Wait for the son to be the government, and the son will be the first? - It will be rightly named!

Guan Zhuofan changed "official" to "state-owned", not for fun, irrelevant to fun, but really necessary to "correct the name".

In this era, the concept of "state" in modern times is still very weak, and there is no concept of "civil servant". The "official" of "official" is both "official" and "official", and the boundary between the two is very blurred. Not only that, but the word "government" alone is also problematic - which level and where is the "government"?

This kind of ambiguity and ambiguity, in a considerable way, leads to the "insiders controlling the "government-run" enterprises, the public and the private are not separated, and the public is finally turned into private; At the same time, it is also one of the important reasons for the collusion between officials and businessmen and the transfer of interests in "government-supervised-business-run" enterprises.

In addition, there is a routine for running a business, and this routine does not vary depending on ownership. "Government-run" enterprises always have to put the "official faction" out, forgetting that they are doing business, and only remembering a certain product and a certain level, and the court is involved in the concession, what should this enterprise do well?

The four words "state-owned enterprises" have a clear meaning at the beginning:

First, ownership was determined. Since the state has produced the money, the enterprise is owned by the state, and in the future, if there is any corruption, it can be criminalized for "embezzlement of state-owned assets".

Secondly, this is an "enterprise", not a ministry or department, a county, and the person in charge of doing things must follow the routine of doing business, not the routine of being an official.

Third, the four words "state-owned enterprises" will also be of certain help to cultivating the modern and modern concept of "state" of the people of this era.

Of course, Guan Zhuofan would never be naïve enough to think. The same business. Just change the name. You can be reborn. He was well aware that things would not change in any substance without more forceful means.

In the original time and space, the Westernization Movement and the "new-style enterprises" that were established after that, if the operation and management of the modern enterprise system were to be set up, almost without exception were miserable.

First, the efficiency is abnormally low. Ten taels of silver can only do one or two silver things - on these two silver things to do, it is often extraordinary, ruined, once the wind and rain blow, it will inevitably disappear, and the final result is that there is no one or two silver.

Second, financial chaos, arbitrary spending, and the "three public consumption" is particularly high. There is hardly any concept of cost.

Third, redundant staffing. A source of redundancy. There are not only the personal affairs of the officials in charge, but also the favors of many central and local bigwigs, and a "eight lines", a note, or even a message can stuff a person in. Even if the official in charge and the requester do not have a deep friendship, in order not to be the most offensive, in principle, they will not refuse similar requests, anyway, the salary is not out of my own pocket!

Among them, there are a considerable number of redundant personnel, who do not go to work at all, and even people are not in the province, and they are completely "eating empty salaries".

Fourth, damaging the public and private interests, overt and covertly buckled, buying short and selling short, and all kinds of "wearing hats" - this is not to mention.

From the beginning of the Westernization Movement to the fall of the Qing Dynasty, the modern enterprise system in the true sense of the word, which conformed to "international standards", was never established in China.

Note that this situation has nothing to do with whether the chief official himself is honest or not.

For example, Zuo Zongtang and Zhang Zhidong are both known for their integrity, but the companies they run have many of the above problems - including themselves. Not to mention anything else, just talk about public money consumption - they really didn't put the silver into their own pockets, but on the "three public consumption", they spent money without mercy and never left behind. For another example, taking public money to "take care" of the children and families of old friends is also very generous.

The people below, all kinds of big and small advantages of the public house, Zuo Jigao and Zhang Xiangtao are high, and most of them don't see it; Even if he is greedy and lawless, if this person is his descendant, he will turn one eye open and close one eye; If something happens, it is necessary to "protect".

When Zuo Zongtang left Fujian and Zhejiang, he originally wanted to ask Shen Baozhen to take over the Fuzhou Shipbuilding Bureau he founded, but Guan Zhuofan objected, and the reason is here: Shen Baozhen's routines of being a person, an official, and doing foreign affairs are actually the same as Zuo Zongtang and Zhang Zhidong - incorruptible, but there are many of the above problems.

Hey, something seems wrong? According to Guan Zhuofan's meaning, it is not ...... who took over as the Minister of Shipping of Fuzhou Zhang Zhidong?

Above, Zhang Xiangtao and Zuo Jigao ...... A piece was brutally damaged, and the words are still in my ears! This, what is the difference between Zhang Zhidong and Zuo Zongtang and Shen Baozhen?

There are two differences:

First, Zhang Zhidong at this time, who is still young and has shallow qualifications, must be at the mercy of Guan Zhuofan; And Zuo Zongtang and Shen Baozhen, Xun Chongwang, have already had their own set of regulations for doing things, and they are all typical shun donkeys, and they will pick up their hooves when they are unhappy, where is Guan Zhuofan at the mercy of light?

Second, Zhang Zhidong's appointment as the Minister of Shipping in Fuzhou was mainly to take on the "responsibility of government", and it was not enough to practice for the time being. The practice of the Fuzhou Naval Academy was in the hands of two Britons: Hymanch, the former vice president of the Royal Naval Academy, served as the "general office" of the Fuzhou Naval Academy in China; Bishop, the former deputy chief engineer of the "Harland and Wolff" shipyard, served as the "general office" of the Fuzhou Shipbuilding Bureau - equivalent to the general manager.

In fact, at this time, Zhang Zhidong's biggest effect on Guan Zhuofan was to appease the "Qing Discussion", and in the "Qing Discussion", Guan Zhuofan could not find a more suitable candidate than Zhang Zhidong - the tallest man among the short people, and in the "Qing Discussion", Zhang Zhidong is the one with the most open brain and the strongest ability after all.

That is to say, in fact, Zhang Xiangtao is a big vase.

Even if the chief official is honest and honest, the enterprise he runs is in a mess, and if the private ethics of the official in charge are not inspected and the ethics are negotiable, then the problem will be even greater, and there will be a "insider control", and there will be no distinction between public and private, and eventually the public will be turned into private.

Li Hongzhang is a typical example.

Lee's classic work of "turning public into private" is that China Merchants Steamship has changed from the initial "government-run" to the last "official-supervised business-run".

This case, Li Hongzhang's mastermind behind the scenes, Sheng Xuanhuai's front desk operation, is full of eleven wonderful business war blockbusters, but the ins and outs are extremely complicated, if you explain it in detail, the lion will inevitably ridicule "water", so I have to roughly say:

In the second year of Guangxu, that is, in 1876, Sheng Xuanhuai proposed that China Merchants Steamship acquire the American-funded Qichang Company. The par price of Qichang's shares was 100 taels of silver per share, but its actual price had fallen to 56 taels per share at that time. Sheng Xuanhuai secretly used official money to buy Qichang shares at the actual price, but what was reported to the imperial court was the face price. As a result, the difference of forty-four taels of silver for each share fell into the pockets of Li Hongzhang and Sheng Xuanhuai.

Through this method, Li and Sheng embezzled more than 700,000 taels of silver from the "official capital".

That's not great.

The real power came seven years later.

In the ninth year of Guangxu, that is, in 1883, the Sino-French War broke out. Li Hongzhang played, in the case of provocation between the two countries and the French will attack the ships of the steamship China Merchants Bureau, please temporarily transfer the ownership of the China Merchants Steamship to the name of a neutral country, and then transfer it back to China after the war - hey, just give people a little fee.

The imperial court approved the plan in a daze.

Unexpectedly, as soon as this "account" was "passed", it never "turned" back - it was not transferred back to the hands of the imperial court.

After the end of the French War, after a series of complicated operations, although the China Merchants Steamship Bureau became "Chinese" again, in the process, the "official capital" was forced to withdraw from the China Merchants Steamship Bureau, and the share capital of the China Merchants Steamship Bureau became 100% "business capital" and became the so-called "official supervision and business office".

The most profitable "state-owned enterprises" in the late Qing Dynasty were thus included in the arms of Li Hongzhang, Sheng Xuanhuai and other private individuals.

Every time I read this history, Kwan Cheuk-fan always thinks of a very popular word in the 21st century: MBO.

Well, Daqing featured MBO.

When Li Hongzhang passed away, the family wealth was as high as 40 million taels of silver. This figure is definitely not accumulated by corruption and bribery in the traditional sense alone. Li Hongzhang is not Heshen, he has always worked in the local area, and there are not so many opportunities to sell his official beard.

After Sheng Xuanhuai's death, it took him two years to count the Sheng family's vast fortunes: a total of 13,490,000 taels of silver.

Sheng Xuanhuai's identity, unlike Hu Xueyan, has always been a court official and a "person in charge of a state-owned enterprise".

We have to ask: Where did the amazing wealth of Li and Sheng come from?

As a matter of fact, Li Hongzhang was the initiator of the Chinese bureaucratic bourgeoisie, and he and the huge interest groups around him and the subsequent spawns worked together to move the fruits of China's modernization from the state to their own homes in various ways and means. When they thought that they had almost moved—that the "state" was almost empty—they gave a gentle push, and the Qing emperor, the titular and legitimate holder of the wealth they had plundered, fell from the throne.

Okay, the dynasty has changed, and the silver we brought from the "former dynasty" is safe.

*(To be continued......)