Hello everyone, I am Jiangshan, today I will tell you about a history of the end of the Western Jin Dynasty, the time is about 306 to 311 AD. This time was the last scene of the rebellion of the Eight Kings of the Western Jin Dynasty, that is, when Sima Yue, the king of the East China Sea, began to emerge! In a sense, it was he who ended the Rebellion of the Eight Kings, and of course he was one of the Eight Kings himself. And I feel very good about him. Putting that aside for now, let's move on to today's topic.

We probably all know about the Rebellion of the Eight Kings, and the reason why Wuhu can take advantage of the situation is also because of the Rebellion of the Eight Kings, so why can the Rebellion of the Eight Kings exhaust the elites of the Central Plains? Because the Rebellion of the Eight Kings lasted a total of 16 years, and the entire history of the Western Jin Dynasty was only a few years? It was only about 51 years, that is to say, from 265 A.D. when Emperor Wu of Jin Sima Yan established the Western Jin Dynasty to August 316 A.D. Liu Yao sent troops to attack Chang'an, and Emperor Jin Chu surrendered to Zhao on November 11 in the fourth year of Jianxing under the condition of food and food cut-off, and the Western Jin Dynasty perished here.

By the way, Sima Ye was killed in 318, during which time he lived a miserable life and was abused almost every day.

Now think about it, a country with a history of only 51 years has been in internal friction for 16 years, 16 years, and the modern War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression has only been 8 years! How many people will die in these 16 years, and how many will be displaced by the war and die in a foreign land?

It was in such a war-torn environment that the Hu people of all ethnic groups rose, and they mainly referred to the five Hu people, namely the Xiongnu, Xianbei, Qian, Qiang, and Di.

Some scholars also call the Yongjia Rebellion "Central Plains Land Sinking", "Shenzhou Land Sinking", "Central Plains Falling" and other names. During this period, historians generally believe that it was a disaster for the Han nation, which was almost wiped out.

Now let's get down to business:

One. The demographic base of the Hu people

So a friend once asked me, why didn't they come out during the Rebellion of the Eight Kings, but after the Rebellion of the Eight Kings, they all jumped out all at once? Where did they come from?

In fact, they have been all the time, but when we were in internal conflict, they were taking in displaced people, and there were many such Hu people, such as Yang Maosou in Qiuchi in the northwest, Qiuchi is in the area of present-day Gansu.

Book of Song, Volume 98, Biography 58, Dihu:

Luoyang Qingshui Yang family, since the Qin and Han dynasties, the world lives in Longyou, for the wealthy family. In Emperor Jian'an of the Han Dynasty, there was Yang Teng, who was the marshal of the tribe. Teng Ziju, brave and strategic, began to migrate to the pool. Qiu Chi place 100 hectares, because of the 100 hectares as the number, fighting on all sides, more than 20 miles in Gaoping place, sheep intestine road, 36 times. The mountain is full of water springs, and the soil is boiled into salt. There are tens of millions of people after the horse, and Wei Bai is the king of a hundred acres. Tens of millions of descendants are named Feilong, gradually becoming stronger, Jin Wu is a fake general of the west, and he still lives in Luoyang. has no children, and raises a nephew to make the fox son a son, whose name is Wusou. Emperor Yuankang of Jin Hui for six years, avoided the rebellion of Qi Wannian, led 4,000 tribes, and retained 100 hectares, calling himself the general of the auxiliary country and the king of the right sage. The people in Guanzhong rely on it, and those who want to go are guarded and sent away. Emperor Chu thought that he was a hussar general and a king of Zuoxian. When the king of Nanyang was in Shangqi, he took Wu Soozi as the general of the expedition to the south. After five years of Jianxing, it was difficult for the enemy to attack the position

Pu Hong, also known as Fu Hong, the ancestor of Fu Jian, was in the southwest of present-day Shaanxi, and then Murong and Duan in the north were constantly absorbing displaced people displaced by the war.

There is one person worth mentioning, that is, Tuoba Yilu, which is headquartered in Shengle.

Shengle is the northern capital of the Tuoba Xianbei Dynasty, now located in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and the north of Lingel County, in the Western Han Dynasty, Shengle is located in Dingxiang County, and in the Eastern Han Dynasty, it is in Yunzhong County. During the Cao Wei period, Dingxiang County and Yunzhong County were relocated, and Shengle was abandoned.

Tuoba Yilu gave up his Shengle hometown, and moved directly to the vicinity of Datong, Shanxi Province with his own tribe, and also built his own city. Then Tuoba Yilu also began to absorb a large number of displaced people of various ethnic groups.

There is also Li Xiong of Chengguo, who was proclaimed emperor in Shu in 306, and he also continued to absorb displaced people. There are many such lists, and I will not go into them all here, because I will describe each nation in detail in the future.

Then we look back and see why the Hu people are absorbing the displaced people, why they seem to have them everywhere, this

To start with the Han Dynasty, during the Han Dynasty, the Hu people continued to migrate to the Central Plains, gradually entrenched in North China, and their power continued to grow. Especially during the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, because of the continuous wars, he constantly forcibly recruited Hu people into the army, and eliminated many foreign regimes, so that the people of these regimes had to submit to the Han Dynasty. Then, starting from the 22nd year of the founding of Emperor Guangwu of the Eastern Han Dynasty (46 years), it was also because of the sharp decline in the population after the war, and various reasons were used to make the nomads continue to migrate to the interior, and why did these nomads come so easily? The Han Dynasty was actually really mighty, whether it was the Western Han Dynasty or the Eastern Han Dynasty, it was very powerful in foreign wars, so the Eastern Han Dynasty also continued to destroy many foreign regimes, and then used the methods of the Western Han Dynasty to continue to bring them back.

By the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, there were a lot of Hu soldiers in the armies of the princes, and then the war began again, and the population dropped sharply again, not only because of the war, but also because of the terrible grassland plague caused by the mass extinction!

What is steppe plague? It's the Black Death! I'll talk about that in a moment.

And Cao Cao, with a serious shortage of soldiers and population, began to introduce Hu into China on a larger scale.

By the time of the Western Jin Dynasty, the Hu people had settled in Guanzhong and the Jingshui and Weishui basins, forming an encirclement of Luoyang, the capital of the Western Jin Dynasty.

(Historical records: During the reign of the Western Jin Dynasty, there were many ethnic minorities in different stages of social development in the northern, eastern and western parts of China, especially in the areas of Bingzhou and Guanzhong. ）

It can be seen that the situation at that time, the Hu people not only lived together with the Jin people, but even had a faint surpass in numbers, and the Hu people were definitely not only Xiongnu, Xianbei, Qian, Qiang, and Di.

Cui Hong, a historian in the last years of the Xianbei Wei Dynasty, wrote the book "Spring and Autumn of the Sixteen Kingdoms", which recorded more than 16 ethnic groups.

And according to my understanding, in the social environment at that time, many Jin people even depended on the Hu people to survive, that is to say, there were many Hu people who were local large landowners, and the local officials had to look at their eyes, for example, you were in the gathering place of the Huns, do you dare not abide by their etiquette? Do you dare to blatant extortion? Therefore, in history, it is said that the people's grievances caused by the exclusion and oppression of the officials and landlords of the Jin Dynasty are more ridiculous, because this official and landlord must be a Jin person? If you take a Han surname, you are a Jin person? Moreover, there may be some places where the Jin people are dominant, and even very serious, but I believe that it is not universal, because if it is really the officials everywhere who indiscriminately loot the people's fat and ointment, then the situation will be even more chaotic and worse, because it is the environment at that time, and the number of Han and Hu people is already about the same!

In fact, there were many good officials in the Western Jin Dynasty at that time, such as Zhang Liang who guarded Xiliang, Zhang Guang of Liangzhou and other officials who were quite loved by the people, why did they choose these two people? Because the place where they are located is also a place where Hu and Han live seriously, why do the people there love them so much, especially when Zhang Guang died, the people of Liangzhou wept bitterly, and the scene was quite touching. Of course, there are many more such examples, which is why I deny the historical statement that the Wuhu rebellion was entirely due to official coercion and civil rebellion.

Moreover, at that time, the big clans in the north were basically intermarried with the Hu people, otherwise they would not be able to gain a foothold in the north, and the typical Liezi were the two big clans that took refuge in Murong, the Cui family and the Pei family, and their two clans were almost good with the Xianbei clan.

Moreover, if you think about it, we have always had a saying that we accepted these people with broad feelings, and even raised their descendants with our own land, but in fact they were full of hostility towards the Jin people at that time, not only because of cultural differences, but also for the various historical reasons I mentioned above, and as long as someone deliberately provokes hatred, then many people will respond.

Who, then, is consciously sowing discord and deepening hatred? The Hu people, especially some of the upper-class Huns, in our current words, are similar to modern separatists, they constantly provoke national contradictions, and even played slogans with the main purpose of destroying the Jin Dynasty, and even established a political regime. But in fact, they get the most benefits from the Jin people.

And why didn't the other Hu people immediately take a clear stand and immediately oppose Jin? To be honest, they are doing well, they don't have much antipathy to the Jin people, and even admire Han culture.

Of course, I'm not saying that the Xiongnu don't admire Han culture, just like Xinjiang is very beautiful and Tibet is very peaceful now, but there are still some separatists who try to provoke ethnic hatred and destroy harmony, the reason is the same, they are not satisfied with the current situation, their ambition is more and more things! We won't talk about this right now.

Moreover, in today's terms, that is, in the Xiongnu Autonomous Region, or other ethnic autonomous regions, the traditional nomadic culture and the nomadic economy's demand for land and the emerging farming culture, the agrarian economy's demand for land has produced a serious conflict that has been irreconcilable for a long time, and then coupled with the already increasingly fierce land annexation and the increasing population's demand for land and resources, resulting in more chaotic and deep-seated contradictions. All this gave the separatists in the various autonomous regions at that time the basis for separatism and sabotage of national unity.

To sum up, the Central Plains at that time could be said to be full of Hu people, and intermarriage between Jin and Hu people was already very common, so this also created the most important population base for the future Wuhu Chaohua!

Two. Climatic causes – Xiaoice influences

China has experienced six Xiaoice periods in history, which have considerable influence on climate, products, and politics.

Among them, the second Xiaoice River period began in the fourth year of the founding of Emperor Cheng of the Western Han Dynasty (29 BC), passing through the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Three Kingdoms, the Jin Dynasty, and the South

From the Northern Dynasty to the twenty years of Emperor Suiwen's reign (1000 AD), it was the second Xiaoice period.

And the end of the Western Jin Dynasty that I want to talk about today is also in this Xiaoice River period.

The evidence is: in the more than 150 years of the Jin Dynasty, there were also years of drought and frost, of which the number of summer frost and summer snow was up to six times, the number of spring and autumn frost years was more than 10 times, and the number of years of heavy snow and cold in winter was as many as 26 times, and there was no record of "no snow in winter" and "Xia Yi", and from the second year of Emperor Xiankang of Jin Dynasty (336 AD) to the death of the Eastern Jin Dynasty (420 AD) for more than 80 years, there was no record of rain disasters, but the number of droughts was more than 30 times

It can be seen that this Xiaoice period of Jin is the most serious of the second Xiaoice period.

Let's look at other historical evidence

Records of summer frost, summer snow, and successive years of freezing: Jin Shu Wu Di Benji: "The seventh year of Emperor Wu Qin (271 AD)

May snow." "In the second year of Emperor Wu Xianning (277 AD), August was cold and icy, and the river was blizzard, cold and icy, five

The snow in the county is injured." "In the eighth year of Emperor Wu Taikang (287 AD), there was frost in summer and April, and heavy snow in winter and December."

"In the summer and April of the ninth year of Emperor Wu Taikang (288 AD), the frost in Longxi hurt the wheat." "Emperor Wu Taikang ten years (Western Yuan

289) In the summer and April, the eight counties fell in the frost."; Jin Shu Hui Di Benji: "Hui Di Yuankang first year (291 AD)

In June, there was a great drought and frost in Yinzhou. In March of the sixth year, the East China Sea was injured by a frost." "The 7th year of Emperor Hui's reign (297 AD)

In summer and June, the frost in Yongzhou, Qinzhou hurt the crops."; Jin Shu Cheng Emperor Benji: "Cheng Emperor Xianhe 6 years (331 AD) eight

Heavy snow in Chengdu."; Jin Shu Kandi Benji: "Heavy snow in August in the first year of Kandi's founding (343 AD)"; advance

Book An Di Benji: "In the second year of Emperor An Yuanxing (403 AD), the winter and December were very cold." By the record of the Book of Jin, it can be

See that the climate is very cold.

◎ Record of the Great Drought: Although the number of droughts in the Jin Dynasty is not the most in Chinese history, it is the most serious, the Five Elements of the Jin Book has recorded that from the second year of Taikang of the Jin Dynasty (281 AD) to the ten years of Emperor Hui, there are droughts every year, and other major droughts are: "In July of the seventh year of Emperor Hui of Jin Dynasty (297 AD), there was a great drought in the two states of Qin Yong, and there was a hunger in Guanzhong, and Mi Hu Wanqian." "In the first year of Emperor Hui's Yongning (301 AD), there was a great drought in Bingzhou from summer to autumn." "Hunger from the rocks." "The flow of people is scattered, and there are no two out of ten." "During the time of Emperor Hui, the world was dry and cold for many years, famine was frequent, and many of the people starved to death. The continuous natural disasters and the emperor's mediocrity worsened the national economy and people's livelihood, and finally led to the Eight Kings Rebellion and the Wuhu Rebellion, and the Han people in the Central Plains migrated to the Yangtze River valley and the Jiangnan region in large numbers, and the Central Plains fell to Wuhu for more than 100 years.

Another typical example is that the bamboo in the north has disappeared.

By the way, I forgot an important situation, what happens in the drought, the locust plague! I'll get to that in a moment, so wait a minute.

Let's imagine again, how can farmers cultivate in such an environment? How do nomads herd? The common people have to eat, the government has to collect taxes, and the big clans have to oppress, how to live? The people's poor livelihood is a true portrayal!

But fortunately, at least there are more stable places in the south and Shudi, and the climate is also good, and you can live a good life, so Nandu is a good choice. I mean that for the big clans, most of the common people didn't understand this at that time, although the Central Plains was bitterly cold, but why did people at that time still have to go to the north to find Liu Kun and Wang Jun? Who these two people are, I'll mention next.

Because in the eyes of the people at that time, the south was too remote, even Xiliang was better than Nandu, so the displaced people and most of the small clans at that time chose to go to the north, and many big clans chose to go to the south more, which has the credit of Wang Dao, but Sima Yue's credit is greater, which will be talked about later.

Please also note that there are still many people who go to Xiliang at this time, why do they choose Xiliang? Please look forward to the next explanation.

Also, I am talking about two concepts here, one is the great clan and the other is the homeless. I'll leave that for next time, because the concept is very talkative.

Three. Locusts and plague

The appearance of locusts should be very ordinary, but the locust plague that occurred in the summer of 310 A.D. was terrible, and locusts were everywhere

The locusts were not only powerful but also very ferocious, and the wool of cattle, horses, sheep and other livestock in various places were eaten, which was recorded in the "General Guide to Information Administration".

Why do I mention this, not only because of its vast scope, but also because you think about it, the main grain-producing areas of the Central Plains were affected by the disaster at that time, and what is more terrible is that the locust plague lasted for about three months, what a terrible scene, and the grain grain was not harvested directly led to the tragedy in 311 A.D. --- Yongjia Rebellion!

According to historical records, in 311 AD, when the Xiongnu attacked Luoyang, Luoyang was cut off from food, and large-scale cannibalism occurred.

Why is a bad harvest in one year? Of course, it was because the imperial court did not have much grain reserves before this, and the battles for many years were all supported by people, and the most people who helped the imperial court were also Xiliang Zhang Rail.

And because of the drought and food shortage that occurred from time to time in the Jin Dynasty, it also directly became an important factor for many Eastern Jin generals and even other Southern Dynasty emperors to be unable to look north.

Why do you say that, let's just say that Sima Rui, the first emperor of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, is he willing to go on a northern expedition? We don't judge arbitrarily. But he has two important reasons for him to live safely without being scolded to death by the literati, and even, there are really not many history books in history that have scolded Sima Rui?

The reason is very simple, if the Eastern Jin Dynasty at that time wanted to attract the northern families to join, it was necessary to give them many benefits, here I want to explain that the people at that time really could choose to take refuge in the Hu people, because at that time, it was normal,

Sima Rui wants to win the support of the big clan, the Hu people also need the population of the big clan, how much is the population of the big clan, the drama records that the population of the big family can generally reach more than 100,000 people, and the population of some big clans is even more.

Why is there such a large population? Is it all one surname?

No, there are many people who live with some big clans, and it may be difficult for them to survive without the protection of these big clans.

And what are the advantages of attracting these big clans, one is that Sima Rui has cut off some of the land vacated after he has opposed his local big clans, and the other is to settle their food and materials and policies that are beneficial to them.

Well, a lot of grain is used to stabilize the new big clans, how can the big clans in the south be happy? If it were me, I would also be angry, and Sima Rui would be even bigger, and the energy he needed to appease these two forces could not be described in words.

So the history books of the past dynasties are very calm when they are recorded, why? Because the emperors all understand that his life is not easy, and the most important thing is that Sima Rui is not like the Song Dynasty emperor who killed Yue Fei, he didn't, and even according to the historical records of Wang Dao and Sima Rui, they supported Zu Di, but Zu Di offended too many people, and this will be talked about later.

The most important thing is that when Sima Rui was proclaimed emperor, all the Sima descendants who could compete with him for the throne died, which is a true historical record. So there is no need for him to scruple too much, this is my personal opinion of Sima Rui.

Okay, aside from Sima Rui!

Let's move on to the plague.

The concept of plague may be a little strange to everyone, because few people mention it, but among the reasons for the sharp decline in population in the late Eastern Han Dynasty and the last years of the Western Jin Dynasty, its components are even more serious than war! Because it also has a name: the Black Death!

The Black Death here refers to the natural epidemic disease caused by Yersinia pestis. Of course, other types of plague can also be fatal, and the effect of killing people is not bad!

The Black Death did not mean that a person becomes black after death, but was taken from one of the prominent symptoms called "acralnecrosis", in which the skin darkens due to bleeding under the skin. And black actually symbolizes melancholy, sadness and fear

The name "Black Death" was the name of Europe at the time. The plague killed an estimated 75 million people worldwide, and it is estimated that about 30% of the population of medieval Europe during the outbreak died from the Black Death.

These accounts are all European, and they are from the 14th century, so are they not available in the early days?

No, the earliest records in Europe are in the sixth century.

And what about China?!

The name of the Chinese is plague, no matter what disease, as long as it appears on a large scale, it is a plague or until Zhang Zhongjing appeared, there was a typhoid fever.

The term typhoid fever is also Zhang Zhongjing's reference to a book "Su Wen" that had a deep influence on him

It was not until the appearance of Li Gao, a famous doctor in the Song Dynasty, that in his book "The Theory of Internal and External Injuries", for the first time in China, the plague was accurately regarded as typhoid fever!

In "Illustration of Pulse Finger Palm Disease", Li Gao said: "Since witnessing the first rebellion in Renchen, the people who are hot and dry have more fever, phlegm and cough; Heavy to the doctor does not know the time change, after (re)? Cast Banxia Nanxing to benefit its dryness and heat, so that he coughed up blood, bone (ointment?) Saliva backwells, vomiting, muscles dry up and die, many more. ”

Then let's look at the symptoms of the Black Death: chills, fever, and systemic toxemia, vomiting, diarrhea, and bleeding from all parts of the body, as well as shortness of breath, cyanosis, decreased blood pressure, and general failure.

The symptoms are basically the same, so I can deduce from them that the plague! It had already appeared in the Western Jin Dynasty! There has even always been, and we don't know what to call it!

This is also an important reason why many steppe tribes quickly rose and then quickly declined. Because in the eyes of Westerners, the fall of the Roman Empire was due to the massive population decline caused by the plague!

I'm researching the changes of the steppe tribes, and I'm also referring to the records of the Song Dynasty, so I'll mention it here in passing

The lethality of the plague is too powerful and terrifying, especially the Yersinia in the plague can become a weapon of biological terror, endangering human peace, typical is that Japan used plague against the Chinese when it invaded China!

Now that we know that rats can spread the plague, and we have been trading with foreign tribes since the Han Dynasty, how could it be avoided? There are so many grasslands in the world, what are the rats of the Mongolian steppe doing? Are they also one of the origins?

But sadly, our historians or we don't have any archaeological evidence to prove that we did, because the plague died so quickly that people would quickly burn and bury their bodies to prevent it from spreading again, but that also makes it more difficult for us to explore the past.

Do you know, what was an important means of the Yellow Turban Uprising in the Three Kingdoms? It is the application of medicine to treat the plague suffered by the vast number of people, so what is the plague that spreads so widely? What is the historical environment that created Zhang Zhongjing, the medical saint ---of our Chinese nation, and how many lives and deaths did he go through before writing this "Treatise on Typhoid Fever and Miscellaneous Diseases"?

By the way, according to existing research, among mammals, camels, wild boars, domestic pigs, dogs, cats, rabbits, goats, rock sheep, Tibetan antelopes, Tibetan sheep and yaks can be infected with plague.

And house rats will also spread this plague together after contact with prairie rats.

So, we can imagine what a horrible situation it would be if there was an outbreak of the plague!

According to the research of Westerners, trade, war, and a large number of human migrations must have brought plague, so it seems that the plague that occurred in the late Eastern Han Dynasty and the last years of the Western Jin Dynasty should be the plague!

According to the records in the "Treatise on Typhoid Fever and Miscellaneous Diseases", especially in his preface, many people of his people and his Nanyang County died of this plague similar to the Black Death, and now many people have proved that these accounts are for the plague, which was called typhoid fever at that time, and it is the Black Death that Europeans talk about!

And where did this plague originate? It's the Mongolian steppe! Westerners also call the plague that originated in the steppe "steppe plague"!

The introduction of the plague began with the war between the Western Han Empire and the Xiongnu, and due to the continuous war and constant trade between the inside and outside, this disease originating in the grassland was brought into the Central Plains! Immediately after that, disasters occurred again and again in various parts of the Central Plains, but there was no cure at all at that time!

As for whether war and trade will spread the plague, there are many articles in the West that have proven it, so I won't be verbose here!

And whether it originated from Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, I think it should be earlier, but we have no evidence

This was followed by frequent earthquakes in the Eastern Han Dynasty, which is said to have been due to the fact that China in the second century AD coincided with a period of geologically active activity.

The result of the activity was that earthquakes continued to occur in the Eastern Han Dynasty, and after the earthquake, there would be large-scale plagues and locust plagues, and the plague was an important role in it!

Zhang Zhongjing lived in such a terrifying era, and he found a way to restrain this plague through a lot of practice, and wrote this book---- "Treatise on Typhoid Fever and Miscellaneous Diseases", and further "Distinguishing Typhoid Fever"

Then the most important argument came out, this "Treatise on Typhoid Fever and Miscellaneous Diseases" was translated by the Arabs and brought to Europe, cured the Black Death, saved the whole of Europe, in the words of the famous Western scholar Joseph Needham: he was a man who saved the fate of Europe!

It can be seen that the plague at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty was the plague, which was an important factor that led to a large decline in the population, and at the end of the Western Jin Dynasty, this plague appeared again in large numbers, because the war between the Hu people of various ethnic groups and the Jin people of the Central Plains began again!

Frequent and continuous wars have made the plague even more rampant!

Historical records: In 311 AD, Liu Yao, the king of Shi'an of the Xiongnu Han Kingdom, and Liu Cang, the king of Hanoi, led troops to capture Chang'an, and then there was a serious famine and plague in Guanxi, full of wild bones, and the surviving officials and people, only one or two people could survive one or two people in a hundred!

The horror of the plague is evident!

If you look at a sentence from a famous Western scholar, it is worth a thousand words from me, but why do I say it, because I think this knowledge should be popularized, because we ignore too much history and truth!

Finally, was there anyone who could deal with the plague during the Western Jin Dynasty? Yes! He is Ge Hong! Ge Immortals! I'll talk about him later!

Four. At the end of the Western Jin Dynasty, from 306 to 311 AD, various forces were distributed

Northern:

Tuoba Xianbei:

Tuoba Yilu (AD?) Year - 316 AD), the twenty-second emperor of the dynasty. Reigned 295 A.D. - 316 A.D. Nicknamed "Emperor Mu", also known as "Emperor Mu" or "Emperor Daimu". He was the son of Emperor Wen Tuoba Desert Khan.

His sphere of influence was roughly in the area from present-day Inner Mongolia and Lingel north to Datong in Shanxi.

It is worth noting that there is a very interesting person in the hands of the Tuoba clan at this time, he is Mugulu (Xianbei language), but there is a branch here, which is also more convincing to me, we can completely pronounce this name as "Mongolian" in Mongolian, this person's head is also characteristic, bald, but there is hair below the eyebrows, it can be seen that it is trimmed, not really bald, is it a bit of the characteristics of the early Mongols?

According to the research of the Tumut scholar Rong Xiang (Rong's unpublished manuscript "Outline of the Brief Exploration of the Origin of the Mongolian Nationality". ): Tuoba plundered and rode from the Mongolian Department (Mongolian, that is, the Wuge Department is in the Yinshan area, and Tuoba is a neighbor. And this Comrade Xiaomu was a slave in the era of Tuoba Liwei, and in the era when Tuoba Yilu was in power, he broke the law and fled, and then fled to the neighboring part of Sutu, that is, Mobei (referring to the north of the Hanhai Desert Group, that is, the north of Saibei in the narrow sense, including Outer Mongolia and Lake Baikal, which was the center of activity of the Xiongnu, Turkic, and Mongols in history, and was the base for the northern nomads to launch aggression against the Han people in the Central Plains), and then when he came to his son Cheluhui, he had his own people and called himself Rouran.

So why do I put so much effort into saying this person? Because the neighboring department of Yuwen Xianbei that he later took refuge in was a branch of Yuwen Xianbei, that is to say, in 306 ~ 311 AD, the Yuwen Department was still far away from us.

Murong Xianbei: Murong Diao (269-333), the name Yiluogui, a native of Changli Thorn City (now Yixian County, Liaoning), Xianbei tribe, the son of Murong Shegui, the leader of the Murong tribe, the father of Murong Hao, the founder of the former Yan, and the first generation leader of Tuyuhun Murong Tuyuhun is his cousin.

As for Murong Tuyuhun, after he left the Murong Ministry, he disappeared for a long time, and when he reappeared, he abandoned the name Murong and directly used Tuyuhun as the title of his tribe, and moved west to Caohan (the area near present-day Linxia County, Gansu), and how Tuyuhun migrated, I will mention it in my novel "Wuhu Mingyue".

The sphere of influence is roughly in Liaodong.

Duan's Xianbei: Duanbu Xianbei originated in the area of the Liaoxi Corridor, and its ancestor was Duan Rilu's dependent, the original slave of Lord Wuhuan, due to famine, begging for food near Liaoxi County, attracting rebellion, and gradually becoming stronger. After the outbreak of the Eight Kings Rebellion, Duan Bu followed Wang Jun, the assassin of Youzhou in the Western Jin Dynasty, to the Central Plains, conquered Yecheng, and plundered a lot. Duan Wumuchen, the leader of the Duan Department, was therefore named the Duke of Liaoxi by the Western Jin Dynasty and received Liaoxi County. However, because of the fear of Wang Jun's military order, the Xianbei soldiers drowned the looted 8,000 Han women in the Yishui River, which is outrageous. The history book commented: "Qianshu is poisonous, and it has been since then."

Sphere of influence, western Liaoning and a small part of eastern Liaodong

Wang Jun (252-314), known as Pengzu, was a native of Jinyang, Taiyuan (now Taiyuan, Shanxi). General of the Western Jin Dynasty, son of Wang Shen. He stayed in the northern territory for a long time and had frequent contacts with the northern border tribes. However, after the Yongjia Rebellion, he was not subordinate, and he also had a bad relationship with Duan Xianbei, and was finally defeated by Shi Le.

He was the largest force among the Northern Jin people at that time, and Wang Yan of the Western Jin Dynasty was the same clan, but belonged to the Jinyang Wang clan, Wang Yan was the Langya Wang clan, and the sphere of influence was in Liaodong, Liaoxi and Hebei.

Liu Kun (271-318), known as Yueshi, was a native of Weichang, Zhongshan (now Wuji County, Hebei), and was a politician, writer, musician, and military strategist in the Western Jin Dynasty. When he was young, he was one of the twenty-four friends of Jingu, and later moved to Renju Prefecture to assassinate him. After the Yongjia Rebellion, Liu Kun guarded Jinyang for nearly ten years to resist the former Zhao. In 315, Liu Kun was the Sikong, and the military of the three prefectures of Hebei, Hebei and You, but he was soon defeated by Shile and defected to Liaodong, relying on the Xianbei of the Duan Department. In 318, Liu Kun was killed by the Xianbei leader Duan Piyan.

In the dancing of the chicken, in addition to Zu Di and Liu Kun. The sphere of influence is in the Shanxi area.

Where is Shangbai begging for the living army Li Yun Shangbai? It is Wei County, in the southern part of Hebei Province. Han is Guangzong County, Sui changed to Zongcheng County. Yuan is Weizhou, Ming changed to Wei County. Wei County belongs to Xingtai City, Hebei Province, located in the southeast of Hebei Province, in the south of the North China Plain, belongs to the low plain area of southern Hebei, and is also recognized by the historical circles as the birthplace of the Boxer Rebellion

In the Book of Jin. In the first year of Jianxing in the Western Jin Dynasty (313 AD), Shi Le defeated and killed Li Yun and Shangbaicheng in Qingzhou, and killed all the soldiers in this pit, which is the "Jin Shu Shi Le Record" recorded in Shi Le's "attack and beg Li Yun and Shangbai, behead it, and pit its pawn", so why do I use so many words here to say Li Yun? This is because in 311 A.D., he was not yet in Shangbai, and he was escorting Sima Bi, the prince of the East China Sea, with He Lun, the general of the right guard, during this period? Please refer to my "Wuhu Mingyue" afterwards

The forces of the Central Plains

Sima Yue (?) -311), a native of Wen County, Hanoi (now Wen County, Henan), was the grandson of Sima Yi's fourth brother Sima Kui, and the eldest son of Sima Tai, the king of Gaomi. Sima Yue was named the king of the East China Sea, participated in the Rebellion of the Eight Kings, and became the final victor. In 311, Sima Yue fell ill and died in Xiangcheng (present-day Xiangcheng, Henan), marking the end of the Eight Kings Rebellion.

Emperor Huai of the Jin Dynasty Sima Chi (284-313), the character Fengdu, was the third emperor of the Western Jin Dynasty, reigning from 307 to 311 AD. He is the twenty-fifth son of Sima Yan. At the beginning of the reign of King Yuzhang, during the reign of Emperor Hui, he was made the emperor's younger brother. After Sima Yue poisoned Emperor Hui, Sima Chi was raised as emperor and changed his name to "Yongjia". During this period, the Wuhu began to establish an independent regime, but the power struggle within the Jin dynasty also became increasingly serious. In the first month of 311, Emperor Huai of Jin secretly edicted Xun Xi to fight against Sima Yue, and issued an edict in March to crusade, Sima Yue died of illness in the same month, and everyone recommended Wang Yan as marshal. In April, Wang Yan and Shi Le fought at Ningping City, and the Jin army was annihilated. In June, the Xiongnu Liu Cong's army invaded Luoyang, and Emperor Huai of Jin was captured on his way to Chang'an. In 313, Emperor Huai of Jin was poisoned by Liu Cong with poisoned wine at the age of 30.

Ningping City is the famous Kuxian Massacre in history

At the beginning of 311, he was still alive and well.

Xun Xi supported Sima Duan, the younger brother of the late crown prince Sima Quan, in Cangyuan (in the northwest of Kaifeng County, Henan), and set up a platform. Soon moved to Mengcheng (Mengcheng County is located in the north of Anhui Province, in the middle of the Huaibei Plain, under the jurisdiction of Bozhou City) to station

The sphere of influence is about Shandong and part of Henan and Anhui regions

After Sikong Xun Fan first established a platform in Yangcheng (Dengfeng County, Henan Province), he heard that the general of the Fu Army, Sima Ye (the son of King Wu Xiao and the nephew of Xun Fan) had fled to Mi County (present-day Mi County, Zhengzhou City), Xun Fan immediately ran to support him, and then slowly developed his power to Xuchang. Yan Ding, a former Tianshui native of Yuzhou, gathered thousands of displaced people from western states and counties in Mi County and also took refuge in Xun Domain.

The sphere of influence is also mentioned in these places, because soon, Sima Ye will enter Chang'an.

Situ Fu Yuan established a platform in Heyin (just on the edge of Luoyang), and his power was just a little bit on the edge of Luoyang.

Hua Shi also came out and jumped a few times, and then disappeared after jumping, and Jiangzhou Assassin Shi Huatie was also killed by Sima Rui.

Then Chen left Chen Wu's beggar army, and Shouchun had Liu Rui's beggar army.

The three patriotic generals Li Ju, Guo Mo, and Wei Jun also insisted on resisting the enemy in Henan.

Among them, Li Ju is more interesting, not only is he a general, but his wife is Wang Xizhi's enlightenment teacher, Mrs. Wei.

There are also Wang Mi and Shi Le of the Xiongnu Han Kingdom, these two people are about to have a big war, and we are talking about 311 today, so we don't talk about their sphere of influence here, and because they have not fixed their territory at this time, they all belong to the Han Xiongnu.

It can be said that these two people were big names in the Xiongnu Han Kingdom, but at that time they already had independent strength.

Moreover, by the time of 307, Shile had already annexed Wuheng, another branch of Donghu.

There are also Cao Wei of Ma Qingzhou, who belonged to various princes, and rebelled against Sorghum and Xu Miao under Wang Mi.

There are also dock forts all over the place, dock forts, also known as dock walls, is a kind of civil defense building, about the formation of Wang Mang Tianfeng period, when the north was hungry, social turmoil. In order to protect themselves, the families of the rich built the walls of the dock forts

After the establishment of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Emperor Guangwu of the Han Dynasty had ordered the destruction of the dock fort, but the ban could not be stopped, because the people in the northwest often suffered from the Qiang troubles, and the people automatically organized self-defense forces. After the Yellow Turban Rebellion, Wubao was stationed with a large number of troops and family soldiers, and became a haven for old officials and guests. The historian Chen Yinke believes in the article "Circumstantial Evidence of the Peach Blossom Spring": "In the last years of the Western Jin Dynasty, the Rongdi thieves rose together, and the people who took refuge in the Central Plains at that time were ...... Those who cannot move far from their homeland to other lands will probably entangle with the clan and township party, gather in forts, and defend themselves according to the danger, so as to avoid the difficulties of Rong Di Kou thieves."

These dock forts, we say a little unpleasant, if you change the name is a castle, Westerners call our era "castle age", and it can even be said that the castle fortresses built by those daimyo in the Warring States period of Japan are far less than the ones we built in this era.

And powerful people such as Shi Le, Wang Mi and others, their attitude towards the dock fort is also ambiguous, because they are very tired to attack them, each of them is a hard bone, and even, when they attack some dock forts, they still fail. Therefore, from this point of view, the reason why the Hu people adopted the policy of appeasing the Jin people at that time was largely because these dotted Wubao forces were really forces that needed to be treated carefully.

But without further ado, let's move on.

The southeast region is the Jiangdong force represented by Sima Rui, the evil king of Lang

There is also a force that is slowly forming, they are the "Five Doumi Sect", which we will talk about later.

Guanzhong

Sima Mo (?) -311), a native of Wen County in the Western Jin Dynasty, the fourth son of Sima Tai, the king of Gaomi, and the younger brother of Sima Yue, the king of the East China Sea. Less is better to learn. The first title of Pyeongchang Gong. At the end of Emperor Hui, he moved to the east of the town, the town of Xinchang, and the king of Nanyang. In the first year of Yongjia (307), Sima Hao, the king of the river, was in Guanzhong. In five years, after Liu Yao of Han captured Luoyang, Liu Cong sent Zicang to lead an army to attack Chang'an. He surrendered and was killed.

Sima Bao (296~320), a native of Wen County, Hanoi, was one of the clans of the Jin Dynasty. His great-grandfather was Sima Kui, his great-grandfather was Emperor Xuan of the Jin Dynasty, and his father was Sima Mo, the king of Nanyang.

Originally the son of Nanyang and the son of Sima Mo, he was literary and liked to write when he was young. Later, he proclaimed himself the king of Jin.

What did this man say, he didn't intervene when his father was in danger

After Sima Ye later entered Chang'an, he was taken away by Liu Yao again after breaking through Chang'an, and he did not make a move.

Here we see that Chang'an went to Sima Ye to hunt north after 311 and was broken twice in a row.

What the hell was going on? More on that later

Settle down Jia Kai or Jia Pi, this person I will focus on in the future, because he is really a big hero.

Because it was he who integrated the Hu and Jin people in Guanzhong, and defeated the rebel general Zhao Ran together

Then he expelled Liu Yao, the king of Shi'an of the Xiongnu Han Kingdom

There are also Hanoi King Liu Cang and other Chang'an invading troops

Unfortunately, he died too strangely

Jia Pi, Jia Xu's great-grandson

There is another person, Zhao Ran, I didn't want to talk about it, but this person has to say it, because he is a Jin person, and he is one of the big traitors who captured Tongguan and Chang'an alone. On his own, he went deep alone, and then drove all the way in, which is very powerful.

Yao Yizhong (280-352), a Qiang native of Nan'an Chiting (now west of Longxi County, Gansu Province). From the end of the Western Jin Dynasty to the early period of the Wuhu and Sixteen Kingdoms, he was the chief of the Qiang tribe in Nan'an, and successively descended to the Han Zhao, Later Zhao and Eastern Jin Dynasty. Yao Yizhong was also the father of Yao Chang, the founding monarch of the Later Qin Dynasty.

Fu Hong (285-350), a native of the Qin Dynasty, was the founder of the former Qin regime. Fu Hong's original name was Pu Hong, and later he changed his surname to "艸付 Ying Wang" in the proverbial text. The son of the handsome Pu Huaigui of the Di tribe, he is also the father of Fu Jian, the founding monarch of the former Qin Dynasty. Fu Hong successively attached himself to the two regimes of Former Zhao and Later Zhao, and later tried to seek the Central Plains during the internal turmoil in Later Zhao. Although he was eventually poisoned, his accumulated strength enabled his son Fu Xiong to successfully establish the Former Qin in Guanzhong.

Yang Maosou (?) ―317), a semi-independent of Qiu Chi, the adopted son of the previous leader Yang Feilong. His surname is Linghu, he is Yang Feilong's nephew, who inherited the throne after Feilong's death, led the tribe to leave Guanzhong, which was about to be in chaos, returned to Qiuchi's hometown in the south, recruited displaced people, and established the foundation of Qiuchi country.

Peng Dangzhong of Lu Shuihu, a branch of the Xiongnu, also belonged to the white Xiongnu. He went to attack Liangzhou at this time, and in my novel "Wuhu Mingyue" is talking about his battle with Jia Kai

The Lushui nonsense here is from Shaanxi.

Zhang Guangliang Prefecture Assassin History, the sphere of influence is roughly near present-day Hanzhong,

Zhang Rail, located in Wuwei in the northwest of Gansu Province, is located at the eastern end of the Hexi Corridor, and is an important town on the ancient Silk Road. Zhang Liang is not a simple character, I will say it later.

And then is this the power of the Northwest Territories?

Of course not, but I'm talking about the forces that emerged in 311

Others such as begging Xianbei, deer knot Xianbei, disgusting people, Turkic people, bald Xianbei, etc., will not be mentioned here

southwest

Li Xiong: The founder of the Sixteen Kingdoms of China. The third son of the powerful leader Li Te, a member of the Bayi tribe. Mother Roche. He was a native of Danqu (now northeast of Qu County, Sichuan) in Brazil, and later moved to Luoyang (now Qin'an County, Tianshui, Gansu). Li Teh led the exiles to revolt, with Xiong as the former general. In 303, Li Teh was killed by the Yizhou Assassin Shi Luoshan. His successor, Li Liuxuan, also died of illness, and Xiong continued to lead the exiles in the name of the governor of the capital, expelled Luo Shang, captured Chengdu, and was called the king of Chengdu in 304, and Jianyuan Jianxing. With Fan Changsheng as the mastermind. In 306, he became the emperor, and the country name Dacheng (i.e., Cheng Han).

In fact, there are still several forces on the Korean Peninsula, and as for which ones, here is a little secret. It can be revealed that Japan was also involved on the Korean Peninsula at that time, and I hope to tell you about it next time.

Well, after the course, the general environment of the end of the Western Jin Dynasty is like this, thank you. Good bye!