Dingjun's laboratory, under the guidance of Zhao Xin, directly walked out of the road of incandescent lamp, which cannot be regarded as a mistake, because compared with the early arc lamp, the incandescent lamp is safer, not only the safety of use, but also the protection of the eye, the incandescent lamp is higher than the arc lamp, which is also the reason why it replaced the arc lamp in history.

Arc lamp and incandescent lamp, these are two principles of luminescence, arc lamp is mainly a luminescent gas that allows electric current to pass through, prompting luminescence, which is an invention almost sixty or seventy years earlier than incandescent lamp.

However, in the early arc lamp, it could not emit white light, and fluorescent lamps were commonly used in later generations, which emitted ultraviolet rays with the help of electric current through low-pressure mercury gas, and this ultraviolet light was reduced by phosphors to form a similar to sunlight.

Before there was no such fluorescent, the arc emitted more than some other colors of light, better, blue light and red light, slightly worse, that is, ultraviolet rays, ultraviolet rays have a strong bactericidal effect, but daily use, the harm to the eyes is quite great.

Zhao Xin didn't have the ability to make a fluorescent agent, or a light supplement, and couldn't make the arc light line turn into white light, so he took the initiative to give up this point and take the road of incandescent lamp.

The luminous concept of incandescent lamp is completely different from that of arc lamp, it is not that the current emits light through the luminous gas, but when the current passes through the metal, because of the relationship of resistance, the current will continue to heat the metal, when the metal is heated to a certain temperature, it will emit light, and when the temperature is high to a certain extent, the light emitted is as hot as the sun.

In fact, sunlight is also formed by combustion, the difference is that on the sun, countless elements, non-stop fusion reactions, eventually emit light and heat.

This is a kind of heat light source, under the action of current and resistance, it emits light and heats, which should be a strong oxidation effect, heating itself will promote the process of oxidation, the earliest use of various metal bulbs, the reason why the service life is shorter, is also because of this.

In the 19th century, there was already a certain understanding of natural science, such as the basic characteristics of some common substances, such as melting point and boiling point.

Many light bulbs study platinum because it is easier to work with and has a higher melting point than ordinary steel.

Experiments have proved that although the melting point of platinum is very high, about 1760 degrees, it is still too low for the bulb, after the current is heated and the light is emitted, the temperature will rise rapidly, even if the stability of platinum is relatively strong, after reaching the melting point, it will fuse.

After metals like platinum are gone, after that, all substances with high melting points are chosen.

Carbon fiber has become an option, first of all, the melting point of carbon is very high, up to 3500 degrees, which is enough to withstand the high temperature of the current, the only thing to consider is oxidation, as long as the vacuum is fine.

In fact, it is not a complete vacuum, and the process of this era cannot reach a complete vacuum, as long as most of the air is extracted.

The fiber made of bamboo carbonization, this thing, is also easy to process, there are countless kinds of plants in China, there is always a suitable one, maybe, the Japanese bamboo, is introduced in China.

Find bamboo casually, and then through a special method, processed into small strips, and then through the laboratory method, high temperature firing into carbon, this is not easy to control, fortunately, there are too many bamboos, and it is also easy to find, 1000, 10,000 of them, as long as one is successful, you can experiment.

In fact, in the whole process of searching, the difficulty of making is not so difficult, and the success rate is about 7%.

The glass bottle is made from the glass factory, the circuit and filament are fixed, and then most of the air is extracted with a straw, which is simply formed into an experimental subject of a light bulb, and then energized and lit.

After several failures, the electric light finally turned on, and after the experiment was successful, it was a practical experiment, this kind of thing to be used in daily life, the life span should not be too short, it was really a few hours, more than ten hours, and it was not enough.

In the first wave of experiments, bamboo fiber showed its effect, and the first bulb lasted for 72 hours, which made it possible to use it initially.

Next, on the one hand, we will study the performance of the bulb, how to make the air pump more in place to prevent oxidation damage to the bulb, and on the other hand, we will adjust the circuit and fiber shape.

Zhao Xin also drew the image of the light bulb in later generations, and gave help, and after adjusting a lot of coordination, the life of the light bulb was increased to 90 hours, which has basically the possibility of use.

Zhao Xin remembers that Edison's invention of the practical light bulb, his life span is 170 hours, which is much higher than the current one, and he prefers to believe that it is the reason for the material.

For the time being, there is no way to search for bamboo in Japan, but in the future, when a large-scale fleet is built, we can choose some local bamboo species for research.

Now, the bamboo he is looking for is only available nearby, and it may not be the best, and the bamboo experiments commonly used in the Northern Song Dynasty should be fruitful.

After trial and error, I finally selected a bamboo near Hebei Province, and it took 420 hours to verify it in the laboratory, even if it was discounted in large-scale production, it was quite good.

Under the premise of no metal tungsten, bamboo charcoal fiber has become a natural material for light bulbs, and it can be used for 70 days for 420 hours, 6 hours a day, even if it is 12 hours, it can be used for more than a month.

After a series of researches, especially Zhao Xin and many researchers joined in, the final shape of the bulb is much larger than the incandescent lamp of later generations, some of which are like bath bombs, 400 watt bulbs, huge glass body, plus iron back shell, which is somewhat similar to later light bulbs, which is also Zhao Xin's laziness and convenience, after all, the bulbs of later generations, even if they are cheaper, are also in the course of many years, and they have been finally verified, which must be good.

Now Zhao Xin's ability, there is no way to verify the theory of the shape of later generations, but there is still no problem with the use of doctrine.

The problem of vacuum can only be solved by pumping, the sealing situation of this era, may not be a complete vacuum, or even a semi-vacuum, but it is acceptable, in the current state, more than 200 hours can be, let alone 400 hours.

After the shape of the bulb, the production began, but it was only in small batches, and in the end only about 2,000 were produced, and this efficiency, after the glass factory provided the glass, the steel factory provided the back shell, the filament, installation and air extraction, basically, were done in the laboratory.

2000 pieces, a part of the personnel will be transferred over, at the rate of 200 per day, it will take up to 10 days, there is no need to make a lot.

Zhao Xin made the light bulb just to make it convenient for the laboratory, not for the popularization of lighting.

Dingjun made a total of 12 generators for use by 12 research institutes, these generators, compared with later generations, are very simple, 3 kilowatts of aging, not every moment.

It is not the steam engine that provides the kinetic energy for the generator, let alone the internal combustion engine, but some livestock, compared to endurance, cattle and horses are not the best, it is impossible to be 24 hours a day, and if you rotate, the efficiency will be reduced.

The most important thing is that the speed of the livestock is different, and the current generated often needs to be injected into some batteries through a certain voltage stabilizing device to be able to be evenly released, otherwise, a voltage is unstable, no matter how good the bulb is, it can't withstand it, let alone the simple bulb of this era.

Fortunately, during the day, unless it is some special experiment, there is no need for electric lights, mainly at night, as long as enough volt battery packs are provided, it can barely support the use of the laboratory.

It's not a high-power-consuming equipment, at best, dozens of bulbs of different brightness, the most ordinary volt batteries are fine, Zhao Xinzhi didn't open the gold finger again, and got the lead-acid battery out.

This more mature battery, in the future era, has been used for decades, from the initial appearance in 1859, to the 21st century battery car popularization era, is still in use, it can be said that the entire 1920th century, basically talking about batteries, that is, lead-acid.

The simplest volt battery, no need for any alloy, is relatively simple, lead-acid, Zhao Xin just knows some simple principles, but does not know the production process, for the time being, it can be determined first, and the future research on electricity is further, just in the research.

Volt battery, for some simple bulbs, there is no problem, at most it is a large number of production, through charging and discharging, to form a stable voltage and current, to ensure that it is used when working.

When the night once again enveloped the land of the Dinghai Navy, the research institute lit up the lights, Zhao Xin is such an alien existence of a traverser, the Dinghai Navy is different from the mainstream research in the world, there is no arc lamp, but a direct incandescent lamp.

Arc lamp, mostly blue light, or other light sources, this is a charged gas luminescence, not a full light source like daylight, for the eyes, it is not so friendly, and the brightness is not high.

In the dark night, when there is no light, there is no choice to choose arc lights, but now, with higher lights, of course, these are abandoned.

The researchers were pleasantly surprised to find that the night is no longer an obstacle, they are often in the dark night, they can only do simple experiments, rely on candles, and most of the steps also need to be strictly controlled, which is very unfriendly to the laboratory, although the kerosene lamp is brighter, but it is more restrictive.

In the laboratory, not all things are safe, as long as the experiment is carried out, it will definitely be accompanied by the emission of some gases and other things, and many chemical things are flammable and explosive.

In candles and kerosene lamps, they burn over open flames, burning combustibles to release light, they must be ventilated, and they also burn oxygen, which is dangerous when mixed with explosive gases.

In the early days of the establishment of the laboratory, there were researchers who neglected safety rules when doing research, which eventually caused serious consequences, and an explosion occurred, which not only killed all the personnel in the laboratory, but also destroyed a lot of experimental equipment.

Later, Zhao Xin summarized the cause of the accident and finally determined the experimental rules, when doing unknown experiments, it is not allowed to be in the dark, and at the same time, there is a clear release of flammable and explosive gases, or when it is mixed with oxygen combustion to produce toxic gases, it is not allowed at night.

Such a restriction is very large, in the Dinghai Navy, there are many such experiments, most of them are also groping for new experiments, so that once the ban is down, the entire laboratory may only have the highest visibility for a few hours a day, and such experiments can be carried out.

Now, with the advent of light bulbs, as long as one, you can illuminate the laboratory, and some experiments with high requirements for light can also use table lamps as tools that can gather lights together.

Although the incandescent lamp is a thermal light source, the temperature inside the bulb is also very high, but it is pumped into a semi-vacuum and sealed, so it does not communicate with the outside gas, which is very safe.

Even if the reliability is not strong, it will burn out, so that the bulb is not lit, but it is just not lit, in the design of the bulb, with reference to the design of later generations, the filament is quite thin between the filaments, and a closed circuit is formed with a certain method, as long as the bulb is broken, the filament is burned out, and the closed circuit is cut off, then there will be no current flowing, and it will not be heated, at least for the surroundings, it is safe.

The emergence of incandescent lamps, to a certain extent, has promoted the improvement of enthusiasm and efficiency, in the first month or two of the appearance of electric lights, the efficiency of all aspects of the institute has improved a lot, and the electric light has brought a quarter of the extension of research time, which is one aspect, and the spontaneous enthusiasm of researchers represents another aspect.

Zhao Xin is not concerned about this, he has seen the later generations, more energy-saving, brighter LED light sources, incandescent lamps, or the most basic incandescent lamps, which cannot enter its eyes at all, and he is more concerned about the overall efficiency.

After calculation, generally a small bamboo charcoal fiber incandescent lamp, its wattage is about 70, and the brightness is about 40 watts of ordinary incandescent bulbs in later generations, 100 watts are equivalent to 60 watts, and 140 watts are about 80 watts.

Fortunately, most of the laboratories in Dinghai are relatively simple, and generally 100 watts of light bulbs are enough, that is, large metallurgical laboratories like Niu Dali will use more than 10 times the room of ordinary laboratories.

The appearance of incandescent lamps, so that the Dinghai Navy at least in the laboratory, to solve the relationship of lighting, greatly prolong the research time, so that the efficiency of the experiment greatly increased, scientific things, not the slightest bit of falsehood, not enough accumulation, there is no breakthrough and results, before the backlog of enthusiasm, rapid display, Dinghai has obtained a large number of results, which may be the unexpected joy of the invention of the light bulb.