too difficult to digest and rather detrimental to nutrient absorption." "As for the wines, Platina's choice is white because of its sweetness. Tannin called the mulberry "another Tuscan masterpiece that I will never forget". Martino created a flavorful sauce dish made with mulberries, the mulberry sauce, which can be used to spread slices of bread or buns: peel the almonds and mix them with a little white bread crumbs, add the mulberries and stir well. Do not crush or crush mulberries when handling them to avoid breaking the small seeds inside the mulberries. Then add a little cinnamon bark, ginger, nutmeg and sift through. Mulberries can be diuretic and laxative, but "do not provide much nutrition to the body". Platina added the following note to the mulberry: "In Egypt and Cyprus, [the mulberry tree] produces the most fruity fruit. There are generally three colors: first white, then red, and finally it will be quite dark, as if sprinkled with the blood of the Egyptian maiden Thisbe. "MushroomsUsually, when cooking mushrooms, people add garlic and put in a silver coin. It is said that once a silver coin turns black, it indicates that the mushroom is poisonous. Mushrooms can also be washed and grilled, or cooked in clean water and sautéed with olive oil and lard. "People eat mushrooms a lot, but the crimes they cause are endless. "He knows that mushrooms are divided into poisonous and edible." I only eat mushrooms picked by pickers who know how to pick them," he explains, "but even they have had cases of misjudgment, and some people in our area have been known to die from poisonous mushrooms." He advises that garlic can be used to neutralize the toxicity of mushrooms, but he is not a lover of mushrooms himself: "Although mushrooms can be a great pleasure for the palate, they are not suitable for consumption regardless of how they are cooked, because they are difficult to digest and can cause irritable personalities." ”

Platina on truffles

Truffles are nutritious, pleasant, and can also inspire enthusiasm. Galen loved it. It is often found at the tables of the sensual and aristocratic people, and it exerts its aphrodisiac effect for them when they need it. If truffles are eaten for the purpose of fertility and reproduction, this is commendable; But if it is eaten only to satisfy debauchery, as many idle and unrestrained people are accustomed to, it is an abomination. Cereals in the "Notes", Da? Finch mentions corn three times, and a culinary mystery emerges. "Someone sent some large ears of corn from Florence," Da? Fincher writes that in his writing, the corn "grano" is always abbreviated with the abbreviation "gra". In addition, he mentions whitemaize and redmaize, using the word "melica", although translated as maize, "melica" means grass with sweet juice in Latin ("mel" = honey), possibly referring to sorghum (蜀黍). "Melica" can be used to make couscous, sorghum flour, gruel and sorghum syrup. Most scholars agree that corn spread rapidly throughout Italy in the early sixteenth century. Vinci's notes, and its traces also reached northern Italy. In an article written in 1975 entitled "Corn in Europe Before Columbus", M.D.W. Jeffrey proposed his own theory, arguing that corn had been cultivated in the Mediterranean before Columbus, because if it had been introduced in Spain in 1493, it would not have been possible for the documentation of corn cultivation to appear in the East Indies around 1496. See Chapter VII for a detailed discussion of this issue. Bran, or meal, is the outer skin of grains like wheat and oats, and boiled salted fish with water to drain the salt from the fish. Reach? Finch also mentions wheat a few times, but since he buys bread made from soft wheat, he may be referring to durum wheat, which he buys for macaroni. Clifford? Wright explains that durum wheat is more chewy and doesn't have much moisture, "These properties are very important because, firstly, they prevent the macaroni from breaking or deforming during drying and processing; Second, compared to soft wheat, macaroni made from durum wheat is less likely to lose its texture and flavor after cooking. Flour is also on the list, presumably referring to soft wheat flour used in toast, buns and pies. Millet, which has always been regarded as bird food, is actually a peasant food, and the usual practice is to cook it into gruel in broth. Millet can also be used to make "thick porridge and extremely sweet bread," Pratina writes, "and it can last up to a year when kneaded with juice, and its main use is yeast." "Growing millet and Italianmillet is very land-intensive, so it's best not to plant them with vines or other fruit trees," he said. Platina's own book does not mention corn, white maize, maize, and bran, but he does speak of wheat, saying that it is "extremely digestible, purified, and cooled." Regular consumption strengthens the fibrous tissue in the liver and spleen," and "few foods are more productive and pleasurable than wheat." In addition, wheat grown in the mountains is more nutritious than in the plains. Bread made from wheat flour is usually made by fermenting the dough, but "bakers need to be careful that the amount of yeast is moderate." Too much, and the baked bread will have a sour taste; Too little, the finished bread will not be fluffy, and it is difficult to digest and not good for health, because such bread hurts the stomach. "Herbs and spices" The word "vanilla" here also refers to a variety of herbs that can be used. In addition to being used as a seasoning, mint and parsley are the main ingredients of Martino's Herb Soup. Thyme, on the other hand, is used in chicken dishes, and Martino used it in a vegetable sauce. The role of nutmeg in making flavored sauces is quite significant, and up to? The most popular condiment of the Vinci era was wasabi, which was commonly used in meat and egg dishes. Here's an example of Martino's mustard recipe, a dish called "Red Mustard" or "Purple Mustard": Mash the mustard seeds first, then add the raisins to mash the mortar as much as possible. Add a little toast, sandalwood, cinnamon bark, and some sour juice or vinegar or grape juice to dilute the mixture, then sift through. People often think of buckwheat as a grain, but it's actually a seed of vanilla. Buckwheat seeds can be made into buckwheat flour; Coarse milled buckwheat is a husked and milled grain that can be cooked in the same way as rice. Coarsely milled buckwheat is "one of the grains with delicious juice" and a "hungry food" that can be used to make a good soup. As for the pepper, Da? Finch didn't mention it in his notes, but it was assumed that he certainly used it. Pliny learned that pepper grows on trees: "They are both warm and dry, so they warm the stomach and liver, diuretic and aerate, but at the same time affect the human spleen." "Peppermint" has the power to delight people, it also helps digestion, removes parasites, and at the same time works wonders for healing wounds from bites of rabid dogs. Platina wrote. Parsley root, on the other hand, is "very effective against poisons, but because of its bitter taste, it is more suitable for medicine than for food." "Wild thyme" is effective in repelling poisonous snakes, and boiling it in vinegar and applying it to the temples can also relieve headaches. "Farmed thyme" is used in cooking to brighten the eyes, deworm, diuretic, and can also make women's menstruation earlier and help deliver stillbirths. The strength and aroma of nutmeg is very beneficial to the human body, it can enhance vision and anti-vomiting, and can also soothe stomach and liver discomfort to treat loss of appetite. "In addition, like the other herbs and spices described by Platina, mustard is more effective as a medicine than as a food." When applied to the affected area of the human body, it immediately shows the power of burning. Platina's brushstrokes already sketch the renderings of the early use of mustardplaster. Wasabi can also "drive away lung diseases, relieve chronic cough, and dissolve phlegm...... Warm the stomach and strengthen the liver...... It also pries out the mouth and stimulates passion. ”

Beans are used in many of Martino's recipes, of course, fava beans; And the kidney beans that Martino didn't mention appeared in Da? Finch's shopping list. This is because kidney beans (Phaseolusvulgaris) are a species from the New World, and it is only normal that Martino has no knowledge of them, and it is unlikely that they will appear on the Italian table immediately after 1492. Reach? Vinci uses the word "fagiuoli" to describe broad beans, and it should just be written as "fave", which is also the case in modern Italian. Interestingly, the Italian word "fagioli" refers to beans from the New World. Martino used peas to make the dish Fresh PeaswithSalt Meat. After giving some advice on growing peas, Platina added: "It has a sweet taste, is less harmful to the human body than broad beans, and is less bloating after eating." Platina often refers to favabeans as "broadbeans" and gives a number of recipes for cooking fava beans. He wrote: Pythagoras never ate broad bean porridge because, according to his own interpretation, the souls of the deceased dwelt in it; Also because this kind of expansive food is contrary to a heart that pursues inner peace, it will stimulate the passion stored in **** - because it is said that broad beans have the same shape as them. Platina and Da? Vinci mentions the mystical legume plant of the kidney bean, even calling it "phaseolus" – the name that many legumes from the New World bear. Platina was not optimistic about kidney beans, believing that they "make people feel rough and bad, and they can make people dreamy, and almost all of them nightmares." He also wrote that kidney beans can fatten and "moisten the intestines." After eating kidney beans, "it is necessary to drink some alcohol. "Of all the common foods, fava beans have the worst reputation and the most unusual history about them. Pisanelli believed that fava beans caused severe sighing (horribilisospiri). The gentle and forgiving Castelvitro once said that only pregnant women, ignorant children, pigs and other animals should eat fava beans. Other Renaissance writers believed that fava beans would bring nightmares and corrupting nightmares. However, despite Tanara's desirability of fresh fava beans as "the food of princes", in general, it is associated with commoners and poverty. This connection is not unfounded, as fava beans are indeed one of the most basic and common country foods. - Berengariodelle Cinqueterre of the Cinqueterre MeatAlthough the word "meat" is mentioned here, Da? What kind of meat Finch was buying was not specified. The notes refer to beef and bonbove, which are the main ingredients in beef stew, beef balls, triangular pies and kebabs. When it comes to beef and good beef, Platina has a mixed reputation. He began by saying: no one can doubt the great contribution of cattle to mankind. Under the beef section I list bulls, cows and calves, which can pull carts, produce milk and cheese, and make shoes. Therefore, in ancient times, the indiscriminate killing of a cow without a reason was a capital offense as a murderer. However, he also proposes not to eat beef because it is "too hard for the chef and for your stomach" and that the nutrients provided by beef are "disgusting, melancholy, and easily disturbed." In addition, "it can incur four-day heat, eczema, and scaly skin." "It's quite possible that Platina's negative comments about beef have deeply influenced Da? Finch, in the future, people in their twilight years? Finch threw himself into the arms of vegetarianism. In addition to sugar, sweets are up to? The only sweets Vinci mentions are anisecandies. In "Notes", Da? Finch wrote an anecdote about his assistant Salai secretly taking money to buy anise. Platina is also fond of anise, believing it stimulates appetite and "flushes out the body the depression that is about to invade the brain." Anise also improves breathing, "diuretic, refreshes, heals headaches, stimulates enthusiasm." Just like the word "salad," "vegetable" refers to a category in a broad sense. I guess the "salad" in Da? Fincher's notes refer to all the ingredients used in salads, such as lettuce and carrots, not to ready-to-mix dishes like the ones we can buy in supermarkets now. Martino didn't mention them, but at court banquets they were used as a flavor booster between two main dishes. Platina records a salad with ingredients such as "lettuce, borage, mint, calamint, fennel, parsley, wild thyme, marjoram, chervil, sow?thistle, nightshade, fennel flowers, and several other herbs." "These dishes are washed, drained, salted, and then sprinkled with oil and vinegar and eaten. Miscellaneous salads usually require vinegar and olive oil, as Gillian does? According to Riley, vinegar "is very versatile in cooking, it can be used in salads, it can be used to marinate food for long-term preservation; Diluted with water, or with a little honey, vinegar is still a great pick-me-up. In addition, it has a lot of medicinal properties. And Platina warns that "vinegar has the effect of invigorating the muscles and blood, and although it can cure depression and eye inflammation and redness, and can relieve joint pain, hemiplegia and spasticity, it is still extremely destructive because it can transport undesirable body fluids into the nerves and joints." He advises people to use vinegar in moderation, especially when applying it to wounds bitten by venomous animals, and M. Agrippa "used warm vinegar foot soaking in his feet in his later years to relieve the great pain caused by gout." "Sugar is used as a sweetener for making candies, cookies and pies, and it can also be used to create luxurious and delicate sugar sculptures for banquets. Platina's advice is that the whiter the sugar, the better. "In the past, people only used sugar as a medicine", but arrived? In Vinci's time, the use of sugar expanded, and sugar was an important spice in many dishes of Martino and Platina. Platina writes that with melted sugar "can make almonds...... Pine nuts, zhenren, parsley, anise, cinnamon bark and many other foods are made into sweets. "Da? The most common drink in Vinci's family is wine, and according to statistics, the average person in northern Italy consumes four-fifths of a liter of wine per day. Robert? Sir Tanninton thought the best wines to drink were Passerina and Lugliola. Platina is full of praise for wine, but he urges people to drink in moderation, preferably diluted, admonishing his readers: "I have enumerated many of the benefits of wine, but I hope that the reader will not think that I am a greedy drink—you must know that by habit and nature I drink less wine than anyone else's." Platina goes on to write about the best wines from Italy, as well as from Corsica and Greece, and concludes with the remark that "the wines produced [in my time] are better than those produced in [my time]."

Platina on wine, if drunk in moderation, wine is the best panacea for physical fatigue. In the same way, whatever it is, excessive abuse can only be harmful. Alcohol abuse can cause general tremors, irritability, paleness, filthiness, forgetfulness, confusion, infertility, fertility difficulties, gray hair, and premature aging. I've briefly enumerated enough of the benefits of wine, but I hope the reader doesn't think I'm a greedy drinker – you know, by habit and nature, I drink more lightly than anyone else's.

Reach; Vinci's kitchen design and kitchen inventions

In 1482, the 30-year-old Leonardo? Reach? Vinci came to Milan from Florence and threw himself into the Grand Highway de Vico? Sfza's court. There, in addition to the creation of the famous painting "The Last Supper", Da? Finch was a musician, designer of military machines and defenses, and a producer, creating spectacles such as the Feast of Paradise at court feasts. He was even responsible for the renovation of the Sfcha family castle, most likely the inner chambers of the Duchess Beatrice. So in Milan Da? Vinci was working on the Last Supper and overseeing the renovation of the Duke's Castle, as well as some other design work – perhaps for Mariolo, a prominent minister of the Milan court? Giscati (Mariolode?) Guiscardi) designed residences. In the Codex Atlanticus, Da? Finch came up with his own philosophy on the design of the kitchen: the large chamber for servants to live in should be kept away from the kitchen, so that the master would not hear their noisy voices. There should be a place in the kitchen where pewter utensils can be easily washed, so that servants will no longer have to move them around the room...... For greater convenience, pantry, firewood, kitchen, chicken coop and servant's room should be adjacent to each other. Gardens, stables and manure piles should also be close to each other...... Dishes can be passed out of the kitchen through wide, low windows, or with tables with hinges...... It's a good idea to have the kitchen window open directly facing the storage room, so that you can easily carry firewood. It's a pity, Da? Fincher's sketches of the kitchen design are nowhere to be found, but we can find information about his favorite foods and the foods he often buys from other passages in the Notes—see more on them earlier in this chapter. As a brilliant inventor, Da? Vinci has always been committed to labor-saving research, and he never tires of it. Several of the sketches in Codex Atlantic depict two types of forklifts he invented—machines used to help cooks save themselves the trouble of constantly turning forks when roasting meat. One uses a descending counterweight, which is held on a rope to a cylinder. When the weight sinks, the counterweight pulls the cylinder to rotate, which drives the gearing connected to the fork to rotate – and the fork turns. However, the device also requires the chefs to turn the cylinder when the counterweight hits the ground to ensure that the counterweight is raised again. Another type of automatic rotary forklift has a more sophisticated design because it uses the energy of hot air as kinetic energy. This machine was the first airscrew compressor ever recorded. Bourne? Bern Dibner writes in The Little-Known Da? In his book, The Unknown Leonardo writes, "Like an ingenious family inventor, he applies his discoveries to the practical operation of the kitchen...... In order to free the hands of the chefs. "The hot air rising from the flue causes the turbine blades to turn, and the fork with the transmission on the fire turns." The speed at which the roast turns can be controlled by the size of the fire". Finch added. Similar devices did appear in Renaissance kitchens. Italian food experts Cabbatti and Montanari explain: "There is a more advanced skewer with a fan on it that spins when the heat from the fire comes out. The movement of the fan causes the cylindrical gears to turn, which in turn drives the jagged wheel that is connected to the barbecue bar. Seeing this description, we can easily think that the invention of this rotary forklift was received? Finch's inspiration, but the truth is difficult to know, because we can't confirm it? Did Finch ever show the design on his notes to anyone else? Reach? Vinci was always very secretive about his notes, and they were not published during the Renaissance. What we can know for sure is what the main results of the semi-automatic rotary forklift after the upgrade. In Scappy's Opera there is an illustration of a device of his own design, which is shaped like a large bell by a large drum wheel at the bottom. Untie the chain and the runner and gear begin to turn, which in turn drives the three barbecue forks that hold the roast meat on the skewers. Because of the distance from the stove, each barbecue fork rotates at a different speed, so that when chefs need to cook different meats at the same time, there is more leeway. In the illustration, the top fork is skewered with a leg of lamb (or veal leg) that takes a long time to roast, while the bottom fork is skewered with sausages that are easy to age and small birds. In the following centuries, such rotary forklifts were commonly used in Europe, and some of these samples have survived to this day and are still functioning today, except that an engine is required to maintain and tune them. Reach? Vinci also experimented with controlling the fire in order to make better use of it, and the result of this practice is considered by some scholars to be the first practical combination of outdoor grills in history. The bottom of the combination is used for firewood, and there is an opening at the top of the set, which, in addition to being able to add firewood, is also a vent that allows air to enter to ensure that the flame burns. The food that needs to be grilled is placed on the grate at the top of the grill combination. The design is strikingly similar to the outdoor barbecue combinations that people make today. But like Da? As with most of Fincher's inventions, we can't be sure if these devices were actually assembled. To their own inventions, reach? Vinci is always striving for perfection. With Bourne? In Dubner's words: "He doesn't always settle for a single operating solution, and soon after the design is completed, he replaces a certain part or a group of parts on the machine to try to accomplish the same operating task." "Can you talk to Da? Fincher's kitchen invention rivals his other inventions, including the "tank". The "tank" resembles a UFO, can roll forward, and has a gun shaft sticking out of it. Other inventions include giant automatic crossbows, large grenade launchers, flying machines, submersibles, and some more common machines such as automatic looms. Reach? Fincher's biographer, Michael? White commented: Da? Vinci has always been enthusiastic about the concept of automation, which is the most prominent point in the design of military machinery, and it can be seen from his many ideas and designs that this passion has almost become an inseparable obsession and obsession.

When we are in remembrance? The reality of Finch's time is all the more impressive. You know, in those days, the fastest speed that people could reach was by horse, the most advanced means of transportation was horse-drawn carriages, and besides, even the invention of the first steam engine would have to wait three centuries. Reach? Vinci also invented a lock that allowed the canal to be navigable, and the debate surrounding the invention escalated over time. Giovanni, a clergyman from Milan? Ambrozio? Giovanni Anbrogio Mazenta (1565-1635) had thirteen pages on hand? Fincher's manuscript, which he also recorded in his memoirs? Many of Fincher's technical achievements, but most later scholars agree that these designs were never actually realized. Ladislaus? In his treatise The Elements of the Machine, Ladislao Reti notes: "The information contained in it is very important because it is based on a widely circulated traditional view (about the attainment of the Machine?). Vinci's idea was put to practical use), and at the time, this view was still very prevalent. Mazzanta also wrote: "Da? Vinci's invention of machines and sluice gates made the waterway to Lake Lombardy clear and navigable. He also noted: "There are many concerns about (Da?) Most of the equipment used in the Milan area mentioned in Vinci's writings—such as weirs, locks, locks, etc.—is actually up to ? Vinci's own invention. Are the above ones just based on Da? What about an untrue exaggeration formed by Vinci's enormous reputation for invention? What do they have to do with food? This one...... It's like having something to do? Like many other things about Finch, we don't have a definitive answer. But the legend continues. Hua Mana? In his 1971 book, The Food of Italy, Rout wrote: "Da? Vinci's sluice gates made navigation on the Po River a reality and broadened the scope of water transport, an invention that allowed Milanese to watch shiploads of cream, butter, mascarpone, honey, vegetables and fruits brought into their homeland. "Fleeing Milan we already know when in Milan, Da? Finch was constantly busy with many projects going on at the same time, and he never stopped working even at banquets. Giovanni? Paul? Giovanni Paolo Lomazzo, a former painter and writer, tells the following story about Da? Finch's little anecdote: Who told the story Da? Finch's servants. Saying that once he wanted to draw some laughing peasants (but in reality he only sketched them instead of coloring them), he found some subjects he thought would be suitable, and quickly became acquainted with them. And then reach? Finch, with the help of some of his friends, throws a party for them. At the party, he sat across from his peasant friends and told them the craziest and most ridiculous things in the world, trying to make them laugh. After the peasants were amused, he quietly observed their laughing expressions and movements, as well as their reactions to his absurd story, and engraved them in his mind. After the peasants left, he returned to his room, where he created a wonderful painting - anyone who saw it couldn't help but laugh as if he had been there? At Finch's party, sit across from him and listen to him tell those unbelievable stories. So we can speculate that Da? Some of the fine wines on Fincher's shopping list were probably used to entertain guests at this party. The portraits mentioned by Lomazzo are called Da? Finch's "weird talk", or Nada? Fincher's own words are "funny, absurd, but actually worthy of sympathy". In the same period, that is, in the early nineties of the fifteenth century, up to? Vinci is completing a bronze equestrian sculpture cast in honor of Ludwico's father. In November 1493, at the wedding banquet of Ludvico's niece Bianca and Maximilian of the Habsburgs, Holy Roman Emperor, in order to please the people of Milan, Da? Finch showed them a clay model of a bronze horse statue made for the archduke's father. To this, Vasari wrote: "See arrival? Fincher made a clay model horse can't help but marvel at how elaborate and magnificent a work of art has ever been. "For the details of casting this bronze horse, Da? Finch made many extremely detailed notes, but unfortunately, the casting was never completed. In 1494, fearing a possible invasion from France, the apprehensive Grand Duke Ludwico sent several tons of bronze to his father-in-law, Ercole? Ercoled? Este, and the bronze that was supposed to be used to cast the equestrian statue turned into cannons. The bronzes were probably returned to the Duke of Esther as part of the arrears, as Esther was Ludwico's creditor - the loan between them amounted to three thousand daccats. Reach? Nicole, Finch's biographer, recounted the incident of the bronze being transferred: "This pair? Finch and his studio were undoubtedly a huge blow", but Da? Finch himself merely understated that "I don't want to say anything about horses, because I know our time." "Indeed, apparently Da? Finch was well aware of the situation and soon began another project of his kind, painting a mural for the Grand Duke, the Last Supper on the wall of the dining room of Santa Mariadelle Grazie, a Dominican convent. In painting this work, Da? Finch faced a very interesting challenge. Unlike the tradition of painting frescoes at the time, Da? Finch uses an oil tempera mixture that resembles fresco paint. When Jesus said, "Most assuredly, I say to you, one of you is going to betray me," how did the disciples react and how should they behave at the table? In "Notes", Da? Finch wrote down how he planned to create these expressions: one of the disciples, who was drinking, turned his head to Jesus with his glass, stunned. The other turned his head as well, and the dagger in his hand knocked over the wine glass on the table...... Another leaned forward to stare at Jesus, covering his eyes with his hands in astonishment. In the oil painting, Da? Fincher's image of Judas also knocked over a salt cup. Some of the disciples depicted in the painting are based on real courtiers and townspeople of the Milanese court. The composition of The Last Supper is different from what previous painters did. His previous paintings on the theme of the Last Supper had figures arranged in a linear circle around the dining table. Finch uses a wavy perspective, as Nichole observes: "The disciples are divided into four groups of three each, and the sudden confronting of a great crisis in a wavy group of people makes the picture show a strong tension - it seems that Da? Finch found this dramatic moment that belonged to him...... and that moment came at one of the most famous dinners in history. While finishing The Last Supper, Da? Finch had some financial problems, mainly over receiving a salary from Ludvico. He drafted a letter to the Duke in his Notes: "You may find that I am living in a rather poor situation, and to my great chagrin...... So much so that in order to make a living, I had to interrupt my normal work and take on less important work......" The "less important work" mentioned here may refer to painting the Duchess and renovating the residence. In fact, it was the ongoing war that depleted Ludvico's financial resources. Ludwico's wife died in childbirth in 1497, after which France allied with Florence and Naples. Anti-Milan. In August 1499, Ji'an? Kiacomo? GianGiacomo Trivulzio led an uprising aimed at overthrowing Ludwico's rule, and a few days after the uprising, the Grand Duke fled to Austria. In October, the French entered Milan with great fanfare, and after a series of burning, looting, the first thing they did was to set up a ? Finch's clay horse carving model was used as a target for archers to practice archery – a move that nearly completely destroyed the statue model. Reach? As soon as Finch got the news, he transferred his savings to the Florentine Bank and fled Milan in December 1499. "Da who left Milan at this time? Vinci was no longer what it used to be," Nichole wrote, "and he was in his fifties, and his suede was buttoned to the neckline to keep the wind and cold out. Leaving the years of Sfteca uncertain and heading for another, if not more uncertain, future. The historian J.H. Plumb commented on the Sphocha family as follows: "Ludviko ordained in memory of his father? Vinci's equestrian sculptures seem to hint at the fate of the Sfcha family – born in splendor, shaped in the dirt, never really cast, and finally destroyed by the French and dying out in the passage of time. ”

Prophecy and parable

Before leaving Milan for the first time, Da? Vinci created a series of "prophecies" in the form of riddles, presumably as entertainment at court. Some of them are food-related: "There are many who whip their mothers until their skin is open and their skin is turned up. - Mystery: The peasant who cultivates the land. He wrote, with a slight irony, that "the nut trees on the roadside flaunt their bountiful fruit to the travelers – and they all steal it." "After being blown by the merciless wind, many young children were forcibly taken from their mothers' arms, thrown to the ground, torn to pieces." - Mystery: fruits, walnuts, olives. Reach? Vinci believes that people are constantly exploiting and oppressing nature, and even the harvest is an act of harm. However, he sees olives from a different perspective: "The flame of anger that falls from heaven will bring us nourishment and light. "People would brutally whip the substances that were used to keep them alive." - Mystery: The man who threshed the grain "The naïve and ignorant child was taken away from their nanny and then died under the cruelty of the people." Many of them suffered from the looting of warehouses and grain, and finally died at the hands of irrational people - drowning or drowning. - Mystery: Bee biographer Kenneth? Kenneth Clark points out that these "prophecies" are not a joke. Given that the Da? Fincher's love of animals, these prophecies "represent his determination to take for granted the infinitely human suffering inflicted on animals, and to reject the notion that humans with advanced technology can kill other animals indiscriminately." "Another biographer, Serge? Serge Bramly argues: "[These prophecies] make extensive use of the imagery of children as metaphors, and in fact reflect the importance of the Dharma? Fincher herself suffered as a result of her illegitimate status and separation from her parents. "Da? Vinci's compassion for animals may seem unusual compared to the fact that he had designed many military machines to make it easier to kill, but Leonardo? Reach? Finch has always been such an enigmatic man. He once lamented: "Eggs that are eaten by people will never produce chicks again." Oh! How many lives are there like this, which have never been born? "Of course, on the other hand, Da? Finch still has eggs on his shopping list. This ambivalence was again expressed when he wrote The Legend of Wine and Muhammad; In the same way, wine appeared on his shopping list: the sacred elixir made from grapes – wine found itself in a polished golden cup on Muhammad's table. Because of such a great honor, he was full of pride and pride. Suddenly, a diametrically opposite emotion hit his heart, and he couldn't help but say to himself, "What's wrong with me, that I am unaware of the impending death, but full of joy?" How could I not have realized that I was about to leave this golden abode and enter the filthy and foul-smelling cavern of the human body; I'm about to turn this fragrant and delicious gyokuro into a stinking liquid. It seems that these misfortunes are not the whole story - I am also forced to stay in the foul-smelling and ugly abyss for long periods of time, along with other rotten and smelly substances expelled from the human intestines. So the wine cried out to God, begging Heaven to avenge the suffering he had suffered, and begging Heaven not to allow so much humiliation to befall him again. Since the country produces some of the most delicious and high-quality grapes in the world, at least don't let them be made into wine. So Jupiter allowed the wine that Muhammad had drunk to rise into his brain, where it damaged his head and made him insane. So Muhammad did a lot of stupid things. Immediately after his recovery, Muhammad enacted a law prohibiting Asians from drinking wine. Since then, the fruit of the vines has finally gained their own freedom. As soon as the wine entered his belly, it began to ferment and swell, and the man's soul began to gradually leave his body and ascend to heaven. And the mind began to detach from his body. So the wine began to weaken his will, making him roar like a madman, and then he made the irreparable mistake of killing his best friend. Reach? Finch may be exaggerating a little here, but it's a legend after all, and he probably wrote it with a half-joking. In addition to the wine that can be found on his shopping list, Da? Finch himself admits to buying alcohol. He wrote in 1495: "On Tuesday I bought the wine I drank in the morning, and on Friday, September 4th I bought some more. From this passage we can see that he will not only go to buy alcohol, but also drink it in the morning! Brownlee mentions an unidentified passage from Da? Vinci's advice: "Wine is good, but at the dinner table, it's better to drink water." "Da? The Fable, written in Fincher's notes, shows a different scene. Inside, trees, plants, animals, and even rocks are transformed into sentient creatures, and together they form a beautiful picture of the Italian countryside. In the fable "The Chestnut and the Fig Tree", Da? Vinci again expresses how cruel it is for people to pluck fruit or nuts from trees: the chestnut tree saw a man on the fig tree, bent the branches of the fig tree against him, picked the ripe fruit, and stuffed it into his mouth, and the fig disappeared under his sharp teeth. The chestnut tree, stretching its long branches, exclaimed, "Oh, poor fig!" You see how much nature protects you less than it does mine. Behold how well nature has wrapped my sweet children and grandchildren—first of all a soft coat with a hard shell; Nature was not satisfied with these protections, and he also filled me with some sharp and dense thorns so that I could stay away from people's hands that would cause me harm. After saying this, the fig tree and her children began to laugh out loud, and after laughing, the fig tree said, "You should know that human beings will have enough wisdom and ingenuity to peel your fruit, and they will use all the tools that are available to you, such as ropes, stones, and fences." When your fruit hits the ground, they will step on it with their feet and knock it with stones so that your offspring will be exposed from the shell that is their armor, and their bodies will be completely shattered.

At this time, I was only gently touched by their hands, unlike you, who suffered from sticks and stones. The purpose of this parable is to show that those who are self-centered and despise others will be punished accordingly. But there is also a slight irony that no matter how well the "offspring" of fruit trees are preserved, they will eventually die in the human stomach. In another parable about the tree, Da? Finch seemed to excuse himself for having no offspring: a fig tree stood beside another elm tree, and when he saw that there was no fruit on the branches and leaves of the elm tree, but had the audacity to block the sun from the unripe figs, the fig tree reprimanded: "Oh, elm, are you not ashamed to stand before me?" When my children and grandchildren are ripe, you will know that it is powerful.1 But when the day came when her fruit was ripe, a passing army of soldiers found her. They cut or break the branches of the fig tree and ripped the fig off. When the soldiers had gone, Elm asked her, "My dear fig tree, wouldn't it be better to have no children than to give birth to offspring and let them suffer such misfortune?" "In the fable 'The Privet Tree and the Blackbird', Da? Fincher humiliates the kind of person who thinks the world revolves around them. In the same way, he used the theme of plucking the fruit from the tree: the privet tree, while gently caressing its tender branches full of young fruits, which had just been poked by the sharp claws of an arrogant blackbird, complained softly to the blackbird in a mournful voice, pleading bitterly with him: since he had stolen the sweet fruits of the privets, at least spare the leaves that were used to shield the little fruits from the scorching sun, and stop scratching the tender bark with his sharp claws. Hearing this, the blackbird replied angrily with a rebuke: "Oh, you uncivilized little bush, shut up. Did you know that nature created you to provide me with nourishment? Don't you see that the reason you exist in this world is to provide me with food? Don't you know that you inferior creature will be turned into food and firewood the next winter? The privet tree listened to these words with endurance, but did not shed tears. Soon after, the blackbird was caught in a bird's net, and the people cut branches from the docile privet tree and made a birdcage to lock the blackbird up. When the privet tree saw that it was her branches that had caused the blackbird to lose its freedom forever, she said with great joy: "O blackbird, I am still here, and I have not been burned as you predicted. Before you saw me burned, I saw you in a cage. "Da? Fincher shows a fatalistic tendency in his parables: "Both man and animal are but passages of food, graveyards for other animals, habitats for life that have passed away." Their lives come from the death of other animals, and they are in fact full of depraved and corrupted chests. He continued, perhaps slightly morbidly: "Man should come out of the grave and transform into the kind of winged creature (a fly that feeds on the dead), and they should attack other humans, and even snatch their food directly from their hands or from the table." "But, Da? Finch himself is alive and well, and he has found some fun.

The CompanyoftheCauldron

In the early sixteenth century, the Florentine sculptor Giovan? Francisco? GiovanFrancesco Rustici founded an organization called the "Big Pot Rice League" to call friends and sing songs. Each member of the alliance is allowed to bring four guests at a time, and they are required to contribute a special creative dish to the banquet. Food historian Hua Fali? Rout defines this organization as the first culinary society since Roman times. Roy? Strong commented: "In the end, the Big Cauldron seems to have deliberately mimicked the grand court banquets held by the Medici family, where the decoration and food were similar. "InfiniteJest: WitandHumorinItalianRenaissanceArt is an interesting book. Paul Barolsky described a meeting of the League as follows: The most outstanding of these (dishes) was Andrea? Bender? Andrea del Sarto's delicate octagonal structure of the Sweet Tower looks like the Baptistery of Florence. The pavement is made of jelly; What appears to be a column made of porphyry (a colored rock from Egypt) is actually a large sausage; The base and the top of the column are made of Parmesan cheese; The platform is marzipan. Sato's playful masterpiece of so-called gastroaesthetics, a long-neglected discipline, is a tribute to Petronius, a recreation of Satyricon's new and beautiful culinary masterpieces...... Reach? Fincher's first biographer, Joljo? Giorgio Vasari shows us the rest of the feast: in the middle is a music stand for a choir, made of cold veal. On it is a sheet of music made of flat sheets, with notes and letters made of peppercorns. Watching the music singing is the thrush, and the chef deliberately keeps the beak open when cooking them; They are also draped in some kind of robe, and the texture is a thin slice of pork. Behind these birds are two members of the second bass section – two larger pigeons, and six ortolan (larks) as sopranos. Historian Giuseppe? In 1902, Giuseppi Conti completed a book on the history of Florence (FactsandAnecdotes). In the book, he describes the "Paiuolo" as follows: The alliance created by Rustich is called Paiuolo. The Big Cauldron Rice League is formed by a group of gentlemen who often meet in the rooms of the University of Sapienza. Each of the twelve members can bring no more than four guests with them at each party or dinner, and each must bring a dish of their own. If two people are found to have duplicated their ideas, they will be punished at will by the Alliance Chair, who will then put together the dishes they bring and redistribute them to their liking. As soon as the alliance was established, the founder Jovan? Francisco? Rustich held a banquet for his companions. In keeping with the theme of the Alliance's name, Rustic carried a vat into the room and hooked it to its massive handle and hung it from the ceiling. At the same time, he repainted the room and hung curtains to create the effect of being "in a cauldron". The members of the League were initially stunned when they arrived, and couldn't help but applaud the bizarre scene. When they entered the room and saw the vat, they all started laughing maniacally. Inside the vat are seats and a dining table is placed in the middle. A set of large chandeliers hangs from the ceiling, illuminating the inside of the vat. Once they were all seated, the table opened and a leafy tree rose, on which two of the main dishes for the guests were cleverly placed. After the guests had finished their first course, the tree disappeared; When it reappeared, there was a new dish on it. There were many servants standing next to the vat on standby, diligently pouring the best wine for the guests...... In 1508, Da? Vinci returns to Florence to live in Pierrot, a wealthy patron? Bracho? Pierodi Braccio Martelli's home, where Rustich also lived at that time. Rustic kept a flock of animals in his studio there, including an eagle, a crow that "can talk like a human," a porcupine that is tame like a dog, and a snake. Is Rustich Da? Finch's friend, no doubt about it, Da? Finch must have been involved in the gathering of the "Big Pot Rice Alliance". Serge? Brownlee said, "Da? Vinci was a penchant for jokes, and was probably the first artist to keep many animals, so he must have lived at ease in the free and relaxed atmosphere of Martley Castle. ”