A brief story about Chapter 15: When the Han and Zhao generals Shi Le were prevented from seeking the Jianghan region, he listened to the words of the strategist Zhang Bin, transferred the business center to the Kanto region, and after reusing Zhang Bin, occupied Youzhou, killed Wang Jun, and began the process of independent statehood.

From Shi Le's reuse of Zhang Bin, it can be seen that when Shi Le achieved a certain amount of power, in order to make himself invincible, he began to contact the local families, and as Zhang Bin continued to make strange plans, he helped Shi Le to save himself several times, and his personal ability was impeccable, as a famous minister of ancient times, he deserved his name. But we have to see the other side of history, that is, as a separatist warlord, Shile began to rely on the local family to maintain his own rule, which also laid a relatively solid political foundation for the later Zhao established by Shi Le to dominate the Central Plains and defeat the Han Zhao.

Because the Han and Zhao regimes developed too rapidly, so that the choice of the ruling class was more inclined to the aristocratic landlord class, which was also the initial stage of the ruling class entering the feudal society, so the internal instability of the Han and Zhao regimes was actually extremely unstable, so it was also a historical trend to be destroyed by Shile, who relied on the family. In fact, throughout the history of China, the initial ruling class of the countries created by nomads was often the aristocratic landlord class, but after the regime was stabilized, its rulers would refer to the ruling class of the Central Plains Dynasty and make a new choice for the ruling class of their own country.

It is a pity that there were only two ruling classes in the Central Plains Dynasty during the Sixteen Kingdoms period, that is, the aristocratic landlord class and the scholar landlord class, and these two ruling classes were very strong threats to the imperial power. The nomads after the Sui and Tang dynasties were more lucky, because the Shu landlord class stepped onto the stage of history and became the ruling class of the Central Plains Dynasty, and the dynasties established by the nomads such as the Great Liao, Dajin, Dayuan, and the Qing Dynasty could naturally choose the Shu landlord class as their ruling class, so after the Sui and Tang dynasties, the dynasties or kingdoms created by the nomads basically enjoyed the country for more than a hundred years. Let's move on to the nomadic thing.

When it comes to the nomads in ancient China, it is reminiscent of the current ethnic minorities, although today's ethnic minorities are the descendants of the ancient nomads, but they are separated by a long time, and there is a lack of written records, the two are not the same, and we have said before that the ancients did not have the concept of nationality, about the naming of various ethnic groups, that is, the matter of about 100 years, the determination of China's 56 ethnic groups, in fact, also began in 1956.

In fact, in other words, in the ancient nomads, there was no definite ethnic name, and we now call the various tribes of these nomads with their own names, or the contemptuous names of our Han ancestors and other hostile tribes. There are many things about the living habits and customs of the various tribes of the ancient nomads, and I will only briefly mention some of my thoughts and opinions here.

I always believe that the ancient nomads who were active in the Mongolian steppe should be composed of a lot of small tribes, and the living habits and customs of these small tribes should be similar and slightly different, with mutual conquest and migration, some tribes will gradually become stronger because of the wisdom of the leader, the superiority of the regional environment, and the strength of their own breeding ability, and through the annexation and destruction of some small tribes on the grassland, dominate the northern grassland, and other relatively weak tribes can only be or move away. Or attached, or annexed, especially those tribes that are slightly stronger, in fact, are not willing to attach to the big tribes, and they are also trying their best to develop and grow, and these powerful tribes are also not monolithic, because of the struggle for dominance, grassland, and livestock, a series of infighting broke out, and a number of small tribes were divided again, so the naming of each tribe in the nomadic people is actually a very difficult problem, and there is a record of a certain tribe in the history books. For example, the Xianbei Tuoba Tribe, the Xianbei Murong Tribe, the Xiongnu Tiefu Tribe, and so on.

After the Turks who dominated the northern steppe were defeated by the Tang Dynasty, the nomads of the northern steppe have basically determined their own ethnic affiliation, such as the Khitan who established the Liao Dynasty, as well as the party that established the Western Xia, in fact, at this time these ethnic names are very close to the current name of the ethnic minorities, I guess this is not only related to the progress of the productive forces at that time, but also has a lot to do with the Shu landlord class as the ruling class of the Central Plains Dynasty, because at this time, Officials from the Hanmen Shu people deeply know that the influence of the nomads on our Central Plains Dynasty is extremely important, so if we want to maintain the rule of the feudal dynasty, we must have a deeper understanding of the nomads, we can see the whole history of the Sixteen Kingdoms period today, mainly the book of Jin compiled by the Tang Dynasty minister Fang Xuanling and others and the Zizhi Tongjian compiled by the famous minister Ouyang Xiu of the Northern Song Dynasty, which shows the importance of the Tang and Song dynasties to the nomads.

When the Central Plains Dynasty began to pay attention to the importance of nomads, the nomads also reflected on why their own intrusion on the sedentary peoples was repeatedly frustrated, and the Liao Dynasty, which was founded for more than 200 years, naturally became an example for all the tribes of the Mongolian steppe to learn, and all the tribes of the steppe must want to become the second Khitan nation. The Liao Dynasty, the Tang Dynasty, and the Northern Song Dynasty, which were the reference for the founding of the country, were all strong representatives of the feudal dynasties in the history of our country, and the rise of the Mongol Empire was a matter of course.

In contrast, the nomads in the Northeast are far away from the Central Plains Dynasty, and subject to the influence of the geographical environment, the development is relatively slow, and the understanding of the feudal society is not comprehensive, so when the Jurchen Wanyan Department destroyed the powerful Liao Dynasty and the Northern Song Dynasty, the feudal system established by it is not perfect, even if the Jin State has enjoyed the country for more than 100 years, but the internal royal family strife and dumping are still very serious, and the Jin Dynasty emperors of the past dynasties have not had many good deaths, but the Sinicization of the Jurchen Wanyan Department has become an indisputable fact, Even when the Mongol army was about to conquer Beijing, the Jin State was facing the danger of being divided into two, and the Jin Emperor was still reluctant to return to the land of Longxing in the northeast, regardless of the risk of extinction of the country, and moved the capital to Kaifeng, which shows the nomadic people's yearning for settled peoples.

It was not until hundreds of years after the fall of the Jin State that most of the Jurchen tribes in the northeast were unified by the Temujin-like figure Nurhachi and established the Later Jin regime. The Jurchen Wanyan tribe that established the Jin State is actually not the same tribe as the Aixin tribe where Nurhar is located, but for the Han ancestors, they are all Jurchen tribes, and the Jurchens are just nomads in the northeast. In fact, as a nomadic people in the northeast, the Jurchens also have many tribes, such as the Yehe tribe, the Pucha tribe, the Ula tribe, etc., and the nomads in the northeast and the nomads in the Mongolian steppe have great differences in their living habits and ways because of regional differences, so our ancestors have different names for the nomads in these two regions.

Because the nomads in the northwest region are farther away from the Central Plains Dynasty, their development is slower, and the northern nomads often migrate westward when they decline, so the local nomadic tribes are basically controlled by the nomads of the northern grasslands, and they are also influenced by the nomads of the northern grasslands in terms of customs and habits, and even some nomadic tribes of the northern grasslands directly migrate to the northwest region. And the strong nomadic people who came out of the northwest region were also Turkic.

Regarding the origin of the Turks, the statements recorded in the historical books are inconsistent, but its original nomadic area should be in the northwest of our country, the main body is the nomadic Ashina department, that is to say, the Turks are like the Xiongnu, not a nation, but when it is strong, it annexed the vast majority of the tribes in the northwest land and the Mongolian steppe in the north, and established the Turkic Khanate, which means helmet, and when the Ashina tribe submitted to the powerful Rouran, its tribe struck iron for Rouran, I suspect that it is very likely that the leader of the Ashina tribe saw that the helmet he shot was similar to the Altai Mountains where the tribe was located, and that the helmet was very useful in battle, so he adopted the name of the country. Ashina is a Rouran iron, must be extremely familiar with the production of weapons, its subordinates must be armed with sharp blades, and soon anti-guest-oriented, defeated the declining Rouran, dominated the northern grasslands, and because of the advanced weapons, the small tribes in the northwest have also surrendered and attached, and the Turkic Khanate surpassed the previous Xiongnu, Rouran, and became the most powerful tribal alliance.

During the strong period of the Turkic Khanate, the Central Plains Dynasty was also in the Sui and Tang dynasties, so under the separation of the Sui Dynasty and the blow of the Tang Dynasty, it collapsed, and the Ashina tribe also surrendered to the Tang Dynasty, and the descendants of the Ashina tribe re-established the country in the northwest, known as the Later Turkic Khanate, but the Uighur tribes that had been subject to the Turkic Khanate began to become strong in the northwest, and finally united with the Tang Dynasty to defeat the Later Turkic Khanate and establish the Uighur Khanate, and the Turks have since withdrawn from the stage of history.

After the collapse of the Uighur Khanate in the internal strife, the nomadic peoples in the northwest have not been able to be unified again, but many small nomadic tribes in the northwest are very reminiscent of the style of the Turkic Khanate, to this day, there are still many ethnic minorities in the northwest still claim to be descendants of the Turks, in fact, this statement is extremely inaccurate, from the current historical data, the main body of the Turkic people has been integrated into the Han nationality, and a very small part of them have merged with the indigenous population of the Turkish Peninsula and become the current Turks. The ancestors of the ethnic minorities living in the northwest region today should have been a small tribe that was subject to the Ashina tribe at that time.

Although the Turkic Khanate perished, its language and script have been accepted by the tribes of various nomadic peoples for thousands of years, and have been modified into the languages used by various ethnic minorities today, such as Uygur script, Mongolian script, Kazakh script, etc., but the script and language of these ethnic groups are not universal, because the languages of many ethnic groups today are evolved from Turkic languages, and they have the name of Turkic language families in linguistics.