In the laboratory of the Fanjiazhuang glass factory, Li Zhi looked at the thermometer made by the glassmaker and nodded. Pen, fun, and www.biquge.info

Thermometers are an important measuring tool in modern industry. Without a thermometer, some industrial processes, especially those in the chemical industry, are completely inoperable. Because a lot of chemical production is carried out at a specific temperature, a little higher or a little lower will fail.

For Li Zhi, who wanted to produce a primer and upgrade his Mini rifle to a breech rifle, the thermometer was a must. The reaction temperature of mercury thunderate in the early primer was about fifty degrees, and the preparation of mercury thunderate was impossible without a thermometer.

Thermometers are not very difficult to make, in fact, in 1593, the Italian scientist Galileo Galilei invented the simplest glass thermometer. This thermometer is open, and water is used as a measurement.

This thermometer was soon improved, with the open glass tube sealed, the blisters shrunk, and the measurements changed to mercury and alcohol. In 1742, the Swede Celseus made the famous Celsius thermometer using alcohol. He set the freezing temperature of water at 0 degrees Celsius and the boiling temperature of water at 100 degrees, and pioneered the Celsius thermometer that is used in most countries.

What Li Zhi wants to produce is this Celsius thermometer.

The structure of the thermometer is very simple, it does not involve any high technology, and only requires the skill of the glassmaker. For the veteran craftsmen of the glass factory, who have produced all kinds of glass products for nearly ten years, the difficulties of producing thermometers can be overcome.

Li Zhi handed over the design drawings to the craftsmen, who quickly produced a qualified thermometer. The only trick that Li Zhi taught to his craftsmen was to seal the alcohol at high temperatures, so that at room temperature the alcohol would shrink and create a vacuum on the pipe wall. Drawing a scale on these vacuums can be used to measure the temperature of the object.

Finally, Li Zhi was given a tubular thermometer with a scale. The thermometer is 40 centimeters long and 3 centimeters in diameter, and can be easily injected into all kinds of cups and basins.

Cai Huaishui, the director of the glass factory and the steel factory, followed Li Zhi, looked at the thermometer in Li Zhi's hand, and asked in surprise: "Lord Wang, why does this alcohol move up and down in the glass tube?" It's magical! ”

Li Zhi smiled and said, "Didn't you also study in the Institute of Technology, this is the principle of thermal expansion and cold contraction learned in physics class." When the temperature of the object is high, the volume becomes larger. When the temperature is low, it shrinks. Your teacher in class must have done an experiment to show you, right? ”

Cai Huaishui then remembered that he had indeed learned such a knowledge. It's just that he didn't expect that this knowledge could be used to measure temperature, and praised repeatedly: "The prince is really a star descending to earth, and he is really a saint." ”

Li Zhi smiled and measured the thermometer in the boiling water, and sure enough, the wine ** noodles continued to rise and stopped next to the 100-degree mark. He also had some ice water out of saltpeter, and measured the temperature of the ice water with a thermometer, and found that the thermometer was indeed stuck on the zero degree scale.

After the first success of the large-scale thermometer, Li Zhi asked the craftsmen to continue to produce thermometers with mercury as a measuring object. The thermometer needs to make the thermometer smaller and the scale more finely marked. Although it does not need to be as small as a thermometer in later generations, it cannot exceed one centimeter in diameter, which somewhat challenges the craftsmanship of the craftsman.

However, this thermometer is a powerful tool in medical science, and it is necessary for Li Zhi, who wants to establish a modern medical system. With a thermometer, doctors can definitively diagnose whether a patient has a fever or not. So although there were some difficulties, Li Zhi still asked the glassmakers to study and figure out how to make such a fine thermometer.

Asked the craftsmen to study the thermometer, Li Zhi took a few brave craftsmen to another laboratory to prepare for the production of mercury thunderate.

In the later generations before Li Zhi's crossing, there were many kinds of primers for firearms, mainly including tetrazolene, lead azide, potassium chlorate, antimony trisulfide and barium nitrate and other mercury-free firecrackers. But for Li Zhi, the production process of safety primers in later generations is extremely complex and unattainable. What Li Zhi can produce is still unstable and highly toxic mercury thunderate.

Li Zhi walked into the laboratory, looked at the ten craftsmen who produced mercury thunderate trial, and said with a smile: "Everyone knows that what we are going to produce today is a very dangerous compound. ”

Hearing Li Zhi's words, the craftsmen all took a breath, and their faces became nervous.

These ten craftsmen are all graduates of the Polytechnic Institute, all middle-aged, and they are the oldest graduates of the Polytechnic Institute.

This time, Li Zhi wanted to make mercury thunderate on a trial basis and recruit brave candidates from among the graduates of the Polytechnic Institute. The conditions given by Li Zhi are very generous, with a monthly salary of five taels. Moreover, once an explosion or chemical accident causes the tester to be disabled, not only will a one-time compensation of 100 taels be awarded, and the title of hero will be awarded, and the city hall will issue a disability allowance of 327 yuan every month in the future.

If you have a hundred taels of silver, you can buy a Tartar slave to serve as a maid for yourself. Three taels of silver is enough for both himself and the maid to live a decent life, and they can even raise two more children. The generous treatment given by Li Zhi is enough to free the recruits from worries.

Therefore, in the end, more than 400 graduates of the Polytechnic signed up, which can be described as enthusiastic.

However, considering that in the event of an accident that results in a real disability, the disabled young man may not be able to find a wife even if he has money. So in the end, Li Zhi still recruited ten middle-aged graduates who already had children and daughters - the polytechnic did not consider age when admitting them, so there were also some middle-aged graduates.

Li Zhi looked at the nervous craftsmen and said, "But it doesn't matter, there is a pension for the disabled." If the trial production is successful, you will be transferred to other positions in the future, and the monthly salary will be increased by one level. ”

Hearing Li Zhi's words, the craftsmen's somewhat nervous faces showed joy again. The basic monthly income of polytechnic graduates is three taels or seven dollars, and the improvement of one level is about five taels. As soon as you take such a monthly money, your life will go straight to the well-off level. Then the whole family will be rich.

It's a risk worth taking.

With a wave of his hand, Li Zhi let the craftsmen enter the laboratory and began to trial produce mercury thunderate.

The production of mercury thunderate is actually not complicated, as long as you have nitric acid, mercury and alcohol on your hands, and then have the cooperation of a thermometer, it can be generated. However, this thing is highly poisonous and can explode very easily.

According to Li Zhi's arrangement, the craftsmen poured a small amount of mercury into the flask, then poured nitric acid for 2-3 hours until the mercury was completely dissolved, heated the ethanol to 50 degrees and poured it into an open cup, and carefully poured the mercury nitrate into the ethanol.

The reaction was very violent.

Li Zhi stood five meters away, looking at the boiling reagent that the craftsman was holding with long tweezers.

Everyone stared at the open cup, hoping to succeed at the first time. However, while everyone was still making a wish, they heard a bang, and the glass cup exploded.