Chapter Ninety-Six: Making a Steam Engine

Huang Yukun said: "We can let others help make some of our clothes, and we can also ask outsiders to help dig up the roots of this wild vegetable." We've dug it all up here, and there's something else to do. Take this wild vegetable and give it to the people in the surrounding mountains, let them dig it like this, we will harvest the leaves with the roots, because there are no leaves, we don't know if we want to follow the children, and the roots you use to extract the rubber. Let's get the leaves down and feed them to the chickens and ducks. This also gives those people a way to earn money. ”

Zhang Zhimu sincerely admired Huang Yukun and said, "It seems that I have married a good daughter-in-law." As soon as Huang Yukun heard Zhang Zhimu say this in front of outsiders, he turned around and left.

It took more than a day for Zhang Zhimu to vulcanize all the rubber. Then the steel mold made by Li Yunhe was pressed out like a rubber pad. In order to increase the strength of the rubber, carbon black and crushed asbestos fibers are added to the rubber when the rubber pad is pressed, and then the rubber is pressed into shape when the steel mold is heated. In addition to pressing out enough packing pads for switches, Zhang Zhimu also made two rubber pads modeled on the pressure cooker pads in his previous life.

When Li Yunhe led the people, he installed the rubber mat on the faucet and various switches, and these switches and faucets were not leaking.

First of all, Li Yunhe turned on the main switch of tap water. Then notify the kitchen and other places that running water is available. However, the women who were busy in the kitchen turned on the faucet and no water came out, but they could hear the sound of snorting. The women burst into laughter, and they beat the water dragon to the maximum. But all of a sudden, the faucet spewed water, squirting all the women who were watching the excitement next to them. In particular, the water that came out of the pipe was not clean, and it was filled with rust and dust. All of a sudden, these women's faces were full of flowers, and the women who were not sprayed looked at them next to them, and they couldn't stand up with a smile. It turned out that there was some air in the tube, and when the air was all out under the action of the water, the water would come out. After spraying water all over the ground, these people remembered that Li Yunhe had told them how to turn off the faucet, and one of them dared to go up and turn off the faucet.

However, the water that came out also flushed the water pipes clean. After they carefully turned on the faucet again little by little, the clear water slowly flowed out. These people are starting to enjoy running water.

These women are the people with the strongest sense of happiness in Yaogang, most of them have experienced all kinds of hardships, and now they have come to Yaogang, a place where they are well fed and clothed, and everyone respects each other, and everyone is smiling from the morning, which is a place that they could never have dreamed of in the past. So they cherish everything in front of them.

When the tap water was used, Li Yunhe arranged for someone to go to the bath to watch, first put the cold water over, and then put another stream of water into the heating box heated by the chemical iron furnace, and when the water flowed out of the heating box, it was hot water, although it could not reach the level of boiling water, Li Yunhe used a thermometer to measure the water to 70 degrees, and it was enough to take a bath. I was afraid that if I didn't use water, the temperature of the water in the heating box would be too high, and I would produce steam, and I also got a pressure relief valve, which was the kind used on a pressure cooker in a previous life.

When the rusty water in the tubing water was cleaned, Li Yunhe and the others were the first to enjoy the hot shower. When Zhang Zhimu knew, he got some plant ash and lard, went home and got a few clean clothes, and went to the bath to enjoy a hot bath. After showering, he filled the large pool with hot water and jumped into the pool to soak in the hot bath. When Li Yunhe and the others saw it, they all jumped into the pool and took a hot bath. This person is also strange, if he strips naked here, he will really see each other sincerely, and people who usually don't dare to talk to Zhang Zhimu dare to joke with Zhang Zhimu here. Zhang Zhimu liked this atmosphere very much, and he was sweating profusely all the time, so he washed his body with soil soap and put on his clothes.

After Li Yunhe cleaned the dirty water in the water pipe of the women's pool, he taught them how to boil water and how to discharge water, and these people took over the women's bath. Then the women of the kiln began to enjoy the bath. Since there is hot water throughout the day, workers who leave work at night can also take a shower before going back to sleep.

This bath has improved the living standards of the entire kiln gang people a lot. A lot of people who go out to work are looking forward to finishing their errands as soon as possible so that they can be kiln posts. Because when you come back here, you can go and take a hot shower, which is unmatched anywhere else.

This time, Zhang Zhimu used some privilege to install a large bathtub burned from a kiln in his small building, and brought in tap water and hot water. In the evening, Zhang Zhimu and Huang Yukun took a mandarin duck bath, and after another cloud and rain, Huang Yukun hugged Zhang Zhimu and said: "I feel like a dream every day." I'm afraid that when I wake up from my dream, it's all gone. Zhang Zhimu said: "Don't worry, this good day is just the beginning, and better days are ahead." ”

After settling all this, Zhang Zhimu called Lu Bingyi and Li Yunhe to his office. At this time, under Yang Yulin's repeated requests, Mrs. Cai found Huang Yukun to intercede, and Yang Yulin had been transferred to Zhang Zhimu's office as a secretary. The reason is that Yang Yulin is literate and hyphenated, and knows martial arts. can not only help deal with daily affairs, but also be a bodyguard to protect Zhang Zhimu's safety. Zhang Zhimu had no choice but to agree, but Zhang Zhimu knew that how to deal with Yang Yulin's matter was a tricky problem.

After Yang Yulin served the two of them tea, Zhang Zhimu said to the two: "After a period of hard work, we have a certain foundation in the kiln. The next should be a stage of great development. But in order to develop, several problems must be solved. First, our measurement standard problem, in the future, precision processing, various designs, etc., no standard will not work, this measurement standard is very important. In addition, everyone's theoretical level must be improved, which is a bit sorry for Mr. Lu Bingyi, and I have never had time to teach you well. ”

Lu Bingyi said: "Mr. Zhang, don't be polite, when you return to the kiln, we have seen everything you have done, and you must do it immediately." Besides, these days, my disciples, just digest some of the things you talked about before. ”

"In the next step, I will spend some energy and learn with everyone so that everyone can improve theoretically as soon as possible. In particular, Li Yunhe, you who are engaged in machining, must solve problems such as gear transmission, which requires you to have a certain theoretical foundation. This is a difficult time, and you have to be mentally prepared. But don't be afraid, I'll take this level with you. I'm going to give you a lesson right away. I will start with the basics, maybe Mr. Lu's disciples will accept it faster, and you can also participate in Li Yunhe's mechanical design work, which is an opportunity for everyone to improve. Zhang Zhimu said.

Li Yunhe asked puzzledly: "If we didn't learn those things, didn't we also do a lot of things?" ”

Zhang Zhimu said: "It's okay to be simple, but it's not okay to be complicated." There is a man named 'Stalin' who said, 'Practice without theoretical guidance is blind practice'. We need to remember the teachings of the great men. ”

Li Yunhe, good Lu Bingyi, both said that they would definitely study theories hard. Zhang Zhimu assigned tasks to the two of them separately.

The first is to let Lu Bingyi lead those literati to sort out a list of 2,000 words of commonly used words as soon as possible, which can be arranged according to the number of voices and strokes without any explanation. This is the codebook that Zhang Zhimu prepared for Li Zhi. Through this, the dictionary project can also be started.

The second is to let Li Yunhe cast a pressure cooker with steel, which is used to make a steam engine principle machine as a steam source. The pot was two feet in diameter, one inch thick in the wall, and three feet high. The lids can be twisted together with each other through a notch, and there is a rubber pad seal in the middle. The lid has a pressure relief valve and a threaded air outlet.

The third is to re-establish a new set of units of measurement for length and weight. This is a completely different system from the current system.

Zhang Zhimu introduced to the two of them that the speed of light propagation is the fastest speed in the universe, and the speed of any object in the universe cannot exceed this speed. This speed is 300,000 kilometers per second. This kilometer is one of the units of length that we have redefined, and the thousandth of this kilometer is the standard meter we want to define, and the other units are redefined based on this meter.

The units of measurement for length are kilometers, meters, decimeters, centimeters, millimeters, silk meters, flickering meters, micrometers, and nanometers.

Here's how these units of length relate. Zhang Zhimu took out a piece of paper, on which he wrote down the relationship between these length units and the method of expressing them with letters.

One kilometer (km km) = 1000 meters (m)

One meter (m) = 10 decimeters (dm)

1 decimeter (dm) = 10 centimeters (cm)

1 centimeter (cm) = 10 millimeters (mm)

1 millimeter (mm) = 10 silk meters (dmm)

1 filament meter (dmm) = 10 mm (cmm)

1 cmm = 10 microns (μm)

1 micrometer (μm) = 1000 nm (

m）

The units of weight should also be redefined, including tons, kilograms (kg), grams (g)

Among them, the relationship is:

Tons (1000kg 1000kg) = 1000kg (kg)

Kilogram (kg) = 1000 grams (g)

Lu Bingyi asked: "Mr. Zhang, what do you want to define these units of measurement as standards?" ”

Zhang Zhimu said: "Mr. Lu asked a good question, so he used my height as the standard, and my height is one hundred and seventy-five. Five centimeters. When you have time, you will measure my height, and then you will make a standard meter ruler based on it. In this way, various length units come out. ”

Li Yunhe asked, "What about the unit of weight?" ”

Zhang Zhimu said: "One cubic meter of water is exactly one ton, and one cubic decimeter of water is exactly one kilogram. You must make standard weights and rulers according to this. ”

The above standards are called the metric system. We also need to have a metric scale. It may be a hassle to do this now, but you will know later what kind of impact this metering system will have on us.

The two took the new meter given to them by Zhang Zhimu and went out while studying.

As for the steam engine, Zhang Zhimu has not yet finished designing. When the design is completed, it will be handed over to Li Yunhe for processing.

As soon as the two left, Zhang Zhimu's tea hadn't been drunk yet. Chen Yufeng pushed the door and came in.

There are four people in Yaogang who can directly enter Zhang Zhimu's office without Yang Yulin's report, one is Chen Yufeng, the second is Yan Boju, and the third and fourth are Xiaoqing and Xiaohu. Even when Huang Yukun came to see Zhang Zhimu, he would take the initiative to let Yang Yulin report.

Chen Yufeng said: "Now that the land is flat, all of them have been changed to horizontal terraces. It has been doused with water. When watering, pour all the biogas slurry in the digester into it. ”

Now there are too many people in the kiln, the original biogas tank has long been insufficient, and now two large biogas tanks have been newly built with cement outside, the biogas pipeline has long been changed to a steel pipe, and there are several biogas stoves in the kitchen.

Zhang Zhimu said: "Hurry up and plant my rubber grass, and we will have rubber next year." Now it's October, hurry up and plant the winter wheat, otherwise it will be too late. There are also some autumn vegetables to be planted, we have more people now, and this winter, we have to eat a lot of things. ”

Zhang Zhimu personally participated in the seeding of the rubber grass on the ten slopes, and in order to plant it evenly, the seeds were divided into ten parts, one for each dump. Before sowing, it is necessary to mix sand and seeds together, because the seeds of rubber grass are too small, and after mixing with sand, it can be more uniform when sowing. Otherwise, some places will be denser, and some places will be thinner.

The fields where winter wheat is sown are full of manure, and there is no shortage of manure in the kilns.

Yan Boju came over to join in the fun and said, "This water is enough manure and fertilizer, as long as there are no insects next year, it will definitely be a bumper harvest year." Zhang Zhimu said: "We will definitely recruit insects next year, because there are too many insects this year, and there will be a lot of insect eggs, and there will be a lot of insects next year." If there are worms, we will drive chickens, soldiers and ducks to eat them in the future, and if they come to fly locusts, there is no way. Yan Boju said, "If you really come to fly locusts, you will light smoke them everywhere, and after a day, they will fly away." ”

When Zhang Zhimu heard this, there was no way to do it.

Li Yunhe, Lu Qi and others specially made a large caliper to measure Zhang Zhimu's height, and measured it several times in a row. However, one hundred and seventy-five from this. The height of five takes out the standard unit, but it takes a lot of effort. These people are really smart, they can't directly take out the exact unit of length, they take a similar one, and then use this unit of length as a ruler to measure this height. In this way, if it is long, it will be shorter, and if it is short, it will be longer, and slowly the unit will be very close to the real length.

When the standard came out, Li Yunhe quickly organized people to process calipers, long rulers, angle rulers and other measuring instruments measured according to the metric system.

Zhang Zhimu designed this pressure cooker with a lot of thought, because now he does not dare to make the temperature and pressure of the pressure cooker too high, first, he is afraid that the cast pot is unsafe with trachoma, and his simple vulcanized rubber cannot withstand too high temperatures. So I calculated that an atmospheric pressure is 0.1 megapascals, and 1 atmosphere = 1.03kg/cm2 of pressure, and the general household pressure cooker is 0.17 megapascals, which requires an additional 0.07 megapascal pressure, that is, an increase of 10.3x0.07 = 0.721kg/cm2. Then the diameter of the pressure relief hole is 5mm, that is, the area is nearly 20mm2, then the weight of the pressure relief valve should be 0.1442kg. In this way, the temperature in the pressure cooker can be controlled at 114 degrees and no longer rise. If the diameter of the piston of the cylinder of the steam engine doing the experiment is one hundred mm, then the area is 31400 mm2. The pressure difference between the two sides of the piston is approximately 226 kg.

Based on these data, Zhang Zhimu began to design the steam engine.

When Li Yunhe showed the design drawings, Li Yunhe looked at them and said: "The difficulty is in the matching accuracy between the cylinder and the piston, and now I am replacing the rotating part of the lathe with bearings, so that the machining accuracy will be greatly improved." Then use the fan as the power to process the cylinder and the piston. It shouldn't be a big problem. ”

Zhang Zhimu's steam engine is an experimental principle machine, because in his previous life, he only knew these principles, but he had never done it himself, so he had to use a testing machine to understand these principles.

He designed this machine with a piston diameter of 100 mm and a stroke length of 500 mm. In order to seal the piston, there are two sealing grooves with a copper sealing ring embedded in the sealing groove. There is an air inlet and outlet hole at each end of the cylinder, and only one air inlet and one air outlet are guaranteed to be in operation. The control valve that controls whether the two holes are inlet or outlet is controlled by an external set of mechanisms. When the piston rod driven by the piston is ejected out, a wheel is pushed to rotate by a set of crank devices, and when the piston rod is pushed to the head, the wheel is also pushed to the limit position, and the control mechanism replaces the air inlet hole and the air vent with the reversing valve at this moment, and under the pressure of steam at this moment, the piston moves in the opposite direction, and the piston rod pulls back to the back at the same time, and continues to drive the wheel to rotate by pulling back through the crank device at the same time. In this way, the reciprocating motion of the piston becomes the rotational motion of the wheel. Of course, the speed of the piston can be controlled by controlling the flow of steam.

This speed controller is made using the principle of centrifugal force. A vertical cylinder is symmetrically connected with two short clubs that can move up and down, with a steel ball at each end of the short club. This vertical cylinder is linked to the rotating wheel. When the cylinder rotates, the two short rods are driven by the centrifugal force of the two steel balls to lift upwards, and the faster the balls are raised, the higher the ball is raised, and the height of the ball rotation and the valve that controls the steam flow are connected by a linkage device. When the piston movement speed is fast, the ball will be raised high, and the valve can be driven to turn off the steam flow a little smaller, and if the speed is low, the ball will be low, and the valve can be driven to amplify the steam flow a little. In this way, the speed of movement of the piston can be stabilized.

When it is necessary to control the direction of rotation of the wheels, the working sequence of the intake and air vents can be reversed by controlling the reversing valve.

Since there is no welding technology, the end caps of this cylinder are twisted with threads. Fortunately, the pressure in the current cylinder is not very large, and it is still possible to do a test.

When everything was assembled and the test run was about to begin, Li Yunhe personally lit the furnace under the pressure cooker, and the water in the pot was hot after a while, and when the steam burned into the pot pushed up the pressure relief valve, Li Yunhe personally opened the valve of the pressure cooker to the steam engine slowly, and the piston slowly moved.

Seeing that the steam engine has been moving steadily, Zhang Zhimu danced happily like everyone else. Li Yunhe: After they knew that the test mechanism was easy to use, they would then design a practical steam engine, and the first thing to use the steam engine was of course his lathe, which was more convenient than using a fan to drive, and the speed could be adjusted by itself.

Zhang Zhimu saw Lin Real Estate watching the excitement behind the crowd, and Zhang Zhimu thought that Li Zhi would not join in the excitement if he had nothing to do. Sure enough, when Zhang Zhimu turned his head to look at Li Zhi, Li Zhi nodded at him, and Zhang Zhimu thought that Li Zhi was really in trouble.