The inhabitants of Macedonia were a mixture of Thracian, Illyrian and a number of tribes related to the Greeks. The Macedonians entered the era of civilization www.biquge.info most of the Greeks were late, and in the first half of the 5th century BC, they were still in the period of military democracy. The throne of the Kingdom of Macedonia was hereditary, and royal power was limited by the military aristocracy. It was not until the reign of King Aklaus (419 BC – 399 BC) that the Macedonian state began to take shape. He cultivated both civil and military skills, reformed the military, opened roads, built walled cities, developed education, and vigorously promoted Greek academic culture. Philip II (359 BC to 336 BC) came to power after a series of reforms that made Macedonia more powerful than ever. Politically, the military power of the tribal leaders was reduced, the power of the noble councils was limited, and the military and political power was concentrated in their own hands. Economically, currency reform was introduced, with both gold and silver coins being used, and the two currencies were exchanged at a fixed price. At that time, Greece used silver coins, Persia used gold coins, and Macedonian gold coins and silver coins were used together, which not only facilitated trade, but also could compete with the two monetary powers. The currency reform promoted the development of Macedonian commerce and strengthened the country's economic power. Militarily, a standing army was established to form a dense and longitudinally deep Macedonian phalanx. The hoplites in the phalanx consisted mainly of peasants, the hoplites composed of nobles guarded the flanks of the infantry and charged and pursued the enemy, and the light infantry and light cavalry recruited by the outlying tribes served as wings and harassment. After Alexander's accession to the throne, Macedonia became the ruler of all Greece and the existence of the northern barbarians.

At this time, the ethnic composition of northern Macedonia was very complex, and many of them are unknown, mainly the Illyrians (Dardanians and Agrinyas) in the northwest, the Dacians in the Carpathians and Transylvania in the north of the lower reaches of the Danube, the Getas in the plains of the lower East, and the Tribalian in the south of the lower East. The origin of the Illyrians is varied, but the latter three belong to the Thracian origin, speak the Thracian language, and worship the god Zalmoxis.

The Getae and Dacian were the northern branch of the Thracians. Herodotus praised the Getas as "the bravest and most law-abiding of all Thracians" who inhabited the north of Mount Haimos (present-day Balkans), along the lower Danube and the Black Sea, and as far south as southern Russia. The Dacians live in the Carpathians, Transylvania and the regions of Banat, Krishana and Maramuresh. The two are closely related and are often referred to collectively as the Dacia-Geitas; Strabo made it even more clear that the Dacians and the Gaita speak "the same language". Ptolemy's account is said to have mentioned no fewer than 12 tribes of Dacia, including: the Predavensii, Biefii, Albocensii, and Saldensiids who inhabited the area of present-day Creshana and Banat in western Dacia; In present-day central Dacia, from North Transylvania and the Trnava River region, southward to Altenia on the Danube, West Wallachia, the Ratacensi or Ratacensii/Racatensii, Buridavensii, Potulatensii and Keiagisii; There were also the Costoboci, Caucoensii, Siensii and Piefigii peoples who lived in eastern Dacia, in present-day Moldova and East Wallachia. In addition to the tribes mentioned by Ptolemy, the Dacians also included the Carpi people living in Moldova, the Suci people living at the mouth of the Oort River, the Ansamensii people living along the Somesh River, and the Apuli tribes. Even the Dacian people's own genus names, Daci and Dai, may have been an important tribe of their origins. The Geita include the Coralli, the Tirizians, and the Crobyzi/Crobizians who live in the southern part of Dobroga.

In addition, the Thracian ethnic groups included the Moesi/Moesian people who lived south of the Danube, in present-day eastern Serbia and Bulgaria, the Pyrogeri in the wheat-producing region of the Hebrus River Plain, the Bastarnae who lived in the Danube Valley, and perhaps the Peucini below. Other Thracian tribes mentioned by Herodotus and Thucydides are the Paeti, the Dersaei/Dersaean, the Odomanti/Odomantes, the Dii, the Droi, the Panaean, and the Dian. Some of the Thracian tribal names recorded by Xenophon include the Melanditae, the Melinophagi, the Tranipsae, and the Thyni/Thynians. Other Thracian tribes mentioned by ancient writers are the Astii/Astae, the Caeni, the Maduateni, the Corpili/Corpilaes, the Cebreni, the Scaeboae, the Derroni, the Orrescii, and the Tynteni , Brenae, etc., and possibly the Ligyri.

At the beginning of the 5th century B.C., some advanced tribes were becoming more and more socially mature, and they were giving birth to a breakthrough in the established clan commune model. On the other hand, it was probably under the external pressure of the conquest and occupation of the Persian Empire (514~480 BC) that the Thracian tribes in the southern Herbulus Valley gradually moved towards unification, so that the organs of the clan system had to be transformed into state organs, thus forming a state organization with the Odysian tribe as the core, and Teres I (reigned c. 480~c. 450 BC) became the founder of the kingdom. During the reign of his son Sitarcas (reigned about 450~424 BC), the kingdom of Odrysia flourished, expanded its territory, and successively subjugated the tribes of the Rhodope Mountains and the Peonians, and its power expanded to the Gaita region north of the Stremont River and the Haimos Mountains, and also reached the southern plains of Macedonia and the area around the Akseus River Valley. The kingdom's coastline stretched from Abdra on the Aegean Sea to the mouth of the Danube River on the Black Sea coast, and even some Greek city-states on the western shore of the Black Sea had to recognize their hegemony and pay tribute. Under Seuthes I., King Odrysia called himself the "King of the Thracians", and his kingdom paid an annual tribute of about 400 talrants to the indigenous tribes of the interior and the coastal Greek cities, making it the most powerful political entity between the Adriatic and the Black Sea. It is not clear exactly what the Thracians called their king at that time, and whether the kingdom always had a fixed capital, but it is certain that the center of rule in the 4th century BC was in Septhela. As an early state organization, the Kingdom of Odesian was still loosely organized, with no standing army, and its strength was mainly based on temporary conscription. The power of the royal family is usually great, but after the death of the king, the kingdom is often divided between the king's sons.

The political system of the Kingdom of Odesian is somewhat similar to the aristocratic co-governance system under the authority of the royal family, under the authority of the royal family, there are lower tribal magnates, who generally directly govern several territories, and their representatives form councils to assist the king in his rule. And when royal power was weak, tribal magnates often fought in silos. This situation is often taken advantage of by neighboring and powerful states, taking advantage of the situation and causing division. Under the reign of Amatokos at the end of the 5th century BCE, the kingdom of Odericia of the Thracians declined, and by 359 BC it had broken into three small tribal confederations, the longer of which had Theopolis (near present-day Kazanlak, Bulgaria) as its capital. However, the lands of Thrace eventually fell into the hands of the Macedonians. Kazarau mentions that after the fall of the kingdom of Odrysia, there may have been some kingdoms among the Geta, presumably because their geographical location was too prominent in the face of the wave of Scythian invasions, and the results were not sustainable.

The Dacian kingdom, which emerged in the 2nd century BC, was forced to deal with the attacks of the Germanic Bastanaeans, leaving little historical mark. Another example of the real influence of the ancient Thracian state was the Dacian kingdom founded by the northern Dasians-Geitas. The formation of this kingdom was also due to historical conditions such as internal maturity and external factors, and was founded in 70 BC by Brebista, the leader of the Dacians, due to the critical trend of Roman expansion and desire to invade the Balkans. The center of the kingdom of Dacia was located in Transylvania, and the later capital was in Sarmizettusa. At its peak, the kingdom stretched to the west and the Pannonian (present-day Hungary) plain, to the east by the mouth of the Bug River, to the south by the Haimos Mountains, and to the north by the mountains of present-day Slovakia. Ancient inscriptions hail Brebista as "the greatest king of all Thracian kings", and he made Archpriest Decagneu his most important chief assistant. It is believed that the Kingdom of Dacia already had a system of laws, courts, and taxation. Nobles and priests enjoyed the privilege of being exempt from tax and military service. As a result of the ongoing fighting, it already has an armed force with the characteristics of a standing army. However, the nature of the Kingdom of Dacia still seems to show some rudimentary and primitive traces, more similar to the Austrian-style European "barbarian" state mentioned above, which some call "regional states", which are essentially characterized by the exercise of domination over vast territory. It was also considered to be an "early slave state", since slavery still played a small part of social production. After Brebista's death, the kingdom of Dacia declined for a time and broke up into several small states. After the reign of Decebalus in 85 (or 87 AD), the kingdom of Dacia was revived, and it fought stubbornly against the power of the Roman Empire. Although it thwarted the invasion of Emperor Domitian in 89, it was finally defeated by Emperor Trajan in the two Dacian Wars of 101~102 and 105~106, and the Kingdom of Dacia was destroyed.

At present, the southern Thrace is in the early stage of slave society, and the north is still in the transition period from primitive society to slave society, and the influence of Hellenism on this place is relatively small, but soon, the pace of Hellenistic age will be faster and faster, like a raging fire burning to all the barbaric and backward regions.