About Chapter 90 Story Introduction: After the death of the Northern Wei Emperor Tuoba Hong, his youngest son Tuoba Hong succeeded to the throne, and the political power of the Northern Wei Dynasty was all in the hands of Yi Hun, the Empress Dowager Feng of the Northern Wei Dynasty united with Yi Hun's political enemies, killed Yi Hun, and held the political power of the Northern Wei Dynasty in her own hands, after the Empress Dowager Feng took power, she began to continue to implement the Sinicization reform, and forced Tuoba Hong, who opposed the reform, to abdicate, and established Tuoba Hong's youngest son Tuoba Hong to succeed to the throne. The original remnants of the Sixteen Kingdoms gradually became no different from the Han ancestors, and various contradictions within the Northern Wei Dynasty were also easily solved, and the Northern Wei Dynasty became extremely prosperous. This is the end of the story of the Sixteen Kingdoms period.

In this story, after getting rid of the powerful minister Yihun, the Empress Dowager Feng of the Northern Wei Dynasty inherited the will of her husband Tuoba Jun, and carried out a drastic Sinicization reform within the Northern Wei Dynasty, so that the various tribes of the nomadic people who had been feudal and founded in the northern land were finally no different from the ancestors of the Han people, which greatly reduced the national centripetal force and cohesion of these nomads, making it difficult for these tribes to carry out the restoration movement.

About the historical story of this chapter, there was the Northern Wei Emperor Tuoba Hong and Tuoba Hong, we must know that these two Hong characters, the pronunciation should be different in the society at that time, the pronunciation of the ancients is not the same as the pronunciation of our current people, each historical period has a different pronunciation, our current pronunciation is closer to the pronunciation of the Ming and Qing dynasties, and the Northern Wei Dynasty is more than a thousand years longer than the Ming and Qing dynasties, we can not only rely on the pronunciation of people now, to look at these two different words but the two father and son emperors with the same sound. Of course, as a father, Tuoba Hong is far less famous in history than his son Tuoba Hong, so it is enough for us to know that Tuoba Hong is one of the protagonists of Emperor Xiaowen's Sinicization reform in the Northern Wei Dynasty.

In fact, we often say that the Sinicization reform of Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty, its leader should be the Empress Dowager Feng of the Northern Wei Dynasty, because the emperor in power is Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty Tuoba Hong, so it is said that the Sinicization reform is the Sinicization reform of Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty, but in fact, the vast majority of the Sinicization reform was carried out under the auspices of the Empress Dowager Feng, and Emperor Xiaowen also carried out the Sinicization reform in depth after the death of the Empress Dowager Feng, including the nomadic people to change the Han surname and move the capital to Luoyang, But Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty only presided over the reform for less than ten years and died, so to speak, the Sinicization reform of the Northern Wei Dynasty should be co-presided over by Empress Dowager Feng and Emperor Xiaowen, but the decisive leading role is still Empress Dowager Feng, after all, Emperor Xiaowen's Sinicization proposition was also educated by Empress Dowager Feng.

With the completion of the Sinicization reform, the various tribes of the nomadic people in the northern land accelerated the process of Sinicization, and they gradually merged with the Han ancestors, forming a new Han ancestors, and also forming a new Chinese culture, so far the history of the Sixteen Kingdoms period is all over.

As we said before, the contribution of immigrants from the Sixteen Kingdoms to the Northern Wei Dynasty is very far-reaching, which is vividly reflected in the Empress Dowager Feng, because the Empress Dowager Feng is the remnant of the Northern Yan regime, and the Northern Yan regime is the most powerful regime in the Sixteen Kingdoms after the completion of the great integration of the Hu and Han dynasties. Empress Dowager Feng should have been exposed to the scene of ethnic integration in western Liaoning since she was a child in the palace of the Northern Yan, so she can empathize with the implementation of a series of Sinicization reforms, and the measures of Sinicization reform can be carried out very effectively, which is inseparable from the special state of the Beiyan regime.

This is the end of the historical story of the Sixteen Kingdoms period, because the historical process of the Sixteen Kingdoms period is too chaotic and complex, and the people, places, historical events and times involved in it are very complex, and we can only use a relatively brief method to tell this history, in order to let everyone know some of the general situations of the various regimes in the Sixteen Kingdoms. Among them, many historical events in the Sixteen Kingdoms period, historical figures we have not talked about, and there are many historical facts in the historical story part, which have also been tampered with by us for the convenience of narration, but the historical context of the entire Sixteen Kingdoms period is roughly the same. Many historical events and historical figures that are not talked about are not unknown to us, but if these historical figures and historical events are interspersed with historical stories, it is a very cumbersome process, and we cannot cover them all, and these historical figures and historical events did not play a big role in the formation of the Sixteen Kingdoms. I would like to take this opportunity to mention some of the historical events and historical figures that we have not touched upon.

For example, when many people are talking about the history of the Sixteen Kingdoms period, they all talk about the beggar army that rebelled against the nomadic regime due to the oppression of the nomads, and some people even say that the last fire of the beggar army is the Ran Wei Emperor Ran Min who issued the order to kill Hu, and he was forced to lurk in the nomadic regime until he usurped the throne of the Later Zhao Empire, and then issued a decree to kill Hu Yunyun, but I think this is completely inconsistent with historical facts, the beggar army is the peasant rebel army in the last years of the Western Jin Dynasty, because the land in the north, Wars and turmoil, the people are not living, many places have appeared in the situation of the people migrating to seek a way to live, this kind of tide of displaced people is not uncommon at the end of each historical dynasty, but these displaced people or peasant rebels in the last years of the Western Jin Dynasty are collectively called the begging army, but the final destination of the begging army is basically used by the regime established by the nomads and the Eastern Jin Dynasty, and finally disappeared in the long river of history, the beggar army did have a certain impact on the strategic pattern at that time in the early days of the Sixteen Kingdoms period, But they were not involved in the ruling class of the Sixteen Kingdoms and the Eastern Jin Dynasty, and I still don't understand why some people now call Ran Min a descendant of the beggar army. You must know that Ran Min was born in Jiangmen, which has nothing to do with the beggar army in the form of a peasant rebel army.

I guess it may be that after Ran Min usurped the power of the Later Zhao Empire, the order to kill Hu was related to the fact that the beggar army had fought against the nomads in the northern land. However, some beggar armies are also used by nomads, such as the establishment of the Qianyan Empire, which also has the figure of a beggar army. Maybe now people may not know about the history of that period, and they don't know it.

About historical figures of the period of the Sixteen Kingdoms. In fact, there are many characters that we have not talked about in great detail, such as Ma Qiu, who poisoned the former Qin founding emperor Fu Hong, this character is relatively famous in the history of the Sixteenth Period, and he was a general who made many military exploits in the Later Zhao Empire, and he also wanted to build his own country during the usurpation of Ran Min. However, because he did not play a very decisive role in the establishment of the power of the Sixteen Kingdoms. So we also passed through the history story part. There is also the father-in-law who was killed by Helian Bobo, the lord of Hu Xia, this character should be a relatively important role in the period of the Sixteen Kingdoms, but our historical books are very undetailed about him. We can't even say for sure whether this character is called Wu Yi Yu or Wu Yi Gan.

During the period of the Sixteen Kingdoms, more than 20 regimes appeared in the northern land, and the people who entered the northern region were far more than the Xiongnu, Xianbei, Qianren, Di people, Qiang people, and the five wandering peoples. We can imagine how many people have emerged in the northern land, with names and surnames, and who have made a career. It is absolutely impossible for us to explain everything clearly, we are just briefly describing the regimes with certain characteristics and significance during the entire period of the 16 countries, and many problems will naturally arise in them. I also hope that the majority of readers and friends will criticize and correct.

We are sparing no effort to tell this history of the Sixteen Kingdoms period, the purpose is also to hope that the majority of friends who love history can know and understand this history, because this history is completely different from the story of the Three Kingdoms that we relish, Chu and Han Dynasty hegemony, Sui and Tang dynasties, which are very easy to produce popular historical stories, although the history of the Sixteen Kingdoms period is complicated and boring, but for the formation and spread of our Chinese culture, in the history of our Chinese civilization has a strong stroke. However, because there are very few historical works left behind in this period of history, and there are also very few historical stories that have been adapted. As a result, people today really don't know much about the history of this period. But this does not mean that this history has not left us many historical relics today, although the physical remains are very rare, but the spiritual relics are extremely rich. Therefore, this period of history is the same as other historical stages, and it is a precious treasure left to us by our ancestors. Therefore, I still have to do my best to promote this history. Because this period of history can not only bring us the joy of reading history, that is, reading people's hearts, but also bring us the joy of pursuing the laws of history, and also bring us the joy of seeking the development process of Chinese culture.

At this point, this book is all over, I sincerely thank you for your support and reading, I will also continue to take time to share the joy of reading history with you in the future work and study, although limited by my own knowledge and ability, for our profound history of Chinese civilization is not deep enough, but this is my continuous pursuit and learning of the driving force, but also here sincerely wish the majority of readers and friends good health, happy family, happy work, happy life.

Sincerely

salute

Author: Wangchen Gaosheng

2019.6