Chapter 67 Ruhr Coal Miners' Strike

On October 29, 1888, Great Britain, Germany, France, Italy, Spain, the Netherlands, Russia, the Ottomans and Austria-Hungary signed the Convention of Constantinople in Constantinople. Since the Suez Canal had been controlled by Britain and France, the treaty was signed to ensure that a country could use the canal at any time. Originally, there was no British in the plan, but because Egypt was under British control at this time. In the belief that the British would join in 1904 anyway, Frederick III was also very willing to show closeness to his mother-in-law's country under Jochen's construction, and Germany extended an invitation to Britain to join the treaty. After much deliberation, the British government decided that it was not wise to hold the opposite opinion with so many countries, so it joined in. And Britain expressed satisfaction with this move by Germany, believing that Germany "fully demonstrated goodwill."

In return, the British recognized Germany's northward expansion from Vitu (present-day Kionga triangle in Kenya) to control southern Somalia, much to the displeasure of Italy, which had been in control of central Somalia since 1885 and intended to develop the south. However, whether it is Britain or Germany, it is Italy that cannot afford to provoke, so this tone can only be endured.

Time entered 1889, at the beginning of the year, the Austro-Hungarian Empire came out of bad news, on January 30, the 30-year-old Crown Prince Rudolph and the 17-year-old love affair. Baroness Mary was martyred together, and the empire lost its heir. And Rudolph's death hit Queen Elizabeth hard, and Rudolph had rumors of mental stress before his death, so Elizabeth blamed Franz Joseph I for her son's death, and the relationship between the two became more rigid. If it weren't for the imminent wedding of her daughter Mary, Elisabeth would probably have left Vienna again. After Rudolph's death, his son, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, became crown prince because Franz Joseph I's younger brother, Archduke Carl Ludwig, had renounced the right to inheritance.

Just when the eyes of the world were on the civil turmoil in Austria-Hungary, Germany was also stirring up. The famous Ruhr coal strike began, the largest workers' movement in Germany at the end of the 19th century.

The strike began on May 4, 1889 in the Geljinkierheng mining area, after which it swept through the entire Dortmont district. At its peak, 90,000 people took part. The reason for the coal miners' strike was that the real wages of the workers were falling due to the oppression of the capitalists: the nominal weekly wages remained at the same level and even increased, but the workers worked longer hours, working 12-16 hours per shift. The main demands of the strikers were: higher wages; Shorten the working day to 8 hours, including the time spent going up and down the well; Recognition of the Workers' Council. The scale of the strike frightened the authorities, and under their influence, the business owners promised to meet certain demands of the workers and partially resumed work in mid-May. But because the miners reneged on their promises, the meeting of miners' representatives decided on May 24 to continue the strike. The strike had to be halted in early June due to pressure from repressive measures and new promises from the miners. The demands of the workers were fulfilled only in a small way, but the strike raised the class consciousness and organisation of the miners and strengthened the role of the Social Democracy. This strike had a heavy impact on the subsequent development of the German workers' movement.

For this strike, Jochen naturally wanted to minimize the danger. But at the same time, it is also necessary to control public opinion. Historically, this strike was distorted by Engels and later used to promote the example of his Second International, which could bring more rights to the proletariat.

Historically, Engels' letter to James Kyle Hardy, editor of the Workers' Leader, was published in Workers' Leader, Vol. 1, No. 5. In the letter, Engels distorted the facts: "Because the workers are forced to work overtime for a lot of time: each shift is not eight hours in a row". At this time, there was no eight-hour working day in the whole of Europe, and the eight-hour working day was only proposed by Engels at the conference of the Socialist International (i.e., the Second International) held in Paris on July 14 of the same year. The article goes on to mention that "employers only pay workers once a month, and they always control a month's wages." "It is even more ridiculous that the monthly wage payment has become an example of the exploitation of workers by the mine capitalists. And the slander against Kaiser Wilhelm II was even more disgusting: "Then the workers sent a famous delegation to the Emperor, a vain, conceited hakama, who received the delegation and threatened to order them to be shot mercilessly if they turned to the side of the Social Democrats and brought shame on the authorities." ”

Although Jochen did not like his eldest brother, he had to admit that Wilhelm II was the gentlest ruler of Europe at that time. After the strike of 1889, Bismarck's demand for the restoration and strengthening of the Decree against the Attempts of the Social Democrats to endanger the peace (the Extraordinary Law) was firmly rejected by Kaiser Wilhelm II and demanded pacification measures against the workers. On January 31, 1890, Wilhelm II imposed the laws on labor protection, Sunday off, child labor, and restrictions on the use of women at a meeting of the Imperial Privy Council. As a result, Germany became the most tolerant country in Europe and the world for the working class and with the highest social welfare. A foreign diplomat once said of Wilhelm II in 1891: "He took off his military uniform and put on the worker's cargo trousers, and thus he became a reformist king, attentive only to the question of capital and wages, keen to convene conferences on social welfare, determined to go down in history as a liberator of the proletariat." Although Wilhelm II's tolerance of the workers was not motivated by favor, but by the private purpose of "the determination to build a material and industrial civilization with the help of the parliamentary system, to make the factories a supreme church, and to dream of the complete electrification of Germany". But it is undeniable that the standard of living of German workers has risen dramatically.

From 1890 to 1913, the unemployment rate in Germany exceeded 3% for only 4 years, while in Britain it was above 3% for 19 years and above 5% for 8 years. In the 23 years after 1890, wages rose by more than 66 percent for German workers, compared to 20 percent for the British. In 1913 alone, the wages of industrial workers in Germany rose by 38 percent, compared with 17 percent in France and 13 percent in Britain. Of course, after deducting the price increase, the actual number is not so high, but it is still much better than in France and the United Kingdom.

The conflict between Wilhelm II himself and Bismarck began to intensify, and Wilhelm II once commented on the British attitude towards the workers: "Neglecting one's own workers, squeezing them dry like lemons, and ignoring them like waste." Bismarck, on the other hand, criticized the Emperor's sympathy for the workers: "Accommodation will make the greed of the people endless." Never will the worker be satisfied. ”

But under the propaganda of Engels's ulterior motives, Wilhelm II became a vain, conceited hakama and a tyrant who commanded the army to shoot at the people. Jochen, who is now "a member of rotten capitalism, a conservative and stubborn Junker aristocracy, and a future feudal monarch," did not want to be shot like his cousin Nick's family. Therefore, in order not to allow the strike to expand further, the workers will be more organized and conscious, and at the same time, in order not to give some people with ulterior motives an opportunity to take advantage of it, it has become a top priority to quickly calm down the situation.

On May 10, 1888, the strike had been going on for a week, and the size of the strike had risen to 60,000. For this, the empire must react. Therefore, Jochen decided to fight for the government to act immediately in the Imperial Diet.

"Gentlemen, the number of coal miners' strikes in the Ruhr now exceeds 60,000, and the impact on the Reich is enormous, with 45 million tons of coal being mined annually in the Westphalian coal mines alone. If the strike continues to expand, the damage to the Reich is incalculable. Standing on the podium at the Capitol, Jochen was impassioned.

"Therefore, we should restore and strengthen the Extraordinary Law and order these workers to go back to work." Bismarck said. Although Bismarck tried to effectively counteract the influence of the Social Democrats on the working class, Bismarck passed three national social insurance bills in six years, starting in 1883, laying the prototype of state welfare that was universally emulated throughout Europe after World War II. But the denial of protection for women workers, child labor, and working hours and statutory rest days made Bismarck more conservative in his attitude towards the working class.

Then the workers were spurred to revolt, and the strike expanded further, not only regionally, but also in other industries. In the end, the imperial government had to send troops to suppress it, and then bloodshed broke out. And then it turned into a national upheaval, and finally a revolution? I can guarantee that this is definitely not alarmist! "This is the case with the Russians of the future, so Jochen wants to remind these conservative guys not to think that this is a trivial matter.

"And isn't it completely unreasonable for the workers to be demanded, because the coal miners themselves are high-intensity physical labor, and they are also very dangerous. Demands for shorter working hours and higher wages are not vexatious. Moreover, coal workers report that they are often deceived when calculating the amount of coal mined; The coal of the whole vehicle is considered to be inferior, or the amount is not enough, and it is scrapped. Do we need to investigate whether this situation exists, and if so, do we need to rectify it? Whether the labor paid and the remuneration received by the workers are reasonable, whether the social benefits they enjoy are perfect, and whether the standard of living is improved. This is all important work that we must investigate to find and solve problems. What needs to be done now is to quell the strike as soon as possible, get the workers back to work, and then use the power of the government to intervene in the investigation and come up with a reasonable conclusion and a perfect solution. And these will be released to the whole society as a reflection of the government's executive power and credibility. To show that the government is indeed working for the welfare of the working group and making efforts to improve the living standards of German society! Gentlemen, show your efficiency, only in this way can the policies of the Imperial Government be enforced! ”